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Das KOLLokationsLEXikon Deutsch als Fremdsprache (KOLLEX DAF) ist ein
- korpusgestütztes Kollokationswörterbuch, da es typische Wortverbindungen, sog. Kollokationen und häufige Wortkombinationen nach bestimmten Kategorien mit ihren ungarischen Äquivalenten auflistet (Stichwort mit SUBSTANTIVEN, ADJEKTIVEN, VERBEN und ADVERBIEN bzw. in KOMBINATIONEN),
- syntagmatisches Lernerwörterbuch, da es außer Kollokationen auch die Valenz der Stichwörter und die der Kollokationen und Wortkombinationen angibt, ergänzt mit pragmatischen und morphosyntaktischen Verwendungsbeschränkungen sowie ggf. mit einem Symbol für mögliche Fehlerquellen,
- benutzerfreundliches Produktionswörterbuch, da es alle deutschen Wortverbindungen in blauer Farbe und in klar strukturierten Wörterbuchartikeln mit einem Übersichtsblock zu den Bedeutungen des Stichwortes auflistet, aber auch die Sprachrezeption mit einem umfangreichen Register unterstützt.
Electronic dictionaries should support dictionary users by giving them guidance in text production and text reception, alongside a user-definable offer of lexicographic data for cognitive purposes. In this article, we sketch the principles of an interactive and dynamic electronic dictionary aimed at text production and text reception guiding users in innovative ways, especially with respect to difficult, complicated or confusing issues. The lexicographer has to do a very careful analysis of the nature of the possible problems to suggest an optimal solution for a specific problem. We are of the opinion that there are numerous complex situations where users need more detailed support than currently available in e-dictionaries, enabling them to make valid and correct choices. For highly complex situations, we suggest guidance through a decision tree-like device. We assume that the solutions proposed here are not specific to one language only but can, after careful analysis, be applied to e-dictionaries in different languages across the world.
So far, there have been few descriptions on creating structures capable of storing lexicographic data, ISO 24613:2008 being one of the latest. Another one is by Spohr (2012), who designs a multifunctional lexical resource which is able to store data of different types of dictionaries in a user-oriented way. Technically, his design is based on the principle of a hierarchical XML/OWL (eXtensible Markup Language/Web Ontology Language) representation model. This article follows another route in describing a model based on entities and relations between them; MySQL (usually referred to as: Structured Query Language) describes a database system of tables containing data and definitions of relations between them. The model was developed in the context of the project "Scientific eLexicography for Africa" and the lexicographic database to be built thereof will be implemented with MySQL. The principles of the ISO model and of Spohr's model are adhered to with one major difference in the implementation strategy: we do not place the lemma in the centre of attention, but the sense description — all other elements, including the lemma, depend on the sense description. This article also describes the contained lexicographic data sets and how they have been collected from different sources. As our aim is to compile several prototypical internet dictionaries (a monolingual Northern Sotho dictionary, a bilingual learners' Xhosa–English dictionary and a bilingual Zulu–English dictionary), we describe the necessary microstructural elements for each of them and which principles we adhere to when designing different ways of accessing them. We plan to make the model and the (empty) database with all graphical user interfaces that have been developed, freely available by mid-2015.
So far, Sepedi negations have been considered more from the point of view of lexicographical treatment. Theoretical works on Sepedi have been used for this purpose, setting as an objective a neat description of these negations in a (paper) dictionary. This paper is from a different perspective: instead of theoretical works, corpus linguistic methods are used: (1) a Sepedi corpus is examined on the basis of existing descriptions of the occurrences of a relevant verb, looking at its negated forms from a purely prescriptive point of view; (2) a "corpus-driven" strategy is employed, looking only for sequences of negation particles (or morphemes) in order to list occurring constructions, without taking into account the verbs occurring in them, apart from their endings. The approach in (2) is only intended to show a possible methodology to extend existing theories on occurring negations. We would also like to try to help lexicographers to establish a frequency-based order of entries of possible negation forms in their dictionaries by showing them the number of respective occurrences. As with all corpus linguistic work, however, we must regard corpus evidence not as representative, but as tendencies of language use that can be detected and described. This is especially true for Sepedi, for which only few and small corpora exist. This paper also describes the resources and tools used to create the necessary corpus and also how it was annotated with part of speech and lemmas. Exploring the quality of available Sepedi part-of-speech taggers concerning verbs, negation morphemes and subject concords may be a positive side result.
