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This paper describes work directed towards the development of a syllable prominence-based prosody generation functionality for a German unit selection speech synthesis system. A general concept for syllable prominence-based prosody generation in unit selection synthesis is proposed. As a first step towards its implementation, an automated syllable prominence annotation procedure based on acoustic analyses has been performed on the BOSS speech corpus. The prominence labeling has been evaluated against an existing annotation of lexical stress levels and manual prominence labeling on a subset of the corpus. We discuss methods and results and give an outlook on further implementation steps.
In this paper we use methods for creating a large lexicon of verbal polarity shifters and apply them to German. Polarity shifters are content words that can move the polarity of a phrase towards its opposite, such as the verb “abandon” in “abandon all hope”. This is similar to how negation words like “not” can influence polarity. Both shifters and negation are required for high precision sentiment analysis. Lists of negation words are available for many languages, but the only language for which a sizable lexicon of verbal polarity shifters exists is English. This lexicon was created by bootstrapping a sample of annotated verbs with a supervised classifier that uses a set of data- and resource-driven features. We reproduce and adapt this approach to create a German lexicon of verbal polarity shifters. Thereby, we confirm that the approach works for multiple languages. We further improve classification by leveraging cross-lingual information from the English shifter lexicon. Using this improved approach, we bootstrap a large number of German verbal polarity shifters, reducing the annotation effort drastically. The resulting German lexicon of verbal polarity shifters is made publicly available.
Raksta mērķis ir izvērtēt lingvistiskās ainavas laukā paveikto, apkopojot piecu gadu pieredzi un ieskicējot nākotnes perspektīvas turpmākajos pētījumos un studiju procesa satura plānojumā. Rakstā pamatā ir izmantota deskriptīvā pētniecības metode un kontentanalīze. Būtiskākie secinājumi: Lingvistiskās ainavas izpēte dažādās teritoriālajās vienībās Baltijas valstīs ir notikusi kopš 2008. gada, iesaistot arī studentus un vidusskolēnus. Lingvistiskās ainavas izpētes un metodoloģijas pilnveides rezultātā Rēzeknes Augstskolā (turpmāk – RA) ir izveidota kvantitatīvo un kvalitatīvo datu bāze, izstrādāti daudzveidīgi individuālie un kolektīvie pētījumi.Turpmāk ir plānots lielāku uzmanību veltīt Latgales skolu ainavai un citu iestāžu mikrovides izpētei, Latgales pilsētu datu salīdzinājumam ar citu Eiropas valstu reģionu lingvistisko ainavu, korelējot kvantitatīvos datus ar diskursa analīzes daudzveidīgo pieeju iespējām.
Germany’s diverse history in the 20th century raises the question of how social upheavals were constituted in and through political discourse. By analysing basic concepts, the research network “The 20th century in basic concepts” (based at the Leibniz institutes IDS, ZfL, ZZF) aims to identify continuities and discontinuities in political and social discourse. In this way, historical sediments of the present are to be uncovered and those challenges identified that emerged in the course of the 20th century and continue to shape political discourse until the present.
Smiling individuals are usually perceived more favorably than non-smiling ones—they are judged as happier, more attractive, competent, and friendly. These seemingly clear and obvious consequences of smiling are assumed to be culturally universal, however most of the psychological research is carried out in WEIRD societies (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic) and the influence of culture on social perception of nonverbal behavior is still understudied. Here we show that a smiling individual may be judged as less intelligent than the same non-smiling individual in cultures low on the GLOBE’s uncertainty avoidance dimension. Furthermore, we show that corruption at the societal level may undermine the prosocial perception of smiling—in societies with high corruption indicators, trust toward smiling individuals is reduced. This research fosters understanding of the cultural framework surrounding nonverbal communication processes and reveals that in some cultures smiling may lead to negative attributions.
Bedeutung und Standardinterpretation von Äußerungen mit negierten negativ-bewertenden Adjektiven
(2009)
Thema dieses Beitrags ist der Unterschied zwischen der Bedeutung und der Standard- oder „Default“-Interpretation von Äußerungen mit negierten lexikalischen bzw. un-präfigierten Antonymen graduierbarer Adjektive wie intelligent (z.B. X ist nicht dumm vs. X ist nicht unintelligent). Ausgehend von der Darstellung der Bedeutung und der Standardinterpretation der entsprechenden nicht-negierten Formen dieser Äußerungen (z.B. X ist dumm vs. X ist unintelligent) wird zunächst gezeigt, dass Äußerungen wie X ist nicht dumm und X ist nicht unintelligent sich im Hinblick auf das, was mit ihnen kodiert ist, unterscheiden: Äußerungen mit negierten lexikalischen Antonymen (X ist nicht dumm) umfassen sowohl den positiven als auch den neutralen Mittelbereich der jeweils relevanten Skala, solche mit negierten un-präfigierten Antonymen (X ist nicht unintelligent) hingegen nur den positiven Bereich. Die beiden Typen von Äußerungen unterscheiden sich aber auch im Hinblick auf ihre Standardinterpretation: Obwohl sie beide überlicherweise als ‚eher X‘ oder ‚ziemlich X‘ (z.B. ‚eher intelligent‘ oder ‚ziemlich intelligent‘) interpretiert werden, wird die mit den negierten, un-präfigierten Formen ausgedrückte Bewertung von Muttersprachlern (des Deutschen) häufig als positiver eingeschätzt als die Bewertung, die mit den negierten nicht-abgeleiteten Formen ausgedrückt wird.
Der Auftaktworkshop "Lexik des gesprochenen Deutsch: Forschungsstand, Erwartungen und Anforderungen an die Entwicklung einer innovativen lexikografischen Ressource" fand am 16. und 17. Februar 2017 am Institut fur Deutsche Sprache (IDS) in Mannheim statt. Das von der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft geforderte Projekt "Lexik des gesprochenen Deutsch" (=LeGeDe, Leibniz-Wettbewerb 2016, Forderlinie "Innovative Vorhaben") nahm im September 2016 am IDS seine Arbeit auf. Das Hauptziel ist die Erstellung einer korpusbasierten elektronischen Ressource zur Lexik des gesprochenen Deutsch auf der Grundlage von lexikologischen und gesprachsanalytischen Untersuchungen authentischer gesprochensprachlicher Daten.
Die „21. Arbeitstagung zur Gesprächsforschung“ mit dem Rahmenthema „Vergleichende Gesprächsforschung“ fand vom 21.-23. März 2018 am Institut für Deutsche Sprache in Mannheim statt. Das Ziel der Tagung war es, Forscherinnen und Forscher zusammenzubringen, die authentische Interaktionsdaten aus vergleichender Perspektive untersuchen. Das Rahmenthema der Tagung ergab sich aus dem steigenden Interesse an vergleichenden Fragestellungen innerhalb konversations- und gesprächsanalytischer Untersuchungen. Die Tagung nahm gezielt Vorgehensweisen und Methoden bei der Durchführung vergleichender Untersuchungen in den Blick. Die Vorträge1, Projektpräsentationen und Datensitzungen erörterten 1. das Vergleichen als analytische Grundoperation der Konversations- und Gesprächsanalyse, 2. Vergleiche alternativer Ressourcen und Praktiken für spezifische Handlungen und Aktivitäten in der Interaktion sowie 3. methodologische Herausforderungen einer vergleichenden Gesprächsforschung.
Harold Garfinkel, Begründer der Ethnomethodologie, wäre dieses Jahr 100 Jahre alt geworden, seine Studies in Ethnomethodology werden 50 Jahre. Grund genug diesen doppelten Geburtstag mit einer Tagung zur "deutschsprachigen Vorge-schichte, Wirkung und Rezeption des Werkes und der Person zu würdigen" (so der Ankündigungstext zur Tagung), die nicht ganz zufällig in Konstanz stattfand, lange Zeit und nach wie vor eine Hochburg rekonstruktiver Sozialforschung (auch) ethnomethodologischer Prägung. Die Tagung Harold Garfinkel's 'Studies in Ethnomethodolgy' – Fifty Years After vom 26.-28.10.2017 an der Universität Konstanz, ausgerichtet vom Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine Soziologie und Kultursoziologie und organisiert von Jörg Bergmann, Christian Meyer und Erhard Schüttpelz, tat dies in einer gebührlichen und beson-deren Weise: Die acht Kapitel der Studies in Ethnomethodology (im Folgenden kurz Studies), ein Konvolut aus Essays und Artikeln, die 1967 erschienen sind, dienten als Grundlage zur Strukturierung der Tagung und als Ausgangspunkt der einzelnen Vorträge.
