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The Online-Wortschatz-Informationssystem Deutsch (OWID; Online Vocabulaty Information System German) o f the Institut fUr Deutsche Sprache (IDS; German Language Institute) in Mannheim is a lexicographic Internet portal for various electronic diciionary resources that are being compiled as the IDS. It is an explicit goal of OWID, not to present a random collection of unrelated reference works but to build a network of actually related lexicographic products. Hence, the core of the project is the design of an innovative concept of data modelling and structuring. The goal of this granular data modelling is to allow flexible access of each individual lexicographic resource as well as access across diverse dictionary resources. At the same time, fine-grained interconnectedness of all resources should be made possible. Every lexicographic resource within OWID—elexiko, Neologismenwörterbuch, Wortverbindungen online, Schulddiskurs im ersten Nachkriegsjahrzehnt—accomplishes this requirement with regard to data modelling and structuring. The paper explains the underlying consistent concept of the data modelling for the overall heterogeneous lexicographical resources. Also it is shown, how the modelling potential has been converting into the Internet presence of OWID.
Online dictionary use
(2012)
This article presents empirical findings about what criteria make for a good online dictionary, using data on expectations and demands collected in an online questionnaire (N~684), complemented by additional results from a second questionnaire (N-390) which looked more closely at whether respondents had differentiated views on individual aspects of the criteria rated in the first study. Our results show that the classical criteria of reference books (such as reliability and clarity) were rated highest by our participants, whereas the unique characteristics of online dictionaries (such as multimedia and adaptability) were rated and ranked as (partly) unimportant. To verify whether or not the poor ratings of these innovative features were a result of the fact that our subjects are unfamiliar with online dictionaries incorporating such features, we incorporated an experiment into the second study. Our results revealed a learning effect: participants in the learning-effect condition, i.e. respondents who were first presented with examples of possible innovative features of online dictionaries, judged adaptability and multimedia to be more useful than participants who were not given that information. Thus, our data point to the conclusion that developing innovative features is worthwhile but that it should be borne in mind that users can only be persuaded of their benefits gradually. In addition, we present data about questions relating to the design of online dictionaries.
The methods utilized in the area of research into dictionary use are established research methods in the social sciences. After explicating the different steps of a typical empirical investigation, this article provides examples of how these different methods are used in various user studies conducted in the field of using online dictionaries. Thereby, different kinds of data collection (surveys as online questionnaires, log files and eye tracking) as well as different research design structures (for instance, ex-post-facto design or experimental design) are discussed.
This contribution presents the procedure used in the Handbuch deutscher Kommunikationsverben and in its online version Kommunikationsverben in the lexicographical internet portal OWID to divide sets of semantically similar communication verbs into ever smaller sets of ever closer synonyms. Kommunikationsverben describes the meaning of communication verbs on two levels: a lexical level, represented in the dictionary entries and by sets of lexical features, and a conceptual level, represented by different types of situations referred to by specific types of verbs. The procedure starts at the conceptual level of meaning where verbs used to refer to the same specific situation type are grouped together. At the lexical level of meaning, the sets of verbs obtained from the first step are successively divided into smaller sets on the basis of the criteria of (i) identity of lexical meaning, (ii) identity of lexical features, and (iii) identity of contexts of usage. The stepwise procedure applied is shown to result in the creation of a semantic network for communication verbs.
We start by trying to answer a question that has already been asked by de Schryver et al. (2006): Do dictionary users (frequently) look up words that are frequent in a corpus. Contrary to their results, our results that are based on the analysis of log files from two different online dictionaries indicate that users indeed look up frequent words frequently. When combining frequency information from the Mannheim German Reference Corpus and information about the number of visits in the Digital Dictionary of the German Language as well as the German language edition of Wiktionary, a clear connection between corpus and look-up frequencies can be observed. In a follow-up study, we show that another important factor for the look-up frequency of a word is its temporal social relevance. To make this effect visible, we propose a de-trending method where we control both frequency effects and overall look-up trends.
In this paper, the authors use the 2012 log files of two German online dictionaries (Digital Dictionary of the German Language and the German Version of Wiktionary) and the 100,000 most frequent words in the Mannheim German Reference Corpus from 2009 to answer the question of whether dictionary users really do look up frequent words, first asked by de Schryver et al. (2006). By using an approach to the comparison of log files and corpus data which is completely different from that of the aforementioned authors, we provide empirical evidence that indicates - contrary to the results of de Schryver et al. and Verlinde/Binon (2010) - that the corpus frequency of a word can indeed be an important factor in determining what online dictionary users look up. Finally, we incorporate word class Information readily available in Wiktionary into our analysis to improve our results considerably.
The main aim of the study presented in this chapter was to try out eyetracking as form to collect data about dictionary use as it is – for research into dictionary use – a new and not widely used technology. As the topic of research, we decided to evaluate the new web design of the IDS dictionary portal OWID. In the mid of 2011 where the study was conducted, the relaunch of the web design was internally finished but externally not released yet. In this regard, it was a good time to see whether users get along well with the new design decisions. 38 persons participated in our study, all of them students aged 20-30 years. Besides the results the chapter also includes critical comments on methodological aspects of our study.