In this paper, the author studies the role of the dictionary in the first language acquisition, highlighting its didactic value. Based on two Romanian lexicographical works of the 19th century, Lexiconul de la Buda (Buda, 1825) [the Lexicon of Buda] et Vocabularu romano-francesu (Bucarest, 1870) [the Romanian-French Vocabulary], the author analyses the normative information recorded in the articles in order to observe which level of language (i. e. phonetical, morphological, syntactical and lexical) is concerned. Such an approach allows to distinguish between the possible changings both at the level of the perception or at the grammatical, lexical and semantical description, i. e. the settlement of the word in the first language, and at a technical level, i. e. the making of article and of dictionary.
There is a growing interest in pedagogical lexicography, and more specifically in the study of dictionary users’ abilities and strategies (Prichard 2008; Gavriilidou 2010, 2011; Gavriilidou/Mavrommatidou/Markos 2020; Gavriilidou/Konstantinidou 2021; Chatjipapa et al. 2020). Τhe purpose of this presentation is to investigate dictionary use strategy and the effect of an explicit and integrated dictionary awareness intervention program on upper elementary pupils’ dictionary use strategies according to gender and type of school. A total of 150 students from mainstream and intercultural schools, aged 10–12 years old, participated in the study. Data were collected before and after the intervention through the Strategy Inventory for Dictionary Use (SIDU) (Gavriilidou 2013). The results showed a significant effect of the intervention program on Dictionary Use Strategies employed by the experimental group and support the claim that increased dictionary use can be the outcome of explicit strategy instruction. In addition, the effective application of the program suggests that a direct and clear presentation of DUS is likely to be more successful than an implicit presentation. The present study contributes to the discussion concerning both the ‘teachability’ of dictionary use strategies and skills and the effective forms of intervention programs raising dictionary use awareness and culture.
The focus of this paper will be on lexical information systems and the framework guidelines for the definition of the curricula within the educational system of the Autonomous Province of Bolzano/ Bozen (Italy). In Italy, the competences to be achieved at different school levels are published in the form of general guidelines. On this basis each school has to specify the general competency goals and to spell them out in a concrete curriculum. In this paper I will examine to what extent lexical information systems are represented in the framework guidelines within the German and the Italian educational system of the Autonomous Province, these being separate systems. In a second step, I will check the representations of the resources against the “Villa Vigoni Theses on Lexicography“. Finally, I will discuss the results and give an outlook for further research.
Lexicographers working with minority languages face many challenges. When the language in question is also a sign language, circumstances specific to the visual-spatial modality have to be taken into consideration as well. In this paper, we aim to show and discuss which challenges we encounter while compiling the Digitales Wörterbuch der Deutschen Gebärdensprache (DW-DGS), the first corpus-based dictionary of German Sign Language (DGS). Some parallel the challenges minority language lexicographers of spoken languages encounter, e. g. few resources, no written tradition, and having to create one dictionary for all potential user groups, while others are specific to sign languages, e. g. representation of visual-spatial language and creating access structures for the dictionary.
Almanca tuhfe / Deutsches Geschenk (1916) oder: Wie schreibt man deutsch mit arabischen Buchstaben?
