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Der Beitrag behandelt konzeptionelle und methodische Fragen aus einem Projekt, in dem eine neue Referenzausgabe des Thomas Mannschen Gesamtwerks für die Publikation in zwei Medien aufbereitet wird: als Buch und als elektronische Ausgabe. Die Basis dafür bildet ein Informationspool, in dem die Texte SGML/XML-basiert vorgehalten und durch eine Topic Map verknüpft werden. Der Beitrag skizziert die Architektur des Systems sowie die dahinter stehenden technischen und konzeptionellen Überlegungen. Es wird gezeigt, wie gerade die elektronische Version neue Wege beschreitet, damit ein Arbeitswerkzeug für Literaturwissenschaftler entsteht, das völlig neuartige Zugriffsmöglichkeiten auf das Werk Thomas Manns bietet.
In diesem Papier wird kurz der Stand der lexikografischen Theorie und Praxis bezüglich des Themas „Illustrationen in der Lexikografie“ zusammengefasst, um daraus Vorschläge für den Umgang mit Illustrationen in elexiko abzuleiten. Dazu wird zunächst Grundsätzliches zum Thema referiert, um dann Arten von Illustrationen vorzustellen, wie sie in der lexikografischen Theorie unterschie-den werden. Anhand von Beispielen wird dabei die lexikografische Praxis aus dem Bereich der Printlexikografie illustriert. Die letzten beiden Abschnitte beschäftigen sich mit den Möglichkeiten der Illustrierung für elexiko, wobei unterschieden wird in die Illustrierung des Demonstrationswortschatzes und in weitere Perspektiven für elexiko.
Das elexiko-Portal: Ein neuer Zugang zu lexikografischen Arbeiten am Institut für Deutsche Sprache
(2007)
Das elexiko-Portal soll verschiedene lexikografische Projekte des IDS in einem Verbund zusammenführen und - soweit das die Inhalte zulassen - gemeinsame Recherchemöglichkeiten über verschiedene lexikografische Produkte hinweg bieten. In diesem Aufsatz geht es v. a. darum zu zeigen, wie die XML-basierte Modellierung für das Portal aufgebaut ist, um zum einen die Basis für diese flexiblen Zugriffsstrukturen zu legen und zum anderen der Verschiedenheit der beteiligten Projekte Rechnung zu tragen. Gleichzeitig werden Perspektiven für eine flexiblere Darstellung der Daten und für die zukünftige Weiterentwicklung von Recherchemöglichkeiten aufgezeigt.
Electronic corpora play an ever growing role in lexicography. On the one hand, new access to linguistic usage is made possible through the use of text corpora and intelligent corpus-based query tools; however, the final results are still interpreted and described by lexicographers. In this case corpora are used for data acquisition. On the other hand, there are also projects that provide purely automatically acquired data in the form of "dictionaries". Lexicographers play only a minor role here. This latter type of corpus use creates a completely new kind of electronic dictionary. This article addresses the questions as to what extent these dictionaries differ from lexicographic tradition and whether they must be considered in metalexicography. Starting from previously compiled electronic dictionary typologies, we try to supplement the formulation of lexicographic data as a distinguishing feature. Finally, based on the findings of the project elexiko (Institute for the German Language - IDS), we demonstrate that the distinction between electronic versus man-made lexicographic data is also relevant to lexicographical practice.
The development of user-adapted views of lexicographic data is frequently in demand by dictionary research on electronic reference works and hypertext information systems. In the printed dictionary it has been indispensable to develop a complete dictionary relative to a user group and using situations. In contrast, for any electronic presentation of lexicographic data there are possibilities to define user-specific views of an initially user-unspecific resource. However, research on the use of dictionaries in general, still has to answer several open questions as far as this subject is concerned. This paper will firstly provide an overview of the present state of research on dictionary use with respect to electronic lexicography. Subsequently, explanations of further prerequisites for a possible user-adapted access to data are followed, as exemplified by OWID, the Online Vocabulary Information System of the Institut für Deutsche Sprache. Finally, it will be outlined what results on the subject have been accomplished so far. Also the prospects of potential user-adapted presentations of lexicographic data will be highlighted.
Das Online-Wortschatz-Informationssystem Deutsch (OWID) ist ein digitales Wörterbuchportal des Instituts für Deutsche Sprache. Alle darin zusammengeführten lexikografischen Daten sind auf XML-Basis feingranular strukturiert. Speicherung, Verwaltung und Retrieval dieser Daten übernimmt das Orade-basierte Electronic Dictionary Administration System (EDAS). Der vorliegende Beitrag erläutert die XML-basierte Modellierung der Daten, XML-spezifische Fragen der Speicherung, sowie das Retrieval mit XPath und SQL/XML.
The Online-Wortschatz-Informationssystem Deutsch (OWID Online German Lexical Information System) is a lexicographic Internet portal for various electronic dictionary resources that are being compiled at the Institute for the German Language (Institut für Deutsche Sprache, IDS). The main emphasis of OWID is on academic lexicographic resources of contemporary German. Presently, the following dictionaries are included in OWID: a dictionary of contemporary German called elexiko, a dictionary of neologisms, a small dictionary of collocations, and a discourse dictionary covering the lexemes that establish the discourse about “guilt” in the early post-war era 1945-1955. In the near future (2010/2011), several additional dictionaries will be published in OWID: a Textbook of German Communication Verbs, a Valency Dictionary of German Verbs, two further discourse dictionaries – one about the “democracy” discourse around 1968, the other covering the keywords of the German reunification 1989/1990. Moreover, 300 entries from a corpus-based project on proverbs will be integrated into OWID. Thereby, OWID is a constantly growing resource for academic lexicographic work of the German language.