We present an event-related potentials (ERP) study that addresses the question of how pieces of information pertaining to semantic roles and event structure interact with each other and with the verb’s meaning. Specifically, our study investigates German verb-final clauses with verbs of motion such as fliegen ‘fly’ and schweben ‘float, hover,’ which are indeterminate with respect to agentivity and event structure. Agentivity was tested by manipulating the animacy of the subject noun phrase and event structure by selecting a goal adverbial, which makes the event telic, or a locative adverbial, which leads to an atelic reading. On the clause-initial subject, inanimates evoked an N400 effect vis-à-vis animates. On the adverbial phrase in the atelic (locative) condition, inanimates showed an N400 in comparison to animates. The telic (goal) condition exhibited a similar amplitude like the inanimate-atelic condition. Finally, at the verbal lexeme, the inanimate condition elicited an N400 effect against the animate condition in the telic (goal) contexts. In the atelic (locative) condition, items with animates evoked an N400 effect compared to inanimates. The combined set of findings suggest that clause-initial animacy is not sufficient for agent identification in German, which seems to be completed only at the verbal lexeme in our experiment. Here non-agents (inanimates) changing their location in a goal-directed way and agents (animates) lacking this property are dispreferred and this challenges the assumption that change of (locational) state is generally a defining characteristic of the patient role. Besides this main finding that sheds new light on role prototypicality, our data seem to indicate effects that, in our view, are related to complexity, i.e., minimality. Inanimate subjects or goal arguments increase processing costs since they have role or event structure restrictions that animate subjects or locative modifiers lack.
In this paper, the author studies the role of the dictionary in the first language acquisition, highlighting its didactic value. Based on two Romanian lexicographical works of the 19th century, Lexiconul de la Buda (Buda, 1825) [the Lexicon of Buda] et Vocabularu romano-francesu (Bucarest, 1870) [the Romanian-French Vocabulary], the author analyses the normative information recorded in the articles in order to observe which level of language (i. e. phonetical, morphological, syntactical and lexical) is concerned. Such an approach allows to distinguish between the possible changings both at the level of the perception or at the grammatical, lexical and semantical description, i. e. the settlement of the word in the first language, and at a technical level, i. e. the making of article and of dictionary.
Der Anlass dieser Untersuchung war zunächst anekdotische Evidenz: Eines der Kinder der Autor*innen macht 2022 Abitur und las in ihrer gesamten gymnasialen Laufbahn genau eine ›Ganzschrift‹ einer Autorin: Die Judenbuche von Annette von Droste-Hülshoff. Zweifellos ein lesenswerter Text, aber konnte es wirklich sein, dass man in Deutschland 2022 Abitur macht, sogar Deutsch-Leistungskurs gewählt hat und sonst kein Buch einer Autorin im Deutschunterricht liest? Auch in den Pflichtlektüren für das Deutschabitur ist im entsprechenden Bundesland bei den empfohlenen Texten kein Roman und kein Drama einer Verfasserin verzeichnet. Neugierig geworden, recherchierten wir nach einer Liste, welche Literatur für den Deutschunterricht an Gymnasien in Baden-Württemberg (wo die Anekdote sich ereignete) insgesamt empfohlen wurde, und fanden auf den Seiten des Kultusministeriums eine umfangreiche Liste, auf der 298 Werke verzeichnet sind. Eine Auswertung nach dem Geschlecht der Verfasser*innen ergab, dass von den Einträgen auf dieser Liste 31 Titel bzw. Autor*innen (von) Frauen sind, d.h. rund 10 %.
Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Interaktion zwischen blinden und sehenden Personen bei der kooperativen Anfertigung einer Audiodeskription. Eine Audio-deskription ist die verbale Beschreibung visueller Inhalte für Sehbeeinträchtigte und stellt eine Sonderform der Translation dar. Auf der Basis von Videodaten wird die Kooperation eines Dreierteams mit den Verfahren der multimodalen Interaktionsanalyse untersucht. Ein Charakteristikum dieser Kooperation besteht darin, dass eines der Teammitglieder blind ist und die beiden anderen sehen können. Das Erkenntnisinteresse richtet sich besonders auf die professionelle Beteiligung des blinden Teammitglieds an der Interaktion. Die Analyse zeigt, wie Blindheit als Ressource für die kooperative Herstellung der Audiodeskription genutzt wird und wie die Beteiligten in einer visuell asymmetrischen Situation interagieren. Der Beitrag ist eine der seltenen Untersuchungen, die sich mit professioneller Interaktion zwischen Blinden und Sehenden beschäftigen. Er diskutiert Aspekte von genereller Relevanz für die weitere Entwicklung der empirischen Interaktionsforschung, vor allem in Bezug auf eine Erweiterung von Beteiligungsperspektiven in Richtung Inklusion.
Bootstrapping Supervised Machine-learning Polarity Classifiers with Rule-based Classification
(2010)
In this paper, we explore the effectiveness of bootstrapping supervised machine-learning polarity classifiers using the output of domain-independent rule-based classifiers. The benefit of this method is that no labeled training data are required. Still, this method allows to capture in-domain knowledge by training the supervised classifier on in-domain features, such as bag of words.
We investigate how important the quality of the rule-based classifier is and what features are useful for the supervised classifier. The former addresses the issue in how far relevant constructions for polarity classification, such as word sense disambiguation, negation modeling, or intensification, are important for this self-training approach. We not only compare how this method relates to conventional semi-supervised learning but also examine how it performs under more difficult settings in which classes are not balanced and mixed reviews are included in the dataset.
The present submission reports on a pilot project conducted at the Institute for the German Language (IDS), aiming at strengthening the connection between ISO TC37SC4 “Language Resource Management” and the CLARIN infrastructure. In terminology management, attempts have recently been made to use graph-theoretical analyses to get a better understanding of the structure of terminology resources. The project described here aims at applying some of these methods to potentially incomplete concept fields produced over years by numerous researchers serving as experts and editors of ISO standards. The main results of the project are twofold. On the one hand, they comprise concept networks dynamically generated from a relational database and browsable by the user. On the other, the project has yielded significant qualitative feedback that will be offered to ISO. We provide the institutional context of this endeavour, its theoretical background, and an overview of data preparation and tools used. Finally, we discuss the results and illustrate some of them.
Active learning has been applied to different NLP tasks, with the aim of limiting the amount of time and cost for human annotation. Most studies on active learning have only simulated the annotation scenario, using prelabelled gold standard data. We present the first active learning experiment for Word Sense Disambiguation with human annotators in a realistic environment, using fine-grained sense distinctions, and investigate whether AL can reduce annotation cost and boost classifier performance when applied to a real-world task.
Brown clustering has been used to help increase parsing performance for morphologically rich languages. However, much of the work has focused on using clustering techniques to replace terminal nodes or as a feature for parsing. Instead, we choose to examine how effectively Brown clustering is for unlexicalized parsing by creating data-driven POS tagsets which are then used with the Berkeley parser. We investigate cluster sizes as well as on what information (e.g. words vs. lemmas) clustering will yield the best parser performance. Our results approach the current state of the art results for the German T¨uBa-D/Z treebank when using parser internal tagging.
German is a language with complex morphological processes. Its long and often ambiguous word forms present a bottleneck problem in natural language processing. As a step towards morphological analyses of high quality, this paper introduces a morphological treebank for German. It is derived from the linguistic database CELEX which is a standard resource for German morphology. We build on its refurbished, modernized and partially revised version. The derivation of the morphological trees is not trivial, especially for such cases of conversions which are morpho-semantically opaque and merely of diachronic interest. We develop solutions and present exemplary analyses. The resulting database comprises about 40,000 morphological trees of a German base vocabulary whose format and grade of detail can be chosen according to the requirements of the applications. The Perl scripts for the generation of the treebank are publicly available on github. In our discussion, we show some future directions for morphological treebanks. In particular, we aim at the combination with other reliable lexical resources such as GermaNet.
