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There has been a long-standing interest in projection and the resources on which participants rely to produce and recognize the import and organization of turns at talk. Less attention has been paid to the character of the activity in which utterances form part and the ways in which embodied action enables the intelligibility, coordination, and in some cases, coproduction, of particular actions. In this article, we focus on specialized forms of embodied, institutional activity and focus in particular on simultaneity and the ways in which bodily action enables the progressive formation and reformation of an activity in the light of the (co)participants’ emerging contributions. We address how the routine structure of particular tasks enables participants to anticipate, prepare for, and even initiate actions in advance of the relevant activity and in turn, how participants may seek to ameliorate the interactional import of potentially premature action. The articles explores the interplay of technical practice and interactional organization and points to the distinctive character of embodied action in understanding anticipation and coordination in complex forms of institutional interaction.
The human ability to anticipate upcoming behavior not only enables smooth turn transitions but also makes early responses possible, as respondents use a variety of cues that provide for early projection of the type of action that is being performed. This article examines resources for projection in interaction in three unrelated languages—Finnish, Japanese, and Mandarin—in sequences where speakers make evaluative assertions on a topic. The focus is on independently agreeing responses initiated in early overlap. Our cross-linguistic analysis reveals that while projection based on the ongoing turn-constructional unit relies on language-specific grammatical constructions, projection based on the larger context seems to be less language-dependent. A crucial finding is that in the target sequences, stances taken toward the topic already during earlier talk, as well as other structural patterns, are among the resources that recipients use for projecting how and when the ongoing turn will end.
This article explores the relation between word order and response latency, focusing on responses to question-word questions. Qualitative (multimodal) and quantitative analyses of naturally occurring conversations in French—where question-words can occur in initial, medial, or final position within the question—show that variation in word order affects the timing of responses. It is argued that this is so because word order provides a differential basis for action ascription, creating different temporal opportunities for projecting the recipient’s next relevant action. The frequent occurrence of early responses to questions with an initial question-word, in particular, stresses the importance of the recognition point of an action under way for response timing and shows respondents’ pervasive orientation to sequential progressivity. Findings highlight how lexico-syntactic trajectories of emergent turns, prior talk and actions, material and bodily features of interaction, and participants’ shared expectations conspire in shaping the time-courses of action ascription and action projection.
This study examines head nods produced as embodied and silent answers to polar questions before a transition relevance place has been reached. It discusses the notion of “response” and the ways in which the literature conceptualizes head nods. The analysis of video recordings of ordinary and institutional multiparty interactions shows that answer-nods rely on mutual gaze and that affirmative head nods may co-occur with other facial expressions (e.g., eye blinks). By replying with a silent head nod, respondents may complete an unfolding adjacency pair without claiming speakership, thereby enabling the questioner to extend their turn-in-progress. Alternatively, respondents may expand their answer-nod with talk, in which case silent nodding may contribute to organizing the smooth transition of turns-at-talk. Head nods produced while a question is unfolding are described as a microsequential phenomenon that may affect the questioner’s turn-in-progress. Data are in French and Italian.
Focusing on request sequences, this article explores dynamics of projection and anticipation, enabling participants to produce early responses to requests. In particular, the analyses highlight the importance of multimodal formatting and the specific temporalities of multiple multimodal resources for the emergence of projections and the possibility to anticipate an ongoing action. Moreover, the analyses pinpoint the relevance of the local ecology and the praxeological context for the participants, enabling them to anticipate the next relevant action. These features characterizing the temporality of multimodal Gestalts, the relevance of the local ecology, and the details of the praxeological context make it possible for participants to produce very early responses and also to accomplish an action even before it has been actually requested.
Die traditionelle Sprachtypologie befasst sich hauptsächlich mit Standardvarietäten. Umgangssprache und Dialekte bleiben meistens außerhalb ihres Forschungsfeldes. Als extrem produktiv erweist sich ein integrierter typologisch-dialektologischer Ansatz, dessen Forschungsgegenstand die morphosyntaktischen Eigenschaften der Nicht-Standard-Varietäten sind. Die Anwendung typologischer Parameter und Hierarchien auf diese Varietäten ermöglicht eine vollständige Darstellung der wirklichen sprachlichen Lage eines Sprachgebiets, sowie eine Revision herkömmlicher typologischer Klassifikationen. Im Fall der Nicht-Standard-Relativsätze ergibt es sich, dass die Standardstrategie des Relativpronomens (der/die/das) in den deutschen Mundarten und in vielen romanischen und slavischen Nicht-Standard- Varietäten zu Gunsten anderer Strategien aufgegeben wird, die das Relativpronomen durch eine Relativpartikel bzw. die Kombination einer Relativpartikel mit einem Resumptivum ersetzen. Diese Strategien entsprechen den in den meisten Sprachen der Welt benutzten Verfahren zur Bildung von Relativsätzen: Ihr Gebrauch hängt vermutlich mit den Eigenschaften dieser Varietäten (z.B. Spontaneität, niedrige Ausbaustufe) zusammen.
Für die Analyse der gesprochenen Sprache wurden in den letzten Jahrzehnten computerisierte Sprachkorpora bereitgestellt, die qualitative und quantitative Untersuchungen erlauben. Die nächste „Herausforderung“ für die Korpuslinguistik stellt heute der Gebrauch des „World Wide Webs“ als unerschöpflicher Datenbank dar. Theoretischen Überlegungen über das Potenzial des WWWs folgt ein praktisches Beispiel: die Verwendung deutscher sprechsprachlicher Relativkonstruktionen in „Webforen“.