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In their analysis of methods that participants use to manage the realization of practical courses of action, Kendrick and Drew (2016/this issue) focus on cases of assistance, where the need to be addressed is Self’s, and Other lends a helping hand. In our commentary, we point to other forms of cooperative engagement that are ubiquitously recruited in interaction. Imperative requests characteristically expect compliance on the grounds of Other’s already established commitment to a wider and shared course of actions. Established commitments can also provide the engine behind recruitment sequences that proceed nonverbally. And forms of cooperative engagement that are well glossed as assistance can nevertheless be demonstrably oriented to established commitments. In sum, we find commitment to shared courses of action to be an important element in the design and progression of certain recruitment sequences, where the involvement of Other is best defined as contribution. The commentary highlights the importance of interdependent orientations in the organization of cooperation. Data are in German, Italian, and Polish.
Psychological research has emphasized the importance of narrative for a person’s sense of self. Building a coherent narrative of past events is one objective of psychotherapy. However, in guided self-help therapy the patient has to develop this narrative autonomously. Identifying patients’ narrative skills in relation to psychological distress could provide useful information about their suitability for self-help. The aim of this study was to explore whether the syntactic integration of clauses into narrative in texts written by prospective psychotherapy patients was related to mild to moderate psychological distress. Cross-clausal syntax of texts by 97 people who had contacted a primary care mental health service was analyzed. Severity of symptoms associated with mental health difficulties was assessed by a standardized scale (Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation outcome measure). Cross-clausal syntactic integration was negatively correlated with the severity of symptoms. A multiple regression analysis confirmed that the use of simple sentences, finite complement clauses, and coordinated clauses was associated with symptoms (R2 = .26). The results suggest that the analysis of cross-clausal syntax can provide information on patients’ narrative skills in relation to distressing events and can therefore provide additional information to support treatment decisions.
Cognitive linguists have long been interested in analogies people habitually use in thinking and speaking, but little is known about the nature of the relationship between verbal behaviour and such analogical schemas. This article proposes that discourse metaphors are an important link between the two. Discourse metaphors are verbal expressions containing a construction that evokes an analogy negotiated in the discourse community. Results of an analysis of metaphors in a corpus of newspaper texts support the prediction that regular analogies are form-specific, i.e., bound to particular lexical items. Implications of these results for assumptions about the generality of habitual analogies are discussed.
This article explores the role that metaphors play in the ideological interpretation of events. Research in cognitive linguistics has brought rich evidence of the enormous influence that body experience has on (metaphorical) conceptualization. However, the role of the cultural net in which an individual is embedded has mostly been neglected. As a step towards the integration of cultural experience into the experientialist framework in cognitive metaphor research I propose to differentiate two ideal types of motivation for metaphor: correlation and intertextuality. Evidence for the important role that intertextual metaphors play in ideological discourse comes from an analysis of Polish newspaper discourse on the tenth anniversary of the end of communism.
When formulating a request for an object, speakers can choose among different grammatical resources that would all serve the overall purpose. This paper examines the social contexts indexed and created by the choice of the turn format can I have x to request a shared good (the pepper grinder, a tissue from a box on the table, etc.) in British English informal interaction. The analysis is based on a video corpus of approximately 25 h of everyday interaction among family and friends. In its home environment, a request in the format can I have x treats the other as being in control over the relevant material object, a control that is the contingent outcome of ongoing courses of action. This contingent control over a shared good produces an obligation to make it available. This analysis is supported by an examination of similarly formatted request turns in other languages, of can I have x in another interactional environment (after a relevant offer has been made) in British English, and of deviant cases. The results highlight the intimate connection of request format selection to the present engagements of (prospective) request recipients.