This paper describes the application of probabilistic part of speech taggers to the Dzongkha language. A tag set containing 66 tags is designed, which is based on the Penn Treebank. A training corpus of 40,247 tokens is utilized to train the model. Using the lexicon extracted from the training corpus and lexicon from the available word list, we used two statistical taggers for comparison reasons. The best result achieved was 93.1% accuracy in a 10-fold cross validation on the training set. The winning tagger was thereafter applied to annotate a 570,247 token corpus.
This contribution explores the relationship between the English CEFR (Common European Framework of Reference for Languages) vocabulary levels and user interest in English Wiktionary entries. User interest was operationalized through the number of views of these entries in Wikimedia server logs covering a period of four years (2019–2022). Our findings reveal a significant relationship between CEFR levels and user interest: entries classified at lower CEFR levels tend to attract more views, which suggests a greater user interest in more basic vocabulary. A multiple regression model controlling for other known or potential factors affecting interest: corpus frequency, polysemy, word prevalence, and age of acquisition confirmed that lower CEFR levels attract significantly more views even after taking into account the other predictors. These findings highlight the importance of CEFR levels in predicting which words users are likely to look up, with implications for lexicography and the development of language learning materials.
The availability of large multi-parallel corpora offers an enormous wealth of material to contrastive corpus linguists, translators and language learners, if we can exploit the data properly. Necessary preparation steps include sentence and word alignment across multiple languages. Additionally, linguistic annotation such as partof- speech tagging, lemmatisation, chunking, and dependency parsing facilitate precise querying of linguistic properties and can be used to extend word alignment to sub-sentential groups. Such highly interconnected data is stored in a relational database to allow for efficient retrieval and linguistic data mining, which may include the statistics-based selection of good example sentences. The varying information needs of contrastive linguists require a flexible linguistic query language for ad hoc searches. Such queries in the format of generalised treebank query languages will be automatically translated into SQL queries.
This paper reports on an ongoing international project of compiling a freely accessible online Dictionary of German Loans in Polish Dialects. The dictionary will be the first comprehensive lexicographic compendium of its kind, serving as a complement to existing resources on German lexical loans in the literary or standard language. The empirical results obtained in the project will shed new light on the distribution of German loanwords among different dialects, also in comparison to the well-documented situation in written Polish. The dictionary will have a strong focus on the dialectal distribution of Polish dialectal variants for a given German etymon, accessible through interactive cartographic representations and corresponding search options. The editorial process is realized with dedicated collaborative web tools. The new resource will be published as an integrated part of an online information system for German lexical borrowings in other languages, the Lehnwortportal Deutsch, and is therefore highly cross-linked with other loanword dictionaries on Polish as well as Slavic and further European languages.
Die durch die Covid-19-Pandemie bedingte Umstellung der Präsenzlehre auf digitale Lehr- und Lernformate stellte Lehrende und Studierende gleichermaßen vor eine Herausforderung. Innerhalb kürzester Zeit musste die Nutzung von Plattformen und digitalen Tools erlernt und getestet werden. Der Beitrag stellt exemplarisch Dienste und Werkzeuge von CLARIAH-DE vor und erläutert, wie die digitale Forschungsinfrastruktur Lehrende und Studierende auch im Rahmen der digitalen Lehre unterstützen kann.
CLARIN contractual framework for sharing language data: the perspective of personal data protection
(2020)
The article analyses the responsibility for ensuring compliance with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in research settings. As a general rule, organisations are considered the data controller (responsible party for the GDPR compliance). Research constitutes a unique setting influenced by academic freedom. This raises the question of whether academics could be considered the controller as well. However, there are some court cases and policy documents on this issue. It is not settled yet. The analysis serves a preliminary analytical background for redesigning CLARIN contractual framework for sharing data.
Data Management is one of the core activities of all CLARIN centres providing data and services for the academia. In PARTHENOS, European initiatives and projects in the area of the humanities and social sciences assembled to compare policies and procedures. One of the areas of interest is data management. The data management landscape shows a lot of proliferation, for which an abstraction level is introduced to help centres, such as CLARIN centres, in the process of providing the best possible services to users with data management needs.
We present web services which implement a workflow for transcripts of spoken language following the TEI guidelines, in particular ISO 24624:2016 “Language resource management – Transcription of spoken language”. The web services are available at our website and will be available via the CLARIN infrastructure, including the Virtual Language Observatory and WebLicht.
CMC Corpora in DeReKo
(2017)
We introduce three types of corpora of computer-mediated communication that have recently been compiled at the Institute for the German Language or curated from an external project and included in DeReKo, the German Reference Corpus, namely Wikipedia (discussion) corpora, the Usenet news corpus, and the Dortmund Chat Corpus. The data and corpora have been converted to I5, the TEI customization to represent texts in DeReKo, and are researchable via the web-based IDS corpus research interfaces and in the case of Wikipedia and chat also downloadable from the IDS repository and download server, respectively.
Since 2013 representatives of several French and German CMC corpus projects have developed three customizations of the TEI-P5 standard for text encoding in order to adapt the encoding schema and models provided by the TEI to the structural peculiarities of CMC discourse. Based on the three schema versions, a 4th version has been created which takes into account the experiences from encoding our corpora and which is specifically designed for the submission of a feature request to the TEI council. On our poster we would present the structure of this schema and its relations (commonalities and differences) to the previous schemas.
In this Paper, we describe a schema and models which have been developed for the representation of corpora of computer-mediated communicatin (CMC corpora) using the representation framework provided by the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI). We characterise CMC discourse as dialogic, sequentially organised interchange between humans and point out that many features of CMC are not adequately handled by current corpus encoding schemas and tools. We formulate desiderata for a representation of CMC in encoding schemes and argue why the TEI is a suitable framework for the encoding of CMC corpora. We propose a model of basic CMC units (utterances, posts, and nonverbal activities) and the macro- and micro-level structures of interactions in CMC environments. Based on these models, we introduce CMC-core, a TEI customisation for the encoding of CMC corpora, which defines CMC-specific encoding features on the four levels of elements, model classes, attribute classes, and modules of the TEI infrastructure. The description of our customisation is illustrated by encoding examples from corpora by researchers of the TEI SIG CMC, representing a variety of CMC genres, i.e. chat, wiki talk, twitter, blog, and Second Life interactions. The material described, i.e. schemata, encoding examples, and documentation, is available from the of the TEI CMC SIG Wiki and will accompany a feature request to the TEI council in late 2019.
CMDI Explorer
(2021)
We present CMDI Explorer, a tool that empowers users to easily explore the contents of complex CMDI records and to process selected parts of them with little effort. The tool allows users, for instance, to analyse virtual collections represented by CMDI records, and to send collection items to other CLARIN services such as the Switchboard for subsequent processing. CMDI Explorer hence adds functionality that many users felt was lacking from the CLARIN tool space.
The paper’s purpose is to give an overview of the work on the Component Metadata Infrastructure (CMDI) that was implemented in the CLARIN research infrastructure. It explains, the underlying schema, the accompanying tools and services. It also describes the status and impact of the CMDI developments done within the CLARIN project and past and future collaborations with other projects.
Playing videogames is a popular social activity; people play videogames in different places, on different media, in different situations, alone or with partners, online or offline. Unsurprisingly, they thereby share space (physically or virtually) with other playing or non-playing people. The special issue investigates through different contexts and settings how non-players become participants of the gaming interaction and how players and non-players co-construct presence. The introduction provides a problem-related context for the individual contributions and then briefly presents them.
This paper discusses changes of lexicographic traditions with respect to approaches to meaning descriptions towards more cognitive perspectives. I will uncover how cognitive aspects can be incorporated into meaning descriptions based on corpus-driven analysis. The new German Online dictionary “Paronyme − Dynamisch im Kontrast” (Storjohann 2014; 2016) is concerned with easily confused words such as effektiv/effizient, sensibel/sensitiv. It is currently in the process of being developed and it aims at adopting a more conceptual and encyclopaedic approach to meaning by incorporating cognitive features. As a corpus-guided reference work it strives to adequately reflect ideas such as conceptual structure, categorisation and knowledge. Contrastive entries emphasise aspects of usage, comparing conceptual categories and indicate the (metonymic) mapping of knowledge. Adaptable access to lexicographic details and variable search options offer different foci and perspectives on linguistic information, and authentic examples reflect prototypical structures. Some of the cognitive features are demonstrated with the help of examples. Firstly, I will outline how patterns of usage imply conceptual categories as central ideas instead of sufficiently logical criteria of semantic distinction. In this way, linguistic findings correlate better with how users conceptualise language. Secondly, it is pointed out how collocates are treated as family members and fillers in contexts. Thirdly, I will demonstrate how contextual structure and functions are included summarising referential information. Details are drawn from corpus data, they are usage-based linguistic patterns illustrating conversational interaction and semantic negotiations in contemporary public discourse. Finally, I will outline consultation routines which activate different facets of structural knowledge, e.g. through changes of the ordering of information or through the visualisation of semantic networks.