Questions of design
(2014)
All lexicographers working on online dictionary projects that do not wish to use an established form of design for their online dictionary, or simply have new kinds of lexicographic data to present, face the problem of what kind of arrangement is best suited for the intended users of the dictionary. In this chapter, we present data about questions relating to the design of online dictionaries. This will provide projects that use these or similar ways of presenting their lexicographic data with valuable information about how potential dictionary users assess and evaluate them. In addition, the answers to corresponding open-ended questions show, detached from concrete design models, which criteria potential users value in a good online representation. Clarity and an uncluttered look seem to dominate in many answers, as well as the possibility of customization, if the latter is not connected with a too complex usability model.
This chapter presents empirical findings on the question which criteria are making a good online dictionary using data on expectations and demands collected in the first study (N=684), completed with additional results from the second study (N=390) which examined more closely whether the respondents had differentiated views on individual aspects of the criteria rated in the first study. Our results show that the classical criteria of reference books (e.g. reliability, clarity) were rated highest by our participants, whereas the unique characteristics of online dictionaries (e.g. multimedia, adaptability) were rated and ranked as (partly) unimportant. To verify whether or not the poor rating of these innovative features was a result of the fact that the subjects are not used to online dictionaries incorporating those features, we integrated an experiment into the second study. Our results revealed a learning effect: Participants in the learning-effect condition, i. e. respondents who were first presented with examples of possible innovative features of online dictionaries,judged adaptability and multimedia to be more useful than participants who did not have this information. Thus, our data point to the conclusion that developing innovative features is worthwhile but that it is necessary to be aware of the fact that users can only be convinced of its benefits gradually.
The first international study (N=684) we conducted within our research project on online dictionary use included very general questions on that topic. In this chapter, we present the corresponding results on questions like the use of both printed and online dictionaries as well as on the types of dictionaries used, devices used to access online dictionaries and some information regarding the willingness to pay for premium content. The data collected by us, show that our respondents both use printed and online dictionaries and, according to their self-report, many different kinds of dictionaries. In this context, our results revealed some clear cultural differences: in German-speaking areas spelling dictionaries are more common than in other linguistic areas, where thesauruses are widespread. Only a minority of our respondents is willing to pay for premium content, but most of the respondents are prepared to accept advertising. Our results also demonstrate that our respondents mainly tend to use dictionaries on big-screen devices, e.g. desktop computers or laptops.
To design effective electronic dictionaries, reliable empirical information on how dictionaries are actually being used is of great value for lexicographers. To my knowledge, no existing empirical research addresses the context of dictionary use, or, in other words, the extra-lexicographic situations in which a dictionary consultation is embedded. This is mainly due to the fact that data about these contexts are difficult to obtain. To take a first step in closing this research gap, we incorporated an open-ended question (“In which contexts or situations would you use a dictionary?”) into our first online survey (N = 684). Instead of presenting well-known facts about standardized types of usage situation, this chapter will focus on the more offbeat circumstances of dictionary use and aims of users, as they are reflected in the responses. Overall, my results indicate that there is a community whose work is closely linked with dictionaries. Dictionaries are also seen as a linguistic treasure trove for games or crossword puzzles, and as a standard which can be referred to as an authority. While it is important to emphasize that my results are only preliminary, they do indicate the potential of empirical research in this area.
Contexts of dictionary use
(2013)
To design effective electronic dictionaries, reliable empirical information on how dictionaries are actually being used is of great value for lexicographers. To my knowledge, no existing empirical research addresses the context of dictionary use, or the extra-lexicographic situations in which a dictionary consultation is embedded. This is mainly due to the fact that data about these contexts is difficult to obtain. To take a first step in closing this research gap, I incorporated an open-ended question (“In which contexts or situations would you use a dictionary?”) into the online survey (N = 684) and asked the participants to answer this question by providing as much information as possible. Instead of presenting well-known facts about standardized types of usage situation, this paper will focus on the more offbeat circumstances of dictionary use and aims of users, as they are reflected in the responses. Overall, the results indicate that there is a community whose work is closely linked with dictionaries and, accordingly, they deal very routinely with this type of text. Dictionaries are also seen as a linguistic treasure trove for games or crossword puzzles, and as a standard which can be referred to as an authority. While it is important to emphasize that the results are only preliminary, they do indicate the potential of empirical research in this area.
Kommunikationsverben, an online reference work on German communication verbs and part of the dictionary portal OWID, describes the meaning of communication verbs on two levels: a lexical level, represented in the dictionary entries and by sets of lexical features, and a conceptual level, represented by different types of situations referred to by specific types of verbs. These two levels have each been implemented in special types of access structures. A first explorative access to the conceptual level provides the user with a list of the main classes of communication verbs, the subclasses of each of these, and the lexical fields pertaining to each subclass. Lexical fields are presented together with a characterisation of the situation type to which the verbs of that field are used to refer. Information about the conceptual level is additionally accessible by an advanced search option allowing the user to combine components of the characterisation of situation types to “create” any kind of situation and search for the verbs that correspond to it. Information about the lexical level of the meaning of communication verbs is accessible via the dictionary entries and by another advanced search option allowing the user to search for verbs with particular lexical features or combinations of these.