Badania etnolingwistyczne zdobyly w ciqgu ostatnich dwu dekad znaozna populamosc. Najwazniejsz^ formuh\ nietaforycznn okreslajqcii glowny przedmiot tych badaií jest .jçzykowy obraz swiata”. W zwiqzku z tym. iz powstaj^ obecnie projekty studiów komparatyslycznych na duzíi skalç, warto byt moze rozwazyc, czego takie ujçcie etnolingwistyki nie uwzglçdnia. Wizualna metafora obrazów implikuje, ze mówincy si\ w slanie wyjsc ix>za swiat i patrzec nan (oraz nazywac go) z zewmprz. Artykul oinawia dwie kcinsekwencje tej inetafory, które mog^ przysporzyc problemów. Po pierwsze, wyizolowanie jçzyka ze swiata ludzkich dzialan, którego jyzyk wszak jest czçsci^. prowadzi do przyjçcia kognitywistycznego modeln znaczenia jako oddzielnego stmmienia komunikaeji. Taki model nie pasuje do eodziennego doswiadezenia przezroczystosci jyzyka. Po drugie, wyizolowanie jçzyka z zycia sprzyja stosowaniu metod „bezczasowych” oraz studiom nad stowami wyalKtrahowanymi z sytuaeji, w której zostaly one uzyte (jesli nie wyjçtymi z kontekstu). Przyjmuj^c takie metafory i inetody, inozetny stracic z oczu znaczn^ czçsc tego, co jest istotne dla jyzyka poUx;znego — przedmiotu badan etnonauki.
W artykule tym przyglfjdam si. zasadniczej dia j.zykowego obrazu swiata opozycji mi.dzy swotm i obcym w przykladowych tckstach przynaleznych do polskiego i niemieckiego dyskursu Ideologieznego (politycznego). Za van Dijkicin przyjmuj., ze charakterystyczne dla dyskursu ideologicznego jest ustalenie i reprodukeja rozr.zmenia mi.dzy grupa wlasn^ a innymi grupami. Funkcjq dyskursu ideologicznego jest legitymizaeja dzialan i przekonan grupy wlasnej oraz delegitymizacja dzialan i przekonan innych grup. W populamych czasopismach polskich i niemieckich, traktuj^cych o tematach politycznych ( Wprost i Spiegel) takie pojmowanie swojego i obeego wydaje si. byc akeeptowane. Konkretyzacja absttakcyjnych poj.c. sw.j i obey przy tym nie jest stala, a raczej funkcjonalnie zmienna, zaleznie od tego, kto ma byc postrzegany jako rialeziycy do grupy wlasnej, a kto ma byc z niej wylijczony.
Relationale Adjektive, also Adjektive, die aus Substantiven abgeleitet werden und die in attributiver Konstruktion mit einem Kopfsubstantiv eine unspezifische Relation zwischen dem Begriff des Kopfs und dem Begriff der Basis ausdrücken, spielen in den klassischen Sprachen eine bedeutende Rolle. Ausgehend von der silvestris musa, der Waldmuse des Vergil, wird in dem vorliegenden Beitrag den Nachwirkungen dieses Musters in europäischen Sprachen, dem Französischen, Englischen, vor allem aber im Deutschen nachgegangen. Die semantische Funktion solcher Adjektive wird der funktionalen Domäne ‚klassifikatorische Modifikation‘ zugeordnet. Sprachübergreifende Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede werden herausgearbeitet. In knapper Form werden auch relationale Adjektive im Polnischen und Ungarischen, den weiteren Vergleichssprachen des Projekts „Grammatik des Deutschen im europäischen Vergleich“, einbezogen. Die Frage nach dem Verhältnis von universalen, sprachfamiliären, arealen und sprachspezifischen Eigenschaften des Konstruktionsmusters sowie nach dem Grad des lateinischen Einflusses wird auf diesem Hintergrund präziser formulierbar.
Introduction
(2008)
This paper presents EXMARaLDA, a system for the computer-assisted creation and analysis of spoken
language corpora. The first part contains some general observations about technological and methodological requirements for doing corpus-based pragmatics. The second part explains the systems architecture and gives an overview of its most important software components a transcription editor, a corpus management tool and a corpus query tool. The last part presents some corpora which have been or are currently being compiled with the help of EXMARaLDA.
Gerade weil das Thema der diesjährigen Arbeitstagung bereits seit einigen Jahrzehnten immer wieder Gegenstand verschiedener Forschungsrichtungen gewesen ist und heute gleichermaßen polymorph erforscht wird, sollten im Rahmen dieser Tagung aktuelle Projekte aus unterschiedlichen Disziplinen vorgestellt und interdisziplinär verhandelt werden. Das Ziel der Tagung war es, MedizinerInnen, PsychologInnen und GesprächsanalytikerInnen eine Plattform zu bieten, miteinander in Kontakt zu treten, die vorgestellten Ansätze, Erkenntnisinteressen und Methoden gemeinschaftlich zu diskutieren und dabei herauszustellen, in welchen Punkten sich diese von den eigenen unterscheiden.
