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Die Gedichte Georg Trakls gelten allgemein als semantisch schwer zugänglich und stellen Gedichtinterpretationen vor einige Herausforderungen. Im Zentrum dieses Aufsatzes steht ein einzelner satzwertiger Vers aus einem Gedicht Trakls. Ziel ist es zu zeigen, wie literaturwissenschaftliche Interpretationen dieses Verses linguistisch rekonstruiert werden können, und zwar auf der Basis von grundlegenden lexikalischen Eigenschaften, Prozessen der Bedeutungsverschiebung, pragmatisch basierten Anreicherungsprozessen, Welt- und literarischem Wissen und insbesondere detaillierten Annahmen zur Argumentstruktur. Die changierende Bedeutung des untersuchten Verses, so eine der Schlussfolgerungen dieses Aufsatzes, basiert dabei neben Uminterpretationen und Bedeutungsanreicherungen insbesondere auf der Amalgamierung verschiedener Argumentstrukturmuster.
The shortening of linguistic expressions naturally involves some sort of correspondence between short forms and (some portion of) the respective full forms. Based mostly on data from English and Hebrew this article explores the hypothesis that such correspondence concerns necessary sameness of symbolic form, referring either to graphemic or to a specific level of phonological representation. That level indicates a degree of abstractness defined by language-specific contrastiveness (i.e. “phonemic”). Reference to written form can be shown to be highly systematic in certain contexts, including cases where full forms consist of multiple stems. Specific asymmetries pertaining to the targeting of material by correspondence (e.g. initial vs. non-initial position) appear to be alike for both types of representation, a claim supported by a study based on a nomenclature strictly confined to writing (chemical element symbols).
In the present article we argue that all communication is medial in the sense that every human sign-based interaction is shaped by medial aspects from the outset. We propose a dynamic, semiotic concept of media that focuses on the process-related aspect of mediality, and we test the applicability of this concept using as an example the second presidential debate between Clinton and Trump in 2016. The analysis shows in detail how the sign processing during the debate is continuously shaped by structural aspects of television and specific traits of political communication in television. This includes how the camerawork creates meaning and how the protagonists both use the affordances of this special mediality. Therefore, it is not adequate in our view to separate the technical aspects of the medium, the ‘hardware’, from the processual aspects and the structural conditions of communication. While some aspects of the interaction are directly constituted by the medium, others are more indirectly shaped and influenced by it, especially by its institutional dimension – we understand them as second-order media effects. The whole medial procedure with its specific mediality is a necessary, but not a sufficient condition of meaning-making. We distinguish the medial procedure from the semiotic modes employed, the language games played and the competence of the players involved.
The present article shows an experimental subject investigation on elements of video telephony in relation to experiencing and feeling connectedness and intimacy within private interpersonal communication. Particular interests are questions about possible relationships between image detail, angle of view or perspective as well as image format or the foreign and personal perception of the communicators. Central to this is the question of whether the practices and interactions of users in dealing with communication technology can be used to derive possible conclusions on negotiation measures or even adaptation services. The obtained results are presented on the basis of an introductory theoretical discussion. It is followed by a summary and analysis as well as an outlook on the further use and significance of the results.
Some 25 years ago, a large-scale repatriation of Russian Germans began. As a result, more than 2,5 million people that grew up in the USSR, Russia, or other post-Soviet states, became German citizens who had native or near-native command of the Russian language. The uncomfortable differences they exhibited in comparison to those who were supposed to accept them as equals, yet failed to do so, compelled them to search for self-designations that would accommodate their new identity and to bond together to form a new minority. The authors examine the attempts of Soviet/Russian Germans to redefine their ethnic identity in terms of not just blood but also language and culture, focusing on two particular cases: the use of the name Rusak in the internet forums of the repatriated immigrants; and the linguistic-cultural practices of the older generation of immigrants.
In the first volume of Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory, Gries (2005. Null-hypothesis significance testing of word frequencies: A follow-up on Kilgarriff. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 1(2). doi:10.1515/ cllt.2005.1.2.277. http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/cllt.2005.1.issue-2/cllt.2005. 1.2.277/cllt.2005.1.2.277.xml: 285) asked whether corpus linguists should abandon null-hypothesis significance testing. In this paper, I want to revive this discussion by defending the argument that the assumptions that allow inferences about a given population – in this case about the studied languages – based on results observed in a sample – in this case a collection of naturally occurring language data – are not fulfilled. As a consequence, corpus linguists should indeed abandon null-hypothesis significance testing.
In Deutschland gibt es Anzeichen für ein zunehmendes Interesse an der eigenen Sprache. Dennoch ergeben sich hier wie in anderen europäischen Ländern mit der kommunikativen Internationalisierung Probleme für die weitere Entwicklung der Hochsprachen, die für die kulturelle Vielfalt des Kontinents konstitutiv sind. Die steigende Tendenz, Englisch als einzige internationale Verkehrssprache und auch national als Fachsprache in mehreren Domänen zu verwenden, wird verstärkt durch einen Fremdsprachenunterricht, der in Deutschland wie in anderen Ländern Englisch zu Lasten anderer Sprachen bevorzugt. Dieser Entwicklung sucht die Europäische Union zu begegnen, indem sie das Ziel M + 2 Sprachen (Muttersprache plus zwei andere Sprachen) für alle Europäer propagiert. Dieses Programm wird auch von der Europäischen Föderation nationaler Sprachinstitutionen (EFNIL) unterstützt, das Netzwerke der zentralen Spracheinrichtungen der EU- Staaten, das sich für die Erhaltung und Weiterentwicklung der europäischen Sprachenvielfalt und die Mehrsprachigkeit der Europäer einsetzt. Für dieses Ziel sind aber Einsicht und Interesse bei vielen Deutschen noch zu wecken oder zu verstärken.
Sound units play a pivotal role in cognitive models of auditory comprehension. The general consensus is that during perception listeners break down speech into auditory words and subsequently phones. Indeed, cognitive speech recognition is typically taken to be computationally intractable without phones. Here we present a computational model trained on 20 hours of conversational speech that recognizes word meanings within the range of human performance (model 25%, native speakers 20–44%), without making use of phone or word form representations. Our model also generates successfully predictions about the speed and accuracy of human auditory comprehension. At the heart of the model is a ‘wide’ yet sparse two-layer artificial neural network with some hundred thousand input units representing summaries of changes in acoustic frequency bands, and proxies for lexical meanings as output units. We believe that our model holds promise for resolving longstanding theoretical problems surrounding the notion of the phone in linguistic theory.