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This paper is concerned with relative constructions in non-standard varieties of European languages, which will be analyzed on the basis of three typological parameters (word order, relative element, syntactic role of the relativized item). The validity of claims raised in studies on the areal distribution of relative constructions in Europe will be checked against the results of the analysis, so as to ascertain whether they still hold when non-standard varieties are examined.
Solo di recente le tipologie testuali turistiche, generi di testo che svolgono un ruolo molto importante nella comunicazione specialistica, sono diventate oggetto di interesse per gli studi linguistici. L’articolo presenta gli esiti di un’analisi contrastiva (tedesco-italiano) di cataloghi turistici dal punto di vista microstrutturale, con particolare attenzione per la sintassi, il lessico e i mezzi stilistici più frequentemente utilizzati. L’indagine palesa come i cataloghi siano una tipologia testuale che si presta a molteplici applicazioni sia in didattica che in lessicografia.
Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird untersucht, welche lexikographischen Traditionen bei der Beschreibung von Bedeutung und Verwendung der Stichwörter in elexiko, einem Online-Wörterbuch zur deutschen Gegenwartssprache, fortgesetzt werden. Gezeigt wird anhand verschiedener Beispiele auch, wie dieses Internetwörterbuch über das tradierte Beschreibungsinventar in allgemeinsprachigen Bedeutungswörterbüchern hinausgeht. Hieraus leiten sich einige Fragen zur Zukunft des Typs .Bedeutungswörterbuch’ ab.
Most dictionaries containing phraseological information are restricted to a synchronic perspective. Diachronic information on structural, semantic, and pragmatic change over time has to be reconstructed by a time-consuming consultation of various dictionaries providing only punctual insights. In the OLdPhras, project we construct an online dictionary for diachronic phraseology in German from ca. 1650 to the present by combining dic- tionary exploration with corpus-based methods. This paper highlights some challenges we have met: How to select the interesting phrasemes, i.e., those that underwent some change? How to deal with historical cor- pora? How to include different kinds of phraseme variation? We present a semi-automatic corpus-based approach for the investigation of phraseme development. We argue for a combination of dictionary exploration and corpus-based methods to provide reliable and extensive information about the diachronic development of German phrasemes.
How to propose an action as an objective necessity. The case of Polish trzeba x (‘one needs to x’)
(2011)
The present study demonstrates that language-specific grammatical resources can afford speakers language-specific ways of organizing cooperative practical action. On the basis of video recordings of Polish families in their homes, we describe action affordances of the Polish impersonal modal declarative construction trzeba x (“one needs to x”) in the accomplishment of everyday domestic activities, such as cutting bread, bringing recalcitrant children back to the dinner table, or making phone calls. Trzeba-x turns in first position are regularly chosen by speakers to point to a possible action as an evident necessity for the furthering of some broader ongoing activity. Such turns in first position provide an environment in which recipients can enact shared responsibility by actively involving themselves in the relevant action. Treating the necessity as not restricted to any particular subject, aligning responsive actions are oriented to when the relevant action will be done, not whether it will be done. We show that such sequences are absent from English interactions by analyzing (a) grammatically similar turn formats in English interaction (“we need to x,” “the x needs to y”), and (b) similar interactive environments in English interactions. We discuss the potential of this research to point to a new avenue for researchers interested in the relationship between language diversity and diversity in human action and cognition.