(2022)
Versified dictionaries are bilingual/multilingual glossaries written in verse form to teach essential words in any foreign language. In Islamic culture, versified dictionaries were produced to teach the Arabic language to the young generations of Muslim communities not native in Arabic. In the course of time, many bilingual/multilingual versified dictionaries were written in different languages throughout the Islamic world. The focus of this study is on the Turkish-German versified dictionary titled Almanca Tuhfe / Deutsches Geschenk [German Gift], published by Dr. Sherefeddin Pasha in Istanbul in 1916. This dictionary is the only dictionary in verse ever written combining these two languages. Moreover the dictionary is one of the few texts containing German words written in Arabic letters (applying Ottoman spelling conventions). The study concentrates on the way German words are spelled and tries to find out, whether Sherefeddin Pasha applied something like fixed rules to write the German lexemes.
This article aims to show the influence of doctrines in the medical lexicographers choices, with the Capuron-Nysten-Littré lineage as a case study. Indeed, the Dictionnaire de médecine has been crossed by several schools of thought such as spiritualism and positivism. While lexical continuity may seem self-evident due to the nature of the work, thus reducing the reprint to a simple lexical increase, this process introduces neologisms and deletions, all can be considered in their effects by using text statistics and factorial analysis.
In the present contribution, I investigate if and how the English and French editions of the Wiktionary collaborative dictionary can be used as a corpus for real time neology watch. This option is envisaged as a stopgap, when no satisfactory corpus is available. Wiktionary can also prove useful in addition to standard corpus analysis, to minimize the risk of overlooking new coinages and new senses. Since the collaborative dictionary’s quest for exhaustiveness makes the manual inspection of the new additions unreasonable (more than 31,000 English lemmas and 11,000 French lemmas entered the nomenclature in 2020), identifying the possibly relevant headwords is an issue. The solution proposed here is to use Wiktionary revision history to detect the (new or existing) entries that received the greatest number of modifications. The underlying hypothesis is that the most heavily edited pages can help identify the vocabulary related to “hot topics”, assuming that, in 2020, the pandemic-related vocabulary ranks high. I used two measures introduced by Lih (2004), whose aim was to estimate the quality of Wikipedia articles: the so-called rigour (number of edits per page) and diversity (number of unique contributors per page). In the present study, I propose to adapt the rigour and diversity metrics to Wiktionary in order to identify the pages that generated a particular stir, rather than to estimate the quality of the articles. I do not subscribe to the idea that – in Wiktionary – more revisions necessarily produce quality articles (more revisions often produce complete articles). I therefore adopt Lih’s notion of diversity to refer to the number of distinct contributors, but leave out the name rigour when it comes to the number of revisions. Wolfer and Müller-Spitzer (2016) used the two metrics to describe the dynamics of the German and English editions of Wiktionary. One of their findings was that the number of edits per page is correlated with corpus word frequencies. The variation in number of page edits should therefore reflect to some extent the variation of corpus word frequencies. Renouf (2013) established a relationship between the fluctuation of word frequencies in a diachronic corpus and various neological processes. In particular, she illustrated how specific events generate sudden frequency spikes for words previously unseen in the corpus. For instance, Eyjafjallajökull, the – existing – name of an Icelandic glacier, appeared in the corpus when the underlying volcano erupted in 2010 and disrupted air traffic in Europe. In order to check if the same phenomenon occurs when using Wiktionary edits instead of corpus frequencies, I manually annotated the most frequently revised entries (according to various ranking scores) with the binary tag: “related to Covid-19” (yes/no). The annotations were then used to test the ability of various configurations to detect relevant headwords from the English and French Wiktionary, namely Covid-19 neologisms and related existing words that deserve updates.
This paper presents the main issues connected with the creation of a trilingual Hungarian-Italian-English dictionary of the COVID-19 pandemic using Lexonomy. My aim is not only to create a coronacorpus (in Hungarian, I propose my own corona-neologism or ‘coroneologism’: koronakorpusz) and a dictionary of equivalents, but also to understand how the different waves and phases of the COVID-19 pandemic are changing the Hungarian language, detect the Corona-, COVID-, pandemic-, virus-, mask-, quarantine-, and vaccine-related neologisms, and offer an overview of the most frequent or linguistically interesting Hungarian neologisms and multiword units related to COVID-19.
