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Areale Variation und phonologische Theorie: Überlegungen am Beispiel der mitteldeutschen Epenthese
(1997)
Anhand der vor allem in den mitteldeutschen Orts- und Regionaldialekten verbreiteten sog. Vokalepenthese wird gezeigt, wie phonologische Theorienbildung und dialektologische Beschreibung sich ergänzen und inspirieren können. Um die dialektologischen Fakten im Zusammenhang der sog. Vokalepenthese nicht nur lexikographisch und dialektkartographisch zu erfassen, sondern auch zu verstehen, ist es notwendig, sich über die Art dieses Phänomens Gedanken zu machen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird insbesondere diskutiert, ob und wie Modelle aus der Artikulatorischen Phonetik, der Autosegmentalen Phonologie, der Optimalitätstheorie und der zweidimensionalen Variationsphonologie zur Erklärung der Vokalepenthese dienen können.
Just like most varieties of West Germanic, virtually all varieties of German use a construction in which a cognate of the English verb 'do' (standard German 'tun') functions as an auxiliary and selects another verb in the bare infinitive, a construction known as 'do'-periphrasis or 'do'-support. The present paper provides an Optimality Theoretic (OT) analysis of this phenomenon. It builds on a previous analysis by Bader and Schmid (An OT-analysis of 'do'-support in Modern German, 2006) but (i) extends it from root clauses to subordinate clauses and (ii) aims to capture all of the major distributional patterns found across (mostly non-standard) varieties of German. In so doing, the data are used as a testing ground for different models of German clause structure. At first sight, the occurrence of 'do' in subordinate clauses, as found in many varieties, appears to support the standard CP-IP-VP analysis of German. In actual fact, however, the full range of data turn out to challenge, rather than support, this model. Instead, I propose an analysis within the IP-less model by Haider (Deutsche Syntax - generativ. Vorstudien zur Theorie einer projektiven Grammatik, Narr, Tübingen, 1993 et seq.). In sum, the 'do'-support data will be shown to have implications not only for the analysis of clause structure but also for the OT constraints commonly assumed to govern the distribution of 'do', for the theory of non-projecting words (Toivonen in Non-projecting words, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 2003) as well as research on grammaticalization.
Optimality theory (henceforth OT) models natural language competence in terms of interactions of universal constraints, notably markedness and faithfulness constraints. This article illustrates some of the major advances in the understanding of word-formation phenomena originating from this theory, including the prosodic organization of morphologically complex words, neutralization patterns in derivational affixes, allomorphy, and infixation.