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In aktuellen öffentlichen Debatten und Diskursen tauchen immer wieder neue Ausdrücke, Bedeutungen und morphologische Varianten auf. Soziopolitische Ereignisse, technologische Innovationen oder eine Pandemie liefern bzw. lieferten neue Konzepte, die Bezeichnungen erfordern. Darunter befinden sich Anglizismen, die lexikalisch mit bestehenden nativen Äquivalenten oder neuen (Teil-)Lehnübersetzungen konkurrieren. Zusätzlich können morphologisch verwandte Variationen eines Ausdrucks in bestimmten linguistischen Situationen eine Herausforderung darstellen, immer dann, wenn eine Person nicht mit allen sprachlichen Formen vertraut ist oder nicht über ausreichende Kenntnisse verfügt, um zwischen formal oder semantisch ähnlichen neuen Wörtern unterscheiden zu können. In diesem Beitrag werden Fälle von neologistischen Synonymen und neuen morphologisch bedingten Varianten mithilfe von Korpora untersucht und ihr aktueller Gebrauch beobachtet. Das Ziel der Arbeit besteht darin, sprachliche Indizien aufzuzeigen, die Zweifel auslösen und Einblicke in die linguistischen Mechanismen stattfindender Lexikalisierungsprozesse geben. Diese können uns helfen, Zusammenhänge zwischen lexikalischem Reichtum, Präferenzen und sprachlichem Wandel besser zu verstehen. In diesem Beitrag wird insgesamt dafür plädiert, für die Erforschung der Prinzipien semantischer Aushandlungsprozesse und sprachlicher Integration auch Untersuchungen zu neologistischer Variation und zum sprachlichen Zweifel in den Fokus zu rücken.
The present Special Issue features a selection of papers presented at the 10th International Contrastive Linguistics Conference (ICLC-10), held from 18 to 21 July 2023 in Mannheim, Germany (https://iclc10.ids-mannheim.de). The aim of the ICLC conference series, running since 1998, is to promote fine-grained cross-linguistic research comprising two or more languages from a broad range of theoretical and methodological perspectives.
The collection of articles included in this Special Issue of Languages in Contrast addresses central questions in the contrastive study of selected linguistic constructions as objects of investigation, equivalents to other linguistic expressions, or as diagnostics. In particular, these constructions and the related issues include: future constructions and the role of syntactic complexity in their usage; classifier and quantifier constructions as environments for distinguishing mass versus count nouns; external possession constructions with their case features, grammatical functions, distribution and semantic properties; embedded exclamative constructions as structures whose conventional meaning is claimed to be projected by their matrix clause; existential and presentational constructions and the differences between them in negative contexts; as well as converbs and their range of uses (also including a diachronic perspective).
The studies of these constructions take a variety of language pairs into account, including typologically close as well as distant languages, and in some cases, the contrastive analysis is extended to further languages. The contrasted languages are English-Norwegian, English-French, Chinese-English, Korean-Spanish, German-Russian(-Italian) and French-Polish-Czech.
All of the contributions are corpus-based and use either monolingual corpora, such as the British National Corpus (BNC), the Open American National Corpus (OANC), the Norwegian Speech Corpus, the BigBrother corpus, Wordbanks Online, Frantext, the Czech National Corpus (CNC), the German Reference Corpus DeReKo, the Russian National Corpus (RNC), the National Corpus of Polish (NKJP) or multilingual corpora, in particular parallel corpora such as OPUS, InterCorp and a self-compiled Chinese-English parallel corpus. In most cases, the corpus data are analyzed using descriptive statistical methods.
Das Lexikon zur historischen Semantik des 20. Jahrhunderts stützt seine Analysen und Befunde auch wesentlich auf digitale Werkzeuge und Quellen. Drei avancierte Tools, die in den Lexikonbeiträgen systematisch Anwendung finden, werden in diesem Text im Einzelnen vorgestellt, wie auch die damit auswertbaren Korpora.