This paper discusses how cognitive aspects can be incorporated into lexicographic meaning descriptions based on corpus-driven analysis. The new German Online dictionary “Paronyme − Dynamisch im Kontrast” is concerned with easily confused words such as effektiv/effizient, sensibel/sensitiv. It is currently in the process of being developed and it aims at adopting a more conceptual and encyclopedic approach to meaning. Contrastive entries emphasize usage, comparing conceptual categories and indicating the mapping of knowledge. Adaptable access to lexicographic details offers different perspectives on information, and authentic examples reflect prototypical structures.
Some of the cognitive features are demonstrated with the help of examples. Firstly, I will outline how patterns of usage imply conceptual categories as central ideas instead of sufficiently logical criteria of semantic distinction. In this way, linguistic findings correlate better with how users conceptualize language. Secondly, it is pointed out how collocates are family members and fillers in contexts. Thirdly, I will demonstrate how contextual structure and function are included by summarizing referential information. Details are drawn from corpus data; they are usage-based patterns illustrating conversational interaction and semantic negotiation in contemporary public discourse. Finally, I will show flexible consultation routines where the focus on structural knowledge changes.
Collaborative work in NFDI
(2023)
The non-profit association National Research Data Infrastructure (NFDI) promotes science and research through a National Research Data Infrastructure. Its aim is to develop and establish an overarching research data management (RDM) for Germany and to increase the efficiency of the entire German science system. After a two-and-a-half year build up phase, the process of adding new consortia, each representing a different data domain, has ended in March 2023. NFDI now has 26 disciplinary consortia (and one additional basic service collaboration). Now the full extent of cross-consortial interaction is beginning to show.
Many studies on dictionary use presuppose that users do indeed consult lexicographic resources. However, little is known about what users actually do when they try to solve language problems on their own. We present an observation study where learners of German were allowed to browse the web freely while correcting erroneous German sentences. In this paper, we are focusing on the multi-methodological approach of the study, especially the interplay between quantitative and qualitative approaches. In one example study, we will show how the analysis of verbal protocols, the correction task and the screen recordings can reveal the effects of intuition, language (learning) awareness, and determination on the accuracy of the corrections. In another example study, we will show how preconceived hypotheses about the problem at hand might hinder participants from arriving at the correct solution.
This paper discusses changes in lexicographic traditions with respect to contrastive dictionary entries and dynamic, on-demand e-lexicographic descriptions. The new German online dictionary Paronyme - Dyna- misch im Kontrast is concerned with easily confused words (paronyms), such as effektivtefficient and sensibel/ sensitiv. New approaches to the empirical analysis and lexicographic presentation of words such as these are required, and this dictionary is committed to overcoming the discrepancy between traditional practice and insights from language use. As a corpus-guided reference work, it strives to adequately reflect not only authentic use in situations of actual communication, but also cognitive ideas such as conceptual structure, categorization and knowledge. Looking up easily confused lexical items requires contrastive entries where users can instantly compare meaning, contexts and reference. Adaptable access to lexicographic details and variable search options offer different foci and perspectives on linguistic information, and authentic examples reflect prototypical structures. These are essential in order to meet all the different interests of users. This paper will illustrate the contrastive structure of the new e-dictionary and demonstrate which information can be compared. It also focusses on various dynamic modes of dictionary consultation, which enable users to shift perspectives on paronyms accordingly.
Communicative deviations of respondents in political video interviews in Ukrainian and German
(2021)
The research has the objective to establish the peculiarities of communicative deviations as a cognitive and at the same time discursive phenomenon in Ukrainian- and German-language video interviews from the viewpoint of respondents. The procedure of the research involves the integrated application of methods and techniques of pragmatics, deviatology and communicative linguistics. A new methodological basis has been developed for the reconstruction of communicative deviations using discourse analysis, namely for the reconstruction of a single event in two discursive environments, determining the communicative context and communication of interview in compared languages. The results of the research allow us to identify the features of communicative deviations in political interviews at the external, internal structural levels and at the situational level. The conclusions of the research indicate that the types of communicative deviations in political video interviews are universal in Ukrainian and German, but reflect national and cultural specifics given the peculiarities of both languages and each linguoculture, as well as existing realias, norms, conventions, maxims and rules of communication.
The article analyzes communicative deviations that occur during the communication between German native speakers and non-native speakers, particularly Ukrainians. Despite existing intercultural and sociolinguistic studies, the analysis of language specificity that causes communicative deviations, failures and misunderstandings remains relevant and understudied. The purpose of this article is to identify and explore the German language peculiarities that cause misunderstandings in communication for non-native speakers, in particular Ukrainian speakers, and offer the algorithm for the representatives of different ethnic communities to help them avoid and resolve possible conflicts given the study of German as a foreign language. The status of the concept of communicative deviation in intercultural communication under conditions of insufficient communicative competence is determined in this article. The study uses the term communicative deviation in favor of a generalized term, a broad concept of linguistic, speech and communicative deviations in dialogic speech, in particular between native German speakers and non-native speakers. The empirical research was based on the speech activity of Ukrainian students during classes at the Department of German Studies and Translation (levels B2–C1) of Ivan Franko National University of Lviv in 2019–2021 academic years and definitions from the Universal Dictionary of German Duden, in addition to the materials reflected in textbooks and teaching manuals as well as from authentic German-language sources. Communicative deviations are identified and analyzed in phonological, lexical, syntactic and pragmatic aspects.
Comparaison de deux marqueurs d’affirmation dans des séquences de co-construction: voilà et genau
(2016)
This contribution investigates the German response particle genau and the French response particle voilà within collaborative turn sequences in videotaped ordinary conversations. Adopting a conversation analytic approach to cross-linguistic comparison, I will show that the basic epistemic value of both particles allows them to be used in similar sequential environments. When a co-participant formulates a candidate conclusion in environments where it can be easily inferred from previous talk, first speakers may confirm the adequacy of the pre-emptive completion by voilà or genau. These particles may then also be followed by self- or other-repeats. The analyses aim to illustrate that participants rely on a variety of practices in order to positively assess a pre-emptive completion, and to refute a supposed binary opposition of refusal vs. acceptance in the receipt slot.
Prominence has been widely studied on the word level and the syllable level. An extensive study comparing the two approaches is missing in the literature. This study investigates how word and syllable prominence relate to each other in German. We find that perceptual ratings based on the word level are more extreme than those based on the syllable level. The correlations between word prominence and acoustic features are greater than the correlations between syllable prominence and acoustic features.
To effectively design online tools and develop sophisticated programs, for the teaching of Ancient Greek language, there is a clear need for lexical resources that provide semantic links with Modern Greek. This paper proposes a microstructure for an online Ancient Greek to Modern Greek thesaurus (AMGthes) that serves educational purposes. The terms of this bilingual thesaurus have been selected from reference Ancient Greek texts, taught and studied during lower and upper secondary education in Greece. The main objective here is to build a semantic map that helps students find relevant and semanti- cally related terms (synonyms and antonyms) in Ancient Greek, and then provide a rich set of suitable translations and definitions in Modern Greek. Designed to be an online resource, the thesaurus is being developed using web technologies, and thus will be available to every school and university student that pursues a degree in digital humanities.
