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Dieser Beitrag beschreibt Varietäten des Deutschen, die in exterritorialen deutschen Gemeinschaften gesprochen werden. Viele dieser Gruppen gehen auf Wanderbewegungen im Mittelalter oder in der frühen Neuzeit zurück und haben spezifische Varietäten entwickelt, die durch Dialektmischung und Sprachkontakt mit den Umgebungssprachen gekennzeichnet sind. Eine weitere Gruppe sind sogenannte „Grenzminderheiten“, exterritoriale Gemeinschaften, die nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg entstanden sind und an deutschsprachige Länder angrenzen. Der Artikel gibt zunächst einen historischen Überblick über die verschiedenen deutschsprachigen Minderheiten. Anschließend werden die unterschiedlichen soziolinguistischen Rahmenbedingungen der jeweiligen Sprachgemeinschaften angesprochen und anhand von Beispielen von Gemeinschaften mit unterschiedlichem soziolinguistischem und sprachlichem Hintergrund illustriert.
This article examines the language contact situation as well as the language attitudes of the Caucasian Germans, descendants of German-born inhabitants of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union who emigrated in 1816/17 to areas of Transcaucasia. After deportations and migrations, the group of Caucasian Germans now consists of those who have since emigrated to Germany and those who still live in the South Caucasus. It’s the first time that sociolinguistic methods have been used to record data from the generation who experienced living in the South Caucasus and in Germany as well as from two succeeding generations. Initial results will be presented below with a focus on the language contact constellations of German varieties as well as on consequences of language contact and language repression, which both affect language attitudes.
During the second half of the 19th century, extended regions of the South Pacific came to be part of the German colonial empire. The colonial administration included repeated and diverse efforts to implement German as the official language in several settings (administration, government, education) in the colonial areas. Due to unfamiliar sociological and linguistic conditions, to competition with English as a(nother) prestigious colonizer language, and to the short time-span of the German colonial rule, these efforts rendered only little language-related effect. Nevertheless, some linguistic traces remained, and these seem to reflect in what areas language implementation was organized most thoroughly. The study combines two directions of investigation: First, taking a historical approach, legal and otherwise official documents and information are considered in order to understand how the implementation process was planned and (intended to be) carried out. Second, from a linguistic perspective, documented lexical borrowings and other traces of linguis tic contact are identified that can corroborate the historical findings by reflecting a greater effect of contact in such areas where the implementation of German was carried out most strictly. The goal of this paper is, firstly, to trace the political and missionary activities in language planning with regard to German in the colonial Pacific, rather similar to a modem language policy scenario when a new code of prestige or national unity is implemented. Secondly, these activities are evaluated in the face of the outcome that can be observed, in the historical practice as well as in long-term effects of language contact up until today.
German loanwords are found in many languages in the South Pacific, in particular in those areas which were under German administration before WW I. The Austronesian languages in this area differ greatly with respect to the number of lexemes of German origin. The paper focuses on two languages of Micronesia, namely Palauan, with a comparatively high number of German loans, and Kosraean which had no German influence on its lexicon. The paperconsiders the balance of factors that contribute to the different loanword amounts. That German was taught in local schools for up to two decades did not, by itself, enhance borrowing from German. More weighty factors for the amount of borrowings from German are the length and strength of language contact with English and the use of German as a means of communication in particular settings in the years before WW I.