This article has a double objective. First, it seeks to offer an initial approach, with critical notes, to the group of pandemic-related neologisms incorporated into the DLE in the year 2020. To that end, the trends in the academic dictionary’s incorporation of neologisms will be reviewed, focusing in particular on specialized language neologisms. Second, the article presents the design of a research study that allows for the examination of any new words beginning with CORONA- added to the DLE and the DHLE. An assessment will be made of the particularities of the DLE and the DHLE regarding the incorporation of the new words, as well as the degree of correspondence or complementarity between the two works in this sense. This will show the complementary roles that the DLE and the DHLE are currently acquiring. In this sense, the new additions open up a debate on the treatment of neologisms in academic lexicography, in a particularly unique scenario.
This paper focuses on standardological and lexicographical aspects of Coronavirus-related neologisms in Croatian. The presented results are based on corpus analysis. The initial corpus for this analysis consists of terms collected for the Glossary of Coronavirus. This corpus has been supplemented by terms we collected on the Internet and from the media. The General Croatian corpora: Croatian Web Corpus – hrWaC (cf. Ljubešić/Klubička 2016) and Croatian Language Repository (cf. Brozović Rončević/Ćavar 2008: 173–186) were also used, but since they do not include neologisms that entered the language after 2013, they could be used only to check terms in the language before that time. From October 2021, a specialized Corona corpus compiled by Štrkalj Despot and Ostroški Anić (2021) became publicly available on request. The data from these corpora are analyzed by Sketch Engine (cf. Kilgarriff et al. 2004: 105–116), a corpus query system loaded with the corpora, enabling the display of lexeme context through concordances and (differential) word sketches and the extraction of keywords (terms) and N-grams. The most common collocations are sorted into syntactic categories. For English equivalents, in addition to the sources found on the Internet, enTenTen2020 corpus was consulted. In the second part of the paper, we analyze and compare the presentation of Coronavirus terminology in the descriptive Glossary of Coronavirus and the normative Croatian Web Dictionary – Mrežnik.
Within the scope of the project "Study and dissemination of COVID-19 terminology", the study reported here aims to detect, analyse and discuss the characteristics of COVID-19 terminology, in particular the role of the adjective novo [new] in this terminology, the high recurrence of terms in the plural and the resemantization of some of the terminological units used. The present paper also discusses how these characteristics influenced the choices that have guided the creation of the proposed dictionary. This paper presents, therefore, the results of the analyses of these aspects, starting with a discussion of the relation between terminology and neology and arriving at the characteristic aspects of the macrostructural and microstructural choices about which some considerations were made.
While adjusting to the COVID-19 pandemic, people around the world started to talk about the “new normal” way of life, and they conveyed feelings and thoughts on the topic through social networks and traditional communication channels resorting to a set of specific linguistic strategies, such as metaphors and neologisms. The vocabulary in different domains and in everyday speech was expanded to accommodate a complex social, cultural, and professional phenomenon of changes. Therefore, this new life gave birth to a new language – the “coronaspeak”. According to Thorne (2020), the “coronaspeak” has three stages: first, it emerged in the way medical aspects were communicated in everyday language; secondly, it occurred when speakers verbalized the experiences they had undergone and “invented their own terms”; finally, this “new” way of speaking emerged in the government and authorities’ jargon, to ensure that the new rules and policies were understood, and that population adopted socially responsible behaviours.
In this paper, we will focus on the second stage, because we intend to take stock of how speakers communicate and verbalize this new way of living, particularly on social networks, for example. Alongside, we are interested in the context in which the neologism – be it a new word, a new meaning, or a new use – emerged, is used, and understood, through the observation of the occurrence of the new word(s) either on social networks or through dissemination texts (press) to confront it with the ones that Portuguese digital dictionaries have attested so far. Different criteria regarding the insertion of new units, the inclusion date, and the lexicographic description of the entries in the dictionaries will be debated.