Geschlossene Klassen?
(2002)
The authors present a multilingual electronic database of lexical items with idiosyncratic occurrence patterns. Currently, our database consists of: (1) a collection of 444 bound words in German; (2) a collection of 77 bound words in English; (3) a collection of 58 negative polarity items in Romanian; (4) a collection of 84 negative polarity items in German; and (5) a collection of 52 positive polarity items in German. The database is encoded in XML and is available via the Internet, offering dynamic and flexible access.
The TEI has served for many years as a mature annotation format for corpora of different types, including linguistically annotated data. Although it is based on the consensus of a large community, it does not have the legal status of a standard. During the last decade, efforts have been undertaken to develop definitive de jure standards for linguistic data that not only act as a normative basis for the exchange of language corpora but also address recent advancements in technology, such as web-based standards, and the use of large and multiply annotated corpora.
In this article we will provide an overview of the process of international standardization and discuss some of the international standards currently being developed under the auspices of ISO/TC 37, a technical committee called “Terminology and other Language and Content Resources”. After that the relationship between the TEI Guidelines and these specifications, according to their formal model, notation format, and annotation model, will be discussed. The conclusion of the paper provides recommendations for dealing with language corpora.
La diminution des compétences linguistiques (ou: attrition des langues) est un phénomène que l’on rencontre dans différents contextes lorsque l’accès à ce qui est acquis dans une langue (L1, L2 ou langue étrangère) diminue. Les recherches sur le sujet montrent par exemple que l’influence de la L2 rend difficile aux locuteurs L1 d’exploiter toutes les variations stylistiques ou pragmatiques que leur L1 devrait normalement leur permettre. La question qui se pose est de savoir ce qui se perd en effet: est-ce la competence langagière, la representation mentale de la connaissance qui est affectée ou s’agit-il plutôt d’une limitation de l’accès et du contrôle des connaissances acquises qui, elles, restent intactes? Dans le cadre des discussions actuelles autour des avantages et des risques du plurilinguisme il n’est pas seulement intéressant mais bien nécessaire d’approfondir les recherches sur les processus de l’attrition. Il faut par ailleurs, pour que les plurilingues aient un réel bénéfice de leur potentiel, que la société reconnaisse et apprécie concrètement ces compétences et qu’elle encourage les locuteurs à afficher leur identité bilingue en toute confiance et transparence.
Vom IDS an die Uni Trier
(1995)
This paper discusses a theoretical and empirical approach to language fixedness that we have developed at the Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS) (‘Institute for German Language’) in Mannheim in the project Usuelle Worterbindungen(UWV) over the last decade. The analysis described is based on the Deutsches Referenzkorpus (‘German Reference Corpus’; DeReKo) which is located at the IDS. The corpus analysis tool used for accessing the corpus data is COSMAS II (CII) and – for statistical analysis – the IDS collocation analysis tool (Belica, 1995; CA). For detecting lexical patterns and describing their semantic and pragmatic nature we use the tool lexpan (or ‘Lexical Pattern Analyzer’) that was developed in our project. We discuss a new corpus-driven pattern dictionary that is relevant not only to the field of phraseology, but also to usage-based linguistics and lexicography as a whole.