Mit diesem Papier sollen LexikografInnen an ein Automatisierungstool der Textanalyse innerhalb der Korpuslinguistik herangeführt werden. Das am IDS entwickelte statistische Recherche- und Analysewerkzeug Cosmas bietet neue Zugänge zur Gewinnung semantischer Informationen über Wörter. Die Nutzungsmöglichkeiten dieses Instrumentariums für die Lesartendisambiguierung von Lexemen und deren Verifizierung mittels Kollokations- und Kontextanalyse werden erläutert, und anhand des Beispiels cool wird gezeigt, inwieweit sich semantische Informationen durch automatische Statistik extrahieren lassen. Dabei wird auf die Vor- und Nachteile der computerbasierten Analyse eingegangen. Darüber hinaus wird dargestellt, wie empirische lexikografische Disambiguierung modellgeleitet validiert werden kann. Um die Unterschiede zwischen herkömmlichen Beschreibungsmöglichkeiten und neuen statistischen Verfahren zu verdeutlichen, werden die Lesarten zu cool, wie sie im Duden GWDS (2000) dargestellt sind, mit den identifizierten Lesarten der Analyse mit Cosmas verglichen.
This study analyzes how participants playing VR games construct co-presence and shared gameplay. The analysis focuses on instances of play where one person is wearing the VR equipment, and other participants are located nearby without the ability to directly interact with the game. We first show how the active player using the VR equipment draws on talk and embodied activity to signal their presence in the shared physical environment, while simultaneously conducting actions in the virtual space, and thus creates spaces for the other participants to take part in gameplay. Second, we describe how other participants draw on the contextual configurations of the moment in displaying co-presence and position themselves as active and consequential co-players. The analysis demonstrates how gameplay can be communicatively constructed even in situations where the participants have differential rights and possibilities to act and influence the game.
Using video-recordings from one day of a theater project for young adults, this paper investigates how the meaning of novel verbal expressions is interactionally constituted and elaborated over the interactional history of a series of activities. We examine how the theater director introduces and instructs the group in the Chekhovian technique of acting, which is based on “imagining with the body,” and how the imaginary elements of the technique are “brought into existence” in the language of the instructions. By tracking shifts in the instructor’s use of the key expressions invisible/imaginary/inner body or movement through a series of exercises, we demonstrate how they are increasingly treated as real and perceivable bodily conduct. The analyses focus on the instructor’s attribution of factual and agentive properties to these expressions, and the changes that these properties undergo over the series of instructions. This case demonstrates the significance of longitudinal processes for the establishment of shared meaning in social interaction. The study thereby contributes to the field of interactional semantics and to longitudinal studies of social interaction.
This paper is about the workflow for construction and dissemination of FOLK (Forschungs - und Lehrkorpus Gesprochenes Deutsch – Research and Teaching Corpus of Spoken German), a large corpus of authentic spoken interaction data, recorded on audio and video. Section 2 describes in detail the tools used in the individual steps of transcription, anonymization, orthographic normalization, lemmatization and POS tagging of the data, as well as some utilities used for corpus management. Section 3 deals with the DGD (Datenbank für Gesprochenes Deutsch - Database of Spoken German) as a tool for distributing completed data sets and making them available for qualitative and quantitative analysis. In section 4, some plans for further development are sketched.
This think-aloud study charts the use of online resources by five final-year MA students in Nordic and Literacy Studies based on the analysis of screen and audio recordings of an error-correction task. The article briefly presents some linguistic features of Norwegian Nynorsk that are not common in the context of other European languages, that is, norm optionality with regards to inflection and spelling. While performing the task, the participants were allowed to use all digital aids. This article examines their resource consultation behavior, and it makes use of Laporte/Gilquin’s (2018) annotation protocol. The following research questions are posed: What online resources are used by the students? What characterizes the use? Are online resources helpful? This study provides new insights into an as yet little explored topic within the Norwegian context. The findings demonstrate that the participants relied heavily on the official monolingual dictionary Nynorskordboka. Indeed, the dictionary was helpful in the vast majority of the searches, either resulting in error improvement or the validation of a word; that is, many of the searches considered correct words. The findings suggest severe norm insecurity and emphasize the need to improve norm knowledge and metalinguistic knowledge as prerequisites for better utilization of aids. It is also suggested to include necessary information on norm optionality and other commonly queried issues in the dictionary architecture.
Following the tradition of English grammar, some authors have distinguished between count and non-count nouns in Portuguese. The present paper resumes this discussion and develops the hypothesis that contemporary Brazilian Portuguese does not have count nouns, but only non-count nouns and nouns that are neutral in relation to countability.
Contrastive analysis of climate-related neologisms registered in GermanN and French Wikipedia
(2023)
Neologisms represent new social norms, tendencies, controversies and attitudes. They denote new or changed concepts which are constantly being negotiated between different members of the discourse community (Wodak 2022 and Catalano/Waugh (eds.) 2020). Neologisms help to identify new communicative patterns and narratives which illustrate different strings of discourse in everyday life. In recent years, many neologisms relating to the subject of the environment and climate have been emerging around the world mainly due to dominant discussions on climate change and the movement “Fridays for Future”. In German, for example, neologisms such as Klimakleber, klimaresilient and globaler Streik and in French neologisms such as éco-anxiété, justice climatique and écocitoyen could be observed. These neologisms occur in many domains of life, for example in politics, media and also in advertising, which means that “l’importance croissante des enjeux environnementaux dans les discours politiques, médiatiques et publicitaires” (Balnat/Gérard 2022, p. 22) can be identified. However, it is not only the occurrence of environment- or climate-related topics that is increasing, but also the rising polarisation of the public debate. The polarisation within public discourse is based on the fact that there are opposing positions which are represented by new or recently relevant terms such as activistes du climat (or Klimaaktivisten) and climatosceptiques (or Klimaskeptiker) (Balnat/Gérard 2022, p. 22). Due to different identifications with one or the other side, one can also speak of an “affrontement idéologique” (Balnat/Gérard 2022, p. 23). 1 The explosive nature and the high complexity of the debate on climate and the environmental issues mean that many words are naturally unfamiliar to people. This is especially true with regard to neologisms. In addition, it is often not only the new word itself but also the signified concept that is initially unknown. When people then look up words, they often do so on the Internet. Wikipedia as a “free encyclopedia” (Wikipedia 2023) is particularly well suited as an object of study with regard to neologisms, since factual knowledge is given special attention there. Furthermore, this reference guide is perceived as a regular source of agreed and common knowledge on all sorts of subjects. Hence, the descriptions found here represent social agreement on controversial terms and discussions to some degree. In this paper, German and French neologisms from the subject area of climate and environment will be examined primarily in Wikipedia, but also in the neighbouring resource Wiktionary,2 which is “a collaborative project to produce a free-content multilingual dictionary” (Wiktionary 2023). Since Wikipedia and Wiktionary are available in French and in German, 21010. International Contrastive Linguistics Conference (ICLC) both are equally suitable for the contrastive analysis. Thus, Wikipedia articles which are accessible in both languages (e.g. Klimanotstand and État d›urgence climatique) or Wikipedia articles about similar events and phenomena (e.g. Letzte Generation and Dernière Rénovation) will be compared. For example, we will have a closer look at other new terms specifying different thematic aspects of the discourse of climate and environment. We will mainly refer to those lexical items which can be found in the respective articles in both languages. Special emphasis will be on overlaps and differences, thematic foci, speaker’s positions and evaluative terms.
The paper deals with the process of computer-aided transcription regarding Arabic-German data material for interaction-based studies. First of all, it sheds light upon some major methodological challenges posed by the conversation-analytic approaches: due to current corpus technology, the reciprocity, linearity, and simultaneity of linguistic activities cannot be reconstructed in an analytically proper way when using the Arabic characters in multilingual and bidirectional transcripts. The difficulty of transcribing Arabic encounters is also compounded by the fact that Spoken Arabic as well as its varieties and phenomena have not been standardised enough (for conversation-analytic purposes). Therefore, the second part of this paper is dedicated to preliminary, self-developed solutions, namely a systematic method for transcribing Spoken Arabic.
We present an approach to making existing CLARIN web services usable for spoken language transcriptions. Our approach is based on a new TEI-based ISO standard for such transcriptions. We show how existing tool formats can be transformed to this standard, how an encoder/decoder pair for the TCF format enables users to feed this type of data through a WebLicht tool chain, and why and how web services operating directly on the standard format would be useful.