Altogether, OWID is a special kind of dictionary portal owing to its content and its design, namely the integration of the various dictionaries, the access possibilities and the presentation features. With OWID, we try to establish a dictionary net where the different resources are jointly accessible not only by headwords, but also on the microstructural level. Prerequisite for these common access- and navigation-possibilities across the various dictionaries is the same concept for the lexicographic data model which we put into practice in OWID. Data from all dictionaries in OWID are structured according to a tailor-made, fine-granular, XML-based data model. In this data model, similar content is modelled similarly, dictionary related differences are preserved.
The main tasks for the future are to enhance OWID with further dictionary resources, to improve the inner access structures so that they exhaust the possibilities of the data model, and to customize the layout of the dictionaries as well as the search options according to the user’s needs
Der Einsatz einer maßgeschneiderten, feingranularen XML-Modellierung im lexikografischen Prozess
(2011)
Der Artikel stellt die Projekte vor, die sich im Rahmen der Projektmesse zur „Elektronischen Lexikografie“ präsentiert haben. Diese Messe wurde begleitend zur 46. Jahrestagung des Instituts für Deutsche Sprache veranstaltet. Es wird in diesem Beitrag auf der Basis der Messepräsentationen dargelegt, inwiefern Entwicklungen der Korpuslexikografie und der Internetlexikografie die lexikografische Erfassung syntagmatischer Aspekte des deutschen Wortschatzes befördern und welche lexikografischen Internetressourcen dazu verfügbar sind.
In dem Beitrag präsentieren und diskutieren die Autoren zunächst einige Untersuchungen aus der Benutzungsforschung zu elektronischen Wörterbüchern, die sich mit der nutzerseitigen Beurteilung des Mehrwerts multimedialer und benutzeradaptiver Elemente befassen (Kap. 1. In einem zweiten Teil versuchen sie, ausgehend von den Stärken und Schwächen vorhandener Ansätze in diesem Bereich, Antworten auf die Frage zu finden, welche Anforderungen an Visualisierungstechniken und ‑strategien in elektronischen Wörterbüchern gestellt werden müssen, um einen solchen Mehrwert zu erhalten (Kap. 2). Abschließend stellen sie als praktisches Beispiel für eine mögliche Umsetzung solcher Anforderungen den Prototyp einer Software zur interaktiven Erkundung von Wortbildungsangaben im Wörterbuch vor.
To design effective electronic dictionaries, reliable empirical information on how dictionaries are actually being used is of great value for lexicographers. To my knowledge, no existing empirical research addresses the context of dictionary use, or, in other words, the extra-lexicographic situations in which a dictionary consultation is embedded. This is mainly due to the fact that data about these contexts are difficult to obtain. To take a first step in closing this research gap, we incorporated an open-ended question (“In which contexts or situations would you use a dictionary?”) into our first online survey (N = 684). Instead of presenting well-known facts about standardized types of usage situation, this chapter will focus on the more offbeat circumstances of dictionary use and aims of users, as they are reflected in the responses. Overall, my results indicate that there is a community whose work is closely linked with dictionaries. Dictionaries are also seen as a linguistic treasure trove for games or crossword puzzles, and as a standard which can be referred to as an authority. While it is important to emphasize that my results are only preliminary, they do indicate the potential of empirical research in this area.
The methods utilized in the area of research into dictionary use are established research methods in the social sciences. After explicating the different steps of a typical empirical investigation, this article provides examples of how these different methods are used in various user studies conducted in the field of using online dictionaries. Thereby, different kinds of data collection (surveys as online questionnaires, log files and eye tracking) as well as different research design structures (for instance, ex-post-facto design or experimental design) are discussed.
This chapter presents empirical findings on the question which criteria are making a good online dictionary using data on expectations and demands collected in the first study (N=684), completed with additional results from the second study (N=390) which examined more closely whether the respondents had differentiated views on individual aspects of the criteria rated in the first study. Our results show that the classical criteria of reference books (e.g. reliability, clarity) were rated highest by our participants, whereas the unique characteristics of online dictionaries (e.g. multimedia, adaptability) were rated and ranked as (partly) unimportant. To verify whether or not the poor rating of these innovative features was a result of the fact that the subjects are not used to online dictionaries incorporating those features, we integrated an experiment into the second study. Our results revealed a learning effect: Participants in the learning-effect condition, i. e. respondents who were first presented with examples of possible innovative features of online dictionaries,judged adaptability and multimedia to be more useful than participants who did not have this information. Thus, our data point to the conclusion that developing innovative features is worthwhile but that it is necessary to be aware of the fact that users can only be convinced of its benefits gradually.
In this paper, the authors use the 2012 log files of two German online dictionaries (Digital Dictionary of the German Language and the German Version of Wiktionary) and the 100,000 most frequent words in the Mannheim German Reference Corpus from 2009 to answer the question of whether dictionary users really do look up frequent words, first asked by de Schryver et al. (2006). By using an approach to the comparison of log files and corpus data which is completely different from that of the aforementioned authors, we provide empirical evidence that indicates - contrary to the results of de Schryver et al. and Verlinde/Binon (2010) - that the corpus frequency of a word can indeed be an important factor in determining what online dictionary users look up. Finally, we incorporate word class Information readily available in Wiktionary into our analysis to improve our results considerably.