Die Abbildung und Modellierung von Varianz wird im Projekt Wechselwirkungen zwischen linguistischen Verfahren, Methoden und Algorithmen auf der sprachlichen Seite u.a. repräsentiert durch die Metalemmaliste, die Lemmata der neuhochdeutschen Standardsprache mit diachronisch und diatopisch markierten Lemmata verknüpft. Die zeitlich und regional markierten Varianten stammen aus Wörterbüchern des Trierer Wörterbuchnetzes. Die Lemmata der nhd. Standardsprache werden in einer korpusgenerierten Basislemmaliste (BLL) zur Verfügung gestellt, in der neben den Lemmata auch Angaben zu deren Wortart(en) und Gebrauchshäufigkeit verzeichnet sind. Die Lemmata der BLL bilden das Gemeinsame Dritte, auf das die Lemmata der Varietäten-Wörterbücher in der Metalemmaliste abgebildet sind, die Lemmata der BLL der nhd. Standardsprache konstituieren die Metalemmata der Metalemmaliste. Die BLL soll in ihrer Funktion als Tertium Comparationis den Sprachgebrauch im heutigen Standarddeutsch widerspiegeln. Dadurch wird sichergestellt, dass die verschiedenen Instanzen der Varietätenlemmata auf Lemmata abgebildet werden, die momentan in der Standardsprache gebräuchlich sind. Über das Metalemma lassen sich die äquivalenten Ausdrücke in den Varietäten finden, ohne dass man von deren regionalen oder historischen Ausprägungen Kenntnisse besitzt. Die Umsetzung der semasiologischen Zugriffsmöglichkeit auf sämtliche Varietätenlemmata über ein Lemma der nhd. Standardsprache erfolgt auf der Grundlage einer XML-basierten Datenbank nach aktuellen Standards der Kodierung von Lexikoneinträgen (TEI P5). Die Metalemmaliste ist dynamisch und netzartig konzipiert, so dass immer neue Teilbereiche, Verzweigungen und Ontologien angedockt werden können (vgl. TV 2). Die Anknüpfung der Varietätenlemmata an die Lemmata der nhd. Standardsprache aus der BLL erfolgt mit Hilfe von Algorithmen, die im TV 3.2. (Informatik Würzburg) implementiert wurden.
As the nature of negative polarity items (NPIs) and their licensing contexts is still under much debate, a broad empirical basis is an important cornerstone to support further insights in this area of research. The work discussed in this paper is intended as a contribution to realizing this objective. The authors briefly introduce the phenomenon of NPIs and outline major theories about their licensing and also various licensing contexts before discussing our major topics: Firstly, a corpus-based retrieval method for NPI candidates is described that ranks the candidates according to their distributional dependence on the licensing contexts. Our method extracts single-word candidates and is extended to also capture multi-word candidates. The basic idea for automatically collecting NPI candidates from a large corpus is that an NPI behaves like a kind of collocate to its licensing contexts. Manual inspection and interpretation of the candidate lists identify the actual NPIs. Secondly, an online repository for NPIs and other items that show distributional idiosyncrasies is presented, which offers an empirical database for further (theoretical) research on these items in a sustainable way.
This article presents a revised version of GAT, a transcription system first devel-oped by a group of German conversation analysts and interactional linguists in 1998. GAT tries to follow as many principles and conventions as possible of the Jefferson-style transcription used in Conversation Analysis, yet proposes some conventions which are more compatible with linguistic and phonetic analyses of spoken language, especially for the representation of prosody in talk-in-interaction. After ten years of use by researchers in conversation and discourse analysis, the original GAT has been revised, against the background of past experience and in light of new necessities for the transcription of corpora arising from technologi-cal advances and methodological developments over recent years. The present text makes GAT accessible for the English-speaking community. It presents the GAT 2 transcription system with all its conventions and gives detailed instructions on how to transcribe spoken interaction at three levels of delicacy: minimal, basic and fine. In addition, it briefly introduces some tools that may be helpful for the user: the German online tutorial GAT-TO and the transcription editing software FOLKER.
Der Beitrag stellt eine aktualisierte Version des Gesprächsanalytischen Transkriptionssystems(GAT) dar. Nachdem GAT seit seiner Erstvorstellung im Jahr 1998 in der Gesprächsforschung eine breite Verwendung gefunden hat, war es nun an der Zeit, es aufgrund der bisherigen Erfahrungen und im Hinblick auf neue Anforderungen an Transkriptionen vorsichtig zu überarbeiten. Dieser Text stellt
das aktualisierte GAT 2-Transkriptionssystem mit allen seinen alten und neuen Konventionen dar, versucht bekannte Zweifelsfälle zu klären und bekannte Schwächen der ersten Version zu beheben. GAT 2 gibt detaillierte Anweisungen zum Erstellen gesprächsanalytischer Transkriptionen auf drei Detailliertheitsstufen, dem Minimal-, Basis- und Feintranskript, sowie neue Vorschläge zur Darstellung komplexerer Phänomene in Sonderzeilen. Zudem wurden für GAT 2 einige zusätzliche Hilfsmittel entwickelt, die im Anhang kurz vorgestellt werden: das Online-Tutorial GAT-TO sowie der Transkriptionseditor FOLKER.