Converting and Representing Social Media Corpora into TEI: Schema and best practices from CLARIN-D
(2016)
The paper presents results from a curation project within CLARIN-D, in which an existing lMWord corpus of German chat communication has been integrated into the DEREKO and DWDS corpus infrastructures of the CLARIN-D centres at the Institute for the German Language (IDS, Mannheim) and at the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences (BBAW, Berlin). The focus is on the solutions developed for converting and representing the corpus in a TEI format.
Opinion holder extraction is one of the important subtasks in sentiment analysis. The effective detection of an opinion holder depends on the consideration of various cues on various levels of representation, though they are hard to formulate explicitly as features. In this work, we propose to use convolution kernels for that task which identify meaningful fragments of sequences or trees by themselves. We not only investigate how different levels of information can be effectively combined in different kernels but also examine how the scope of these kernels should be chosen. In general relation extraction, the two candidate entities thought to be involved in a relation are commonly chosen to be the boundaries of sequences and trees. The definition of boundaries in opinion holder extraction, however, is less straightforward since there might be several expressions beside the candidate opinion holder to be eligible for being a boundary.
In this paper, we explore different linguistic structures encoded as convolution kernels for the detection of subjective expressions. The advantage of convolution kernels is that complex structures can be directly provided to a classifier without deriving explicit features. The feature design for the detection of subjective expressions is fairly difficult and there currently exists no commonly accepted feature set. We consider various structures, such as constituency parse structures, dependency parse structures, and predicate-argument structures. In order to generalize from lexical information, we additionally augment these structures with clustering information and the task-specific knowledge of subjective words. The convolution kernels will be compared with a standard vector kernel.
This article reports on the on-going CoRoLa project, aiming at creating a reference corpus of contemporary Romanian (from 1945 onwards), opened for online free exploitation by researchers in linguistics and language processing, teachers of Romanian, students. We invest serious efforts in persuading large publishing houses and other owners of IPR on relevant language data to join us and contribute the project with selections of their text and speech repositories. The CoRoLa project is coordinated by two Computer Science institutes of the Romanian Academy, but enjoys cooperation of and consulting from professional linguists from other institutes of the Romanian Academy. We foresee a written component of the corpus of more than 500 million word forms, and a speech component of about 300 hours of recordings. The entire collection of texts (covering all functional styles of the language) will be pre-processed and annotated at several levels, and also documented with standardized metadata. The pre-processing includes cleaning the data and harmonising the diacritics, sentence splitting and tokenization. Annotation will include morpho-lexical tagging and lemmatization in the first stage, followed by syntactic, semantic and discourse annotation in a later stage.
In my talk, I present an empirical approach to detecting and describing proverbs as frozen sentences with specific functions in current language use. We have developed this approach in the EU project ‘SprichWort’ (based on the German Reference Corpus). The first chapter illustrates selected aspects of our complex, iterative procedure to validate proverb candidates. Based on our corpus-driven lexpan methodology of slot analysis I then discuss semantic restrictions of proverb patterns. Furthermore, I show different degrees of proverb quality ranging from genuine proverbs to non-proverb realizations of the same abstract pattern. On the one hand, the corpus validation reveals that proverbs are definitely perceived and used as relatively fixed entities and often as sentences. On the other hand, proverbs are not only interpreted as an interesting unique phenomenon but also as part of the whole lexicon, embedded in networks of different lexical items.
Making research data publicly available for evaluation or reuse is a fundamental part of good scientific practice. However, regulations such as copyright law can prevent this practice and thereby hamper scientific progress. In Germany, text-based research disciplines have for a long time been mostly unable to publish corpora made from material outside of the public domain, effectively excluding contemporary works. While there are approaches to obfuscate text material in a way that it is no longer covered by the original copyright, many use cases still require the raw textual context for evaluation or follow-up research. Recent changes in copyright now permit text and data mining on copyrighted works. However, questions regarding reusability and sharing of such corpora at a later time are still not answered to a satisfying degree. We propose a workflow that allows interested third parties to access customized excerpts of protected corpora in accordance with current German copyright law and the soon to be implemented guidelines of the Digital Single Market directive. Our prototype is a very lightweight web interface that builds on commonly used repository software and web standards.
Corpus-based identification and disambiguation of reading indicators for German nominalizations
(2010)
Corpus data is often structurally and lexically ambiguous; corpus extraction methodologies thus must be made aware of ambiguities. Therefore, given an extraction task, all relevant ambiguities must be identified. To resolve these ambiguities, contextual data responsible for one or another reading is to be considered. In the context of our present work, German -ung-nominalizations and their sortal readings are under examination. A number of these nominalizations may be read as an event or a result, depending on the semantic group they belong to. Here, we concentrate on nominalizations of verbs of saying (henceforth: "verba dicendi"), identify their context partners and their influence on the sortal reading of the nominalizations in question. We present a tool which calculates the sortal reading of such nominalizations and thus may improve not only corpus extraction, but also e.g. machine translation. Lastly, we describe successful attempts to identify the correct sortal reading, conclusions and future work.
In the past two decades, more and more dictionary usage studies have been published, but most of them deal with questions related to what users appreciate about dictionaries, which dictionaries they use and what type of information they need in specific situations — presupposing that users actually consult lexicographic resources. However, language teachers and lecturers in linguistics often have the impression that students do not use enough high-quality dictionaries in their everyday work. With this in mind, we launched an international cooperation project to collect empirical data to evaluate what it is that students actually do while attempting to solve language problems. To this end, we applied a new methodological setting: screen recording in conjunction with a thinking-aloud task. The collected empirical data offers a broad insight into what users really do while they attempt to solve language-related tasks online.
We present the use of count-based and predictive language models for exploring language use in the German Reference Corpus DeReKo. For collocation analysis along the syntagmatic axis we employ traditional association measures based on co-occurrence counts as well as predictive association measures derived from the output weights of skipgram word embeddings. For inspecting the semantic neighbourhood of words along the paradigmatic axis we visualize the high dimensional word embeddings in two dimensions using t-stochastic neighbourhood embeddings. Together, these visualizations provide a complementary, explorative approach to analysing very large corpora in addition to corpus querying. Moreover, we discuss count-based and predictive models w.r.t. scalability and maintainability in very large corpora.
The annual microcensus provides Germany’s most important official statistics. Unlike a census it does not cover the whole population, but a representative 1%-sample of it. In 2017, the German microcensus asked a question on the language of the population, i.e. ‘Which language is mainly spoken in your household?’ Unfortunately, the question, its design and its position within the whole microcensus’ questionnaire feature several shortcomings. The main shortcoming is that multilingual repertoires cannot be captured by it. Recommendations for the improvement of the microcensus’ language question: first and foremost the question (i.e. its wording, design, and answer options) should make it possible to count multilingual repertoires.
Lexicographers working with minority languages face many challenges. When the language in question is also a sign language, circumstances specific to the visual-spatial modality have to be taken into consideration as well. In this paper, we aim to show and discuss which challenges we encounter while compiling the Digitales Wörterbuch der Deutschen Gebärdensprache (DW-DGS), the first corpus-based dictionary of German Sign Language (DGS). Some parallel the challenges minority language lexicographers of spoken languages encounter, e. g. few resources, no written tradition, and having to create one dictionary for all potential user groups, while others are specific to sign languages, e. g. representation of visual-spatial language and creating access structures for the dictionary.
Except for some recent advances in spoken language lexicography (cf. Verdonik & Sepesy Maučec 2017, Hansen & Hansen 2012, Siepmann 2015), traditional lexicographic work is mainly oriented towards the written language. In this paper, we describe a method we used to identify relevant headword candidates for a lexicographic resource for spoken language that is currently being developed at the Institute for the German Language (IDS, Mannheim). We describe the challenges of the headword selection for a dictionary of spoken language, and having made considerations regarding our headword concept, we present the corpus-based procedures that we used in order to facilitate the headword selection. After presenting the results regarding the selection of one-word lemmas, we discuss the opportunities and limitations of our approach.
Creating CorCenCC (Corpws Cenedlaethol Cymraeg Cyfoes - The National Corpus of Contemporary Welsh)
(2017)
CorCenCC is an interdisciplinary and multiinstitutional project that is creating a large-scale, open-source corpus of contemporary Welsh. CorCenCC will be the first ever large-scale corpus to represent spoken, written and electronicallymediated Welsh (compiling an initial data set of 10 million Welsh words), with a functional design informed, from the outset, by representatives of all anticipated academic and community user groups.