Linguistic constructions
(2024)
In this paper we present a new approach to the computational semantics of characters, which fills this gap: the orthographic projection of linguistic information, analogous to phonetic interpretation. We consider a number of use cases prior to discussion of three different perspectives. Adopting a holistic view of semantics, we discover that there are properties at this lower level which require similar specification to that at more well-studied levels, and which can coherently extend computational linguistic models to the domain of orthography.
This paper introduces “Synonyms in Contrast”, a new online dictionary that addresses the complexities and nuances of neologistic (near-) synonyms in the German language. The emergence of new lexical items, often borrowings from English, has contributed to the proliferation of meaning equivalents. These share a large extent of contextual features, causing ambiguity and uncertainty among speakers regarding their appropriate usage. The dictionary, which is part of the new IDS Neo2020+ resource, distinguishes itself by utilising corpus-driven and corpus-based approached and sophisticated lexicographic methods such as word embeddings to provide users with comprehensive, context-sensitive information on semantic similarities and differences between new synonyms. This resource aims to aid in the clear understanding of new terms, their usage, and interrelations by detailing their semantic overlaps, distinctive contexts, and collocational preferences. Through a combination of empirical data and user-specified presentation, the dictionary facilitates better linguistic decisions in both everyday and also more specialised communication. The ultimate goal is to enhance the integration of new lexical variants into the mental lexicon of German speakers by offering a reliable, dynamic, and descriptive platform for exploring and resolving lexical uncertainties with respect to meaning equivalents that have recently emerged.
The paper presents a compact yet comprehensive analysis of the systematically arising change of state or modal meanings of reflexive inchoative constructions, zu-excessive constructions and particle verb constructions in German (Brandt 2019). Verboten reflexivization links a lower thematic role to a higher grammatical function and associated lesser marking illegally. As a consequence, the negation (complement) of a property that is independently coded in the verbal projection cannot be locally interpreted. The corresponding logical form banks off the interface and is interpreted in the structurally next higher syntactic-semantic cycle where indexical information regarding anchoring to times, worlds or thresholds is dealt with. The intransparent semantics of the constructions under discussion is thus the effect of literally recycling a logical form the ex situ interpretation of which provides an economical alternative to a more transparent coding.
This chapter discusses major developments in the field of Interactional Semantics. After locating Interactional Semantics within the study of semantics and introducing major contributions to the field, two approaches for studying semantics in interaction are exemplified: The study of meta-semantic practices (in particular, defining) is concerned with actions by which participants clarify local meanings of expressions they are using; the study of interactional histories is concerned with how the accumulation of common ground over a series of interactions affects both lexical choices and the interpretation of the expressions used. The studies show how indexicality, action-orientation, and recipient-design are basic properties of semantic practice in social interaction.
Der Beitrag verfolgt ein doppeltes Ziel, und zwar ein allgemeines und ein spezielles: 1) Das allgemeine Ziel ist es, zu zeigen, dass unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen ein Kleinkorpus (sozusagen ein ‘Korpuskel’) zu tragfähigen Ergebnissen führen kann, punktuell zu genaueren als ein Großkorpus. 2) Das spezielle Ziel ist es, das anhand eines sprachhistorischen Aspekts zu zeigen. Dieser Aspekt ist ein Ausschnitt aus der Entwicklungsgeschichte (man könnte auch sagen Verwicklungsgeschichte) der Modalverben. Dabei soll nicht semasiologisch vorgegangen werden. Die Frage ist also nicht, welche Funktionen sollen, müssen, mögen bzw. ihre älteren Vorläufer wahrnehmen konnten. Die Blickrichtung soll vielmehr die onomasiologische sein. Die entsprechende Frage ist deshalb so zu formulieren: Mit welchen Modalverben oder auch anderen Verben oder komplexeren verbalen Ausdrücken konnten (beispielsweise) semantische Kategorien wie NOTWENDIGKEIT, ERLAUBNIS, MÖGLICHKEIT ausgedrückt werden?