Mit dem cGAT-Handbuch stellt das FOLK-Projekt eine Richtlinie für das computergestützte Transkribieren nach GAT 2 zur Verfügung. Das Handbuch wurde anhand der Transkriptionspraxis in FOLK entwickelt und enthält eine Vielzahl von authentischen Beispielen, die mit dem zugehörigen Audio auch über die Datenbank für Gesprochenes Deutsch (DGD) abgerufen werden können.
This paper presents the results of a joint effort of a group of multimodality researchers and tool developers to improve the interoperability between several tools used for the annotation and analysis of multimodality. Each of the tools has specific strengths so that a variety of differ-ent tools, working on the same data, can be desirable for project work. However this usually re-quires tedious conversion between formats. We propose a common exchange format for multi-modal annotation, based on the annotation graph (AG) formalism, which is supported by import and export routines in the respective tools. In the current version of this format the common de-nominator information can be reliably exchanged between the tools, and additional information can be stored in a standardized way.
This paper describes a new research initiative addressing the issue of sustainability of linguistic resources. The initiative is a cooperation between three collaborative research centres in Germany – the SFB 441 “Linguistic Data Structures” in Tübingen, the SFB 538 “Multilingualism” in Hamburg, and the SFB 632 “Information Structure” in Potsdam/Berlin. The aim of the project is to develop methods for sustainable archiving of the diverse bodies of linguistic data used at the three sites. In the first half of the paper, the data handling solutions developed so far at the three centres are briefly introduced. This is followed by an assessment of their commonalities and differences and of what these entail for the work of the new joint initiative. The second part then sketches seven areas of open questions with respect to sustainable data handling and gives a more detailed account of two of them – integration of linguistic terminologies and development of best practice guidelines.
Rescuing Legacy Data
(2008)
This paper discusses issues that arise in the transformation of electronic language data from outdated to modern, sustainable formats. We first describe the problem and then present four different cases in which corpora of spoken language were converted from legacy formats to an XML-based representation. For each of the four cases, we describe the conversion workflow and discuss the difficulties that we had to overcome. Based on this experience, we formulate some more general observations about transforming legacy data and conclude with a set of best practice recommendations for a more sustainable handling of language corpora.
This paper describes EXMARaLDA, a system for computer transcription of spoken discourse developed and used by the SFB "Mehrsprachigkeit" at the university of Hamburg. EXMARaLDA consists of several DTDs for XML coding of transcription data and some input and output tools for these formats. Apart from being a transcription system in its own right, EXMARaLDA also plays the role of a mediator between older existing data formats at the SFB and between these formats and a planned database of multilingual spoken discourse.
EXMARaLDA is a system for computer transcription of spoken discourse that is being developed at the SFB ‚Mehrsprachigkeit’ as a basis of a multilingual discourse database into which the transcriptions in use at the SFB will be integrated at a later point in time. The present paper describes the theoretical background of the development – a formal model of discourse transcription based on the annotation graph formalism (Bird/Liberman (2001)) – and its practical realisation in the form of an XML-based data format and several tools for input, output and manipulation of the data.
This paper describes EXMARaLDA, an XML-based framework for the construction, dissemination and analysis of corpora of spoken language transcriptions. Departing from a prototypical example of a “partitur” (musical score) transcription, the EXMARaLDA “single timeline, multiple tiers” data model and format is presented alongside with the EXMARaLDA Partitur-Editor, a tool for inputting and visualizing such data. This is followed by a discussion of the interaction of EXMARaLDA with other frameworks and tools that work with similar data models. Finally, this paper presents an extension of the “single timeline, multiple tiers” data model and describes its application within the EXMARaLDA system.
This paper attempts a new look at computer assisted transcription as it is commonly practised within the fields of discourse analysis and language acquisition studies. The first part proposes a bridge between discourse analytical methodology and text technological methods with the concept of modelling as its central idea. The second part demonstrates the EXMARaLDA system, a set of formats and tools for computer assisted transcription that builds on the ideas developed in the first part and implements them in a way that can lead to significant improvement in current research practice.