This paper describes a method for automatic identification of sentences in the Gigafida corpus containing multi-word expressions (MWEs) from the list of 5,242 phraseological units, which was developed on the basis of several existing open-access lexical resources for Slovene. The method is based on a definition of MWEs, which includes information on two levels of corpus annotation: syntax (dependency parsing) and morphology (POS tagging), together with some additional statistical parameters. The resulting lexicon contains 12,358 sentences containing MWEs extracted from the corpus. The extracted sentences were analysed from the lexicographic point of view with the aim of establishing canonical forms of MWEs and semantic relations between them in terms of variation, synonymy, and antonymy.
This paper gives an insight into a cross-media publishing process on different stages: from a printed bilingual syntagmatic dictionary for GFL to an online learner’s dictionary of German collocations to a German learner’s dictionary portal. On the basis of an sql database specially developed for a corpus-guided dictionary of German collocations, the bilingual syntagmatic learner’s dictionary KolleX was published in 2014. The first part of the article describes this lexicographic process, focusing the most relevant aspects of the dictionary concept, e. g. dictionary type, subject matter, corpus guided data selection and microstructure. The second part introduces the first online version of KolleX from 2016 and the profound changes in the editing system – from a desktop version (2005) to a web-based editing system (2016) –, which resulted successively in a prototype of a German learner’s dictionary portal, called E-KolleX DaF (2018–). Focusing on the aspects of dynamism and integration of different resources from a learner’s perspective the paper shows the innovative features of this new online reference work. The contribution presents the solutions for the integration of new datatypes in the database of KolleX and the linking to different data in German monolingual dictionary platforms. The paper outlines the web design, functioning and technical improvements of E-KolleX DaF. The conclusions provide an outlook to the forthcoming challenges.
The Component MetaData Infrastructure (CMDI) is a framework for the creation and usage of metadata formats to describe all kinds of resources in the CLARIN world. To better connect to the library world, and to allow librarians to enter metadata for linguistic resources into their catalogues, a crosswalk from CMDI-based formats to bibliographic standards is required. The general and rather fluid nature of CMDI, however, makes it hard to map arbitrary CMDI schemas to metadata standards such as Dublin Core (DC) or MARC 21, which have a mature, well-defined and fixed set of field descriptors. In this paper, we address the issue and propose crosswalks between CMDI-based profiles originating from the NaLiDa project and DC and MARC 21, respectively.
Das Forschungs- und Lehrkorpus Gesprochenes Deutsch (FOLK) ist mit seinem Design bislang vornehmlich auf Nutzergruppen aus der sprachwissenschaftlichen Forschung ausgerichtet, prinzipiell aber auch hervorragend dafür geeignet, für die Nutzung im handlungsorientierten DaF- (und eventuell auch DaZ-)Unterricht fruchtbar gemacht zu werden. Lehrende und Lernende des Deutschen als Fremd- oder Zweitsprache bilden eine gesellschaftlich zunehmend relevante Zielgruppe und auch einen beträchtlichen Anteil der registrierten NutzerInnen des Korpus. Im vorliegenden Beitrag soll daher anhand eines exemplarischen Annotationsprojekts gezeigt werden, inwiefern die besonderen Ressourcen und Potentiale von FOLK für den DaF-Unterricht und dort speziell für den Aspekt des authentischen, kompetenten sprachlichen Handelns in Interaktion sinnvoll aufbereitet und schrittweise zugänglicher gemacht werden können.
This paper describes the results of an empirical investigation carried out within the project Lessico Multilingue dei Beni Culturali (LBC), whose aim is to create a multilingual online dictionary of the lexicon of the Italian artistic heritage. The dictionary, whose lexicographic process has already started, is intended for linguists and specialist translators as well as for professionals in the tourism sector and students of Foreign Languages and Literatures. The investigation conducted through a questionnaire submitted to undergraduate students at the University of Milan and at the University of Florence has a double aim: to research the habits in the use of lexicographic tools by possible users of the dictionary (Italian Learners of German Language), and to identify preferences regarding macro-, medio- and microstructural features of the future LBC-dictionary to realize a user-friendly tool. After a brief introduction on the state of the art of the survey in the field of Dictionary Users Studies, the article describes the questionnaire and the results obtained from the pilot study. A summary and a discussion on the future developments of the project conclude the work.
Der Beitrag untersucht auf der Grundlage der multimodal-raumanalytischen Interaktionsanalyse die Abendmahlfeier in drei lutherisch-protestantischen Gottesdiensten. Die Videoaufnahmen hierzu stammen aus Sarepta (Russland) und Rimbach und Zotzenbach (Deutschland). Nach einer kurzen Einordnung des Beitrags in den relevanten Forschungszusammenhang wird das spezifische raumanalytische Erkenntnisinteresse am Abendmahl als kollektive Positionierungsanforderung erläutert. Drei Fallanalysen rekonstruieren zunächst die interaktionsarchitektonischen Voraussetzungen für die kollektive Bewegung der Gemeinde ins kirchenräumliche Vorne. Diese Bewegung, die Positionierung der Gemeinde zur Einnahme des Abendmahls (der Konsum von Wein und Brot) und der Rückweg zu den Kirchenbänken sind raumbezogene Teilaufgaben, die in der konkreten Situation bearbeitet werden müssen. Die Bewegung der Gemeinde wird in den drei analysierten Gottesdiensten auf sehr unterschiedliche Weise organisiert. Die Rekonstruktion dieser Unterschiede ermöglicht die Formulierung von drei unterschiedlichen Vollzugsmodellen primär auf der Basis der zwei folgenden Aspekte: Relevant ist zum einen das Ausmaß und die Form der Vergemeinschaftung
(als symbolischer Nachvollzugs des überlieferten Abendmahls von Jesus Christus mit seinen Jüngern am Gründonnerstag) und zum anderen die Spezifik, in der die Teilnehmer konkret den Wein und das Brot konsumieren. Auf diesem Wege konnten ein Modell der Vergemeinschaftung mit Kollektivversorgung (Sarepta), ein Modell der Teil-Vergemeinschaftung mit Teil-Gruppenversorgung (Zotzenbach) sowie ein Individualisierungsmodell mit Einzelversorgung (Rimbach) identifiziert werden. Als strukturprägende Einflussgrößen werden einerseits die Möglichkeiten, die die Architektur für den Vollzug des Abendmahls zur Verfügung stellt, und andererseits die Anzahl der Teilnehmer deutlich. Ab einer gewissen Anzahl entsteht eine Art Ökonomisierungszwang, der sich negativ auf die Qualität der Vergemeinschaftung auswirkt. Von Reinhold Schmitt stammt die Idee, das Abendmahl als Koordinations- und Positionierungsaufgabe zu konzeptualisieren. Er hat auch die multimodal-interaktionsanalytische Methodologie entwickelt, die dem Beitrag zugrunde liegt. Darüber hinaus hat er die Videoaufnahmen in Rimbach und Zotzenbach erstellt und transkribiert. Anna Petrova hat die Gottesdienste in Sarepta dokumentiert und transkribiert. Die methodische und theoretische Konzeption des Beitrags stammt von beiden Autoren. Auch die Analysen der ausgewählten Fälle haben sie gemeinsam durchgeführt.
For many reasons, Mennonite Low German is a language whose documentation and investigation is of great importance for linguistics. To date, most research projects that deal with this language and/ or its speakers have had a relatively narrow focus, with many of the data cited being of limited relevance beyond the projects for which they were collected. In order to create a resource for a broad range of researchers, especially those working on Mennonite Low German, the dataset presented here has been transformed into a structured and searchable corpus that is accessible online. The translations of 46 English, Spanish, or Portuguese stimulus sentences into Mennonite Low German by 321 consultants form the core of the MEND-corpus (Mennonite Low German in North and South America) in the Archive for Spoken German. In addition to describing the origin of this corpus and discussing possibilities and limitations for further research, we discuss the technical structure and search possibilities of the Database for Spoken German. Among other things, this database allows for a structured search of metadata, a context-sensitive token search, and the generation of virtual corpora that can be shared with others. Moreover, thanks to its text-sound alignment, one can easily switch from a particular text section of the corpus to the corresponding audio section. Aside from the desire to equip the reader with the technical knowledge necessary to use this corpus, a further goal of this paper is to demonstrate that the corpus still offers many possibilities for future research.
Der Artikel widmet sich den politischen Fernsehinterviews im Ukrainischen und Deutschen aus der Perspektive der Persönlichkeit des Interviewers und der Schwierigkeiten, die vor und während des Fernsehinterviews auftreten. Kommunikative Abweichungen (Deviationen) werden als Unterschiede in den Erwartungen des Interviewers im Vergleich zu den Erwartungen des Befragten und des Adressaten aufgezeigt und analysiert. Besonderes Augenmerk wird auf das Beziehungsdreieck, bestehend aus Interviewer, Befragter und Adressat, gelegt. Bei der Beziehung zwischen diesen drei Größen spielen die Elemente Alter, Geschlecht, Status, Wissen, Interessen und Erwartungen eine wichtige Rolle und tragen zum Erfolg des Interviews bei. Dementsprechend übernimmt der Journalist drei Rollen: als Vertreter des Publikums, als Promotor des Eingeladenen (des Befragten) oder als Vertreter von sich selbst. Durch kommunikative Deviationen werden die Unterschiede in den Erwartungen der Kommunikatoren in einem Interview verstanden. In diesem Artikel wird nur auf die Abweichungen in den Fernsehinterviews in beiden Sprachen eingegangen, wenn der Interviewer andere Erwartungen an das Interview hat als der Befragte oder der Adressat (der Zuschauer), was für das erste ein Misserfolg ist, d.h. für den Interviewer. Es werden kommunikative Abweichungen des Interviewers gegenüber dem Befragten und dem Adressaten skizziert und die Strategien zur Überwindung von Misserfolgen eines Fernsehinterviews vorgeschlagen. Kommunikative Abweichungen als Verstöße gegen die Erwartungen des Interviewers in all seinen Erscheinungsformen können vermieden oder zumindest reduziert werden, wenn alle Elemente der Kommunikation auf informativer und emotionaler und sehr oft auf kommunikativ-situativer Ebene samt technischen Besonderheiten berücksichtigt werden.
Vorgestellt wird das Korpus deutschsprachiger Songtexte als innovative Sprachdatenquelle für interdisziplinäre Untersuchungsszenarien und speziell für den Einsatz im Fremd- und Zweitsprachenunterricht. Die Ressource dokumentiert Eigenschaften konzeptioneller Schriftlichkeit und konzeptioneller Mündlichkeit und erlaubt empirisch begründete Analysen sprachlicher Phänomene bzw. Tendenzen in den Texten moderner Popmusik. Vorgestellt werden Design, Annotationen und Anwendungsbeispiele des in thematische und autorenspezifische Archive stratifizierten Korpus.
"Reproducibility crisis" and "empirical turn" are only two keywords when it comes to providing reasons for research data management. Research data is omnipresent and with the more and more automatic data processing procedures, they become even more important. However, just because new methods require data and produce data, this does not mean that data are easily accessible, reusable or even make a difference in the CV of a researcher, even if a large portion of research goes into data creation, acquisition, preparation, and analysis. In this talk I will present where we find data in the research process, where we may find appropriate support for data management and advocate for a procedure for including it in research publications and resumes.
This presentation relies on work within the BMBF-funded project CLARIN-D. It also builds on work within the German National Research Data Infrastructure (NFDI) consortium Text+, DFG project number 460033370.
In the NLP literature, adapting a parser to new text with properties different from the training data is commonly referred to as domain adaptation. In practice, however, the differences between texts from different sources often reflect a mixture of domain and genre properties, and it is by no means clear what impact each of those has on statistical parsing. In this paper, we investigate how differences between articles in a newspaper corpus relate to the concepts of genre and domain and how they influence parsing performance of a transition-based dependency parser. We do this by applying various similarity measures for data point selection and testing their adequacy for creating genre-aware parsing models.
In the NLP literature, adapting a parser to new text with properties different from the training data is commonly referred to as domain adaptation. In practice, however, the differences between texts from different sources often reflect a mixture of domain and genre properties, and it is by no means clear what impact each of those has on statistical parsing. In this paper, we investigate how differences between articles in a newspaper corpus relate to the concepts of genre and domain and how they influence parsing performance of a transition-based dependency parser. We do this by applying various similarity measures for data point selection and testing their adequacy for creating genre-aware parsing models.
Data sets of publication meta data with manually disambiguated author names play an important role in current author name disambiguation (AND) research. We review the most important data sets used so far, and compare their respective advantages and shortcomings. From the results of this review, we derive a set of general requirements to future AND data sets. These include both trivial requirements, like absence of errors and preservation of author order, and more substantial ones, like full disambiguation and adequate representation of publications with a small number of authors and highly variable author names. On the basis of these requirements, we create and make publicly available a new AND data set, SCAD-zbMATH. Both the quantitative analysis of this data set and the results of our initial AND experiments with a naive baseline algorithm show the SCAD-zbMATH data set to be considerably different from existing ones. We consider it a useful new resource that will challenge the state of the art in AND and benefit the AND research community.
The automatic recognition of idioms poses a challenging problem for NLP applications. Whereas native speakers can intuitively handle multiword expressions whose compositional meanings are hard to trace back to individual word semantics, there is still ample scope for improvement regarding computational approaches. We assume that idiomatic constructions can be characterized by gradual intensities of semantic non-compositionality, formal fixedness, and unusual usage context, and introduce a number of measures for these characteristics, comprising count-based and predictive collocation measures together with measures of context (un)similarity. We evaluate our approach on a manually labelled gold standard, derived from a corpus of German pop lyrics. To this end, we apply a Random Forest classifier to analyze the individual contribution of features for automatically detecting idioms, and study the trade-off between recall and precision. Finally, we evaluate the classifier on an independent dataset of idioms extracted from a list of Wikipedia idioms, achieving state-of-the art accuracy.
In this paper, we examine methods to automatically extract domain-specific knowledge from the food domain from unlabeled natural language text. We employ different extraction methods ranging from surface patterns to co-occurrence measures applied on different parts of a document. We show that the effectiveness of a particular method depends very much on the relation type considered and that there is no single method that works equally well for every relation type. We also examine a combination of extraction methods and also consider relationships between different relation types. The extraction methods are applied both on a domain-specific corpus and the domain-independent factual knowledge base Wikipedia. Moreover, we examine an open-domain lexical ontology for suitability.
Poster des Text+ Partners Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache Mannheim präsentiert beim Workshop "Wohin damit? Storing and reusing my language data" am 22. Juni 2023 in Mannheim. Das Poster wurde im Kontext der Arbeit des Vereins Nationale Forschungsdateninfrastruktur (NFDI) e.V. verfasst. NFDI wird von der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und den 16 Bundesländern finanziert, und das Konsortium Text+ wird gefördert durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) – Projektnummer 460033370. Die Autor:innen bedanken sich für die Förderung sowie Unterstützung. Ein Dank geht außerdem an alle Einrichtungen und Akteur:innen, die sich für den Verein und dessen Ziele engagieren.
We discuss the modal uses of the Hausa exclusive particle sai (≈ only). We argue that the distribution of sai in modal environments provides evidence for the following claims on the composition of modal meaning that have been independently made in the literature: i) Future-oriented modality involves a prospective aspect operator that can be realized covertly in some languages (e.g. English, Kratzer 2012b) and overtly in others (e.g. Gitksan, Matthewson 2012, 2013). ii) Necessity interpretations arise from exhaustifying possibilities, i.e. an exhaustivity operator applying to existential modality (e.g. Kaufmann 2012 for the case of imperatives and Leffel 2012 for a relevant analysis of necessity meaning in Masalit). We show that future-oriented necessity in Hausa decomposes into EXH((PROSP)), with sai contributing exhaustivity.
In this paper, we present our work-inprogress to automatically identify free indirect representation (FI), a type of thought representation used in literary texts. With a deep learning approach using contextual string embeddings, we achieve f1 scores between 0.45 and 0.5 (sentence-based evaluation for the FI category) on two very different German corpora, a clear improvement on earlier attempts for this task. We show how consistently marked direct speech can help in this task. In our evaluation, we also consider human inter-annotator scores and thus address measures of certainty for this difficult phenomenon.