Textual structures in printed dictionaries are well known, adequately researched, and rather exhaustively described (cf. articles 3&10). This article investigates whether or not the models of textual structures in printed dictionaries can be applied to electronic dictionaries (EDs); or, more precisely, which parts of the order and terminology of textual structures in printed dictionaries are applicable to electronic ones and of which differences should one be aware. The focus will be on online dictionaries because they represent the most important kind of digital dictionary, and will become even more important in future. Furthermore, the emphasis will be more on potential future forms of online dictionaries than on current ones which are still sometimes produced as copies of their printed counterparts. To approach this question, basic differences between textual structures in electronic versus printed dictionaries will firstly be discussed. Secondly, further terminological and formal preliminary remarks will be made. The main part of the article will then follow to adapt de Schryver’s idea of “Creating order in dreamland” expressed in his article “Lexicographer’s dreams in the electronic dictionary age”. The aim here is to begin ‘create order in terminology land’ for textual structures in electronic dictionaries. A definitive order cannot be given here because electronic lexicography today involves constant change. In order to discuss the order of textual structures in EDs, not only theoretically, but also in concrete terms, their basic properties will be illustrated by means of a notional online dictionary. Following on from this fictitious scenario, a provisional survey of textual structures in EDs will be presented. Thereby, the focus is less on current online dictionaries than on the possibilities which the new medium provides. Finally, an explanation will be given as to how this view of structures in electronic dictionaries is useful for analyzing current EDs and for planning new ones. The overall aim here is not to introduce new kinds of textual structure in EDs and a corresponding terminology in detail, but to point out some constitutive differences between textual structures in printed dictionaries and those in electronic dictionaries.
Dictionary portals
(2013)
Lexikografie im Internet
(2008)
In diesem Beitrag werden wichtige Neukonzeptionen und umfangreiche Nachbearbeitungen einzelner
Angabebereiche in elexiko erläutert. Die linguistische Konzeption dieser Angaben stellt eine Weiterentwicklung gegenüber der Konzeption dar, wie sie im Band „Grundfragen der elektronischen Lexikographie. elexiko – das Online-Informationssystem zum deutschen Wortschatz“ (2005) vorgelegt wurde. Betroffen sind z.B. die Angabebereiche der typischen Verwendungen, der sinn- und sachverwandten Wörter und der Besonderheiten des Gebrauchs.
Im vorliegenden Beitrag soll der Aufbau einer maßgeschneiderten XML-Modellierung für ein Wörterbuchnetz erläutert werden. Diese Schriftfassung beruht auf einem gleichlautenden
Vortrag, der auf dem ersten Arbeitstreffen des DFG-Netzwerks „Internetlexikografie“ in
Mannheim im Mai 2011 gehalten wurde. Der Beitrag ist als Werkstattbericht zu verstehen,
d. h. als praktisch orientierter Blick sowohl darauf, wie wir unsere Modellierung für OWID
konzipiert haben, welche Konsequenzen dies für die lexikographische Arbeit sowie für die
Recherchemöglichkeiten der Nutzer hat, als auch darauf, welche Vor- und Nachteile wir bei
diesem Modellierungsansatz sehen. Der vorliegende Beitrag bietet damit keine umfassende
theoretische Auseinandersetzung mit verschiedenen Möglichkeiten der Modellierung. Lediglich
im folgenden Kapitel werden die Grundzüge des Modellierungsansatzes kurz erläutert
und es wird auf entsprechende weiterführende projektbezogene Literatur verwiesen.
Im vorliegenden Beitrag soll der Aufbau einer maßgeschneiderten XML-Modellierung für ein Wörterbuchnetz erläutert werden. Diese Schriftfassung beruht auf einem gleichlautenden Vortrag, der auf dem ersten Arbeitstreffen des DFG-Netzwerks "Internetlexikografie" in Mannheim im Mai 2011 gehalten wurde. Der Beitrag ist als Werkstattbericht zu verstehen, d. h. als praktisch orientierter Blick sowohl darauf, wie wir unsere Modellierung für OWID konzipiert haben, welche Konsequenzen dies für die lexikographische Arbeit sowie für die Recherchemöglichkeiten der Nutzer hat, als auch darauf, welche Vor- und Nachteile wir bei diesem Modellierungsansatz sehen. Der vorliegende Beitrag bietet damit keine umfassende theoretische Auseinandersetzung mit verschiedenen Möglichkeiten der Modellierung. Lediglich im folgenden Kapitel werden die Grundzüge des Modellierungsansatzes kurz erläutert und es wird auf entsprechende weiterführende projektbezogene Literatur verwiesen.
Einleitung
(2011)