This paper focuses on the treatment of culture bound lexical items in a novel type of online learner’s dictionary model, the Phrase Based Active Dictionary (PAD). A PAD has a strong phraseological orientation: each meaning of a word is exclusively defined in a typical phraseological context. After introducing the relevant theory of realia in translation studies, we develop a broader notion of culture specific lexical items which is more apt to serve the purposes of learner’s lexicography and thus to satisfy the needs of a larger and often undefined target group. We discuss the treatment of such words and expressions in common English learner’s dictionaries and then present various excerpts from PAD entries in English, German, and Italian which display different strategies for coping with cultural contents in the lexicon. Our aim is to demonstrate that the phraseological approach at the core of the PAD model turns out to be extremely important to convey cultural knowledge in a suitable way for users to fully grasp cultural implications in language.
In foreign language teaching the use of dictionaries, especially bilingual, has always been related to the hypotheses concerning the relationship between the native language (L1) and second language acquisition method. If the bilingual dictionary was an obvious tool in the grammar-translation method, it was banned from the classroom in the direct, audiolingual and audiovisual methods. Also in the communicative method, foreign language learners are discouraged from using a dictionary. Its use should not obstruct the goals of communicatively oriented foreign language learning – a view still held by many foreign language teachers. Nevertheless, the reality has been different: Foreign language learners have always used dictionaries, even if they no longer possess a print dictionary and mainly use online resources and applications. Dictionaries and online resources will continue to play an important role in the future. In the Council of Europe’s language policy, with its emphasis on multilingualism and lifelong learning, the adequate use of reference tools as a strategic skill is highlighted. In several European countries, educational guidelines refer to the use of dictionaries in the context of media literacy, both in mother tongue and foreign language teaching. Not only is their adequate use important, but so too is the comparison, assessment and evaluation of the information presented, in order to develop Language Awareness and Language Learning Awareness. This is good news. However, does this mean that dictionaries are actually used in class? What role do dictionaries play in foreign language teaching in schools and universities? Are foreign language learners in the digital era really competent users? And how competent are their teachers? Are they familiar with the current (online) dictionary landscape? Can they support their students? After a more in-depth study of the status quo of dictionary use by foreign language learners and teachers and the gap between their needs and the reality, this contribution discusses the challenges facing lexicographers and meta-lexicographers and what educational policy measures are necessary to make their efforts worthwhile in turning foreign language learners – and their teachers – into competent users in a multilingual and digital world.
Many European languages have undergone considerable changes in orthography over the last 150 years. This hampers the application of modern computer-based analysers to older text, and hence computer-based annotation and studies of text collections spanning a long period. As a step towards a functional analyser for Norwegian texts (Nynorsk standard) from the 19th century, funding was granted in 2020 for creating a full form generator for all inflected forms of headwords found in Ivar Aasen’s dictionary published in 1873 (Aasen 1873) and his grammar from 1864 (Aasen 1864). Creating this word bank led to new insight in Aasen (1873), its structure, internal organisation, and ambition level as well as its link to Aasen (1864). As a test, the full form list generated from this new word bank was used to analyse the word inventory of texts by Aa. O. Vinje, written in the period 1850–1870. The Vinje texts were also analysed using a full form list of modern standard Norwegian, to study the differences in applicability and see how Vinje’s language relates to the written standard of modern Norwegian.
Inspired by GWLN 3, we take a look at the new words, meanings, and expressions that have been created during or promoted by the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic provides a rare opportunity to follow the rise, spread, and integration of words and expressions in a language that may serve as an illustration of how linguistic innovation in general works. Relevant words were selected from various lists, notably monthly and annual lists of prominent words attested in the corpus of The Danish Dictionary. Analysis of these lists gives an insight into the number of words that stand out month by month and what kinds of words are involved, both in terms of morphological type and of semantic category, with special attention given to neologisms. Finally, we discuss the criteria for selecting which words to include in the dictionary. With this study, Danish is added to the list of languages covered in the GWLN series on
COVID-19 neologisms.
One central goal of the project ‘Zentrum für digitale Lexikographie der deutschen Sprache’ (Center for digital lexicography for the German Language, www.zdl.org) is to provide a corpus-based lexicographic component of common German multi-word expressions (MWE), including idioms, for DWDS (www.dwds.de), a general language dictionary of contemporary German. As a central challenge of this task, we have identified an adequate lexicographic representation of such common properties of MWE as variation and modification. To document the variation, we have developed a special entry-clustering model, which we call hub-node entry. This model comprises a core hub entry headed by a short nuclear form of the MWE and several node entries, which represent the most common variants in their full lexical forms.
The syntagma gel hidroalcohólico ‘hydroalcoholic gel’ or the noun hidroalcohol ‘hydroalcohol’ cannot be found in Diccionario de la lengua española (DLE) of the Real Academia Española (‘Royal Spanish Academy’) or other general reference dictionaries of the Spanish language. This is so despite the fact that, for well over a year and to this very day, we have not been able to do anything without first sanitising our hands with this product. It is one of the many neologisms that the COVID-19 pandemic has brought us, and these have become commonly used words that dictionaries should consider as candidates for future updates.
By looking at the dictionarisability of these neologisms, in this work we try to set their boundaries on the continuum along which they fall. “Dictionarisability” means, in our context, the greater or lesser interest of these unities regarding the updating of general language dictionaries. At both ends of this continuum, there are surprising nonce words, as well as neologisms that have recently lost their status as such because they have now been incorporated into the dictionary. To identify different groups on the continuum of pandemic neologisms, we take into account the criteria proposed in the current literature and, by so doing, we are able to assess the extent to which they are discriminatory. This will allow us to address the neological process and to reflect on the various stages of it, from the time a neologism is born until the moment it ceases to be one because it has been dictionarised. Before that, however, we present the framework of our study and refer to the mechanisms available for detecting neologisms in general and pandemic neologisms in particular.
The aim of this work is to describe criteria used in the process of inclusion and treatment of neologisms in dictionaries of Spanish within the framework of pandemic instability. Our starting point will be data obtained by the Antenas Neológicas Network (https://www.upf.edu/web/antenas), whose representation in three different lexicographic tools will be analyzed with the purpose of identifying problems in the methodology used to dictionarize – that is, how and what words were selected to be included in dictionaries and how they were represented in their entries – neologisms during the COVID-19 pandemic (sources and corpora of analysis, selection criteria, types of definition, among other aspects). Two of them are monolingual and COVID-19 lexical units were included as part of their updates: the Antenario, a dictionary of neologisms of Spanish varieties, and the Diccionario de la Lengua Española [DLE], a dictionary of general Spanish, published by the Real Academia Española [RAE], Spanish Royal Academy). The other is a bilingual unidirectional English-Spanish dictionary first published as a glossary, Diccionario de COVID-19 EN-ES [TREMEDICA], entirely made up of neological and non-neological lexical units related to the virus and the pandemic. Thus, the target lexis was either included in existing works or makes up the whole of a new tool located in a portal together with other lexicographic tools. Unlike other collections of COVID-19 vocabulary that kept cropping up as the pandemic unfolded, all three have been designed and written according to well-established lexicographic practices.
Our working hypothesis is that the need to record and define words which were recently created impacts the criteria for inclusion and treatment of neologisms in dictionaries about Spanish, including a certain degree of overlap of some features which are traditionally thought to be specific to each type of dictionary.
Partikel-Premiere
(1989)
This English language version (translated by Martin Wynne) is a reworked and slightly abridged version of the paper given in Canterbury in February 1999. A German language version has appeared as Hellmann, Manfred W.: ‘Wörter in Texten der Wendezeit’ 1989-1990 - Ein Wörterbuch zur lexikographischen Erschließung des ‘Wendekorpus’ in Jordanova, Ljubima (edj: 10 godini promjana v Iztotschna Evropa (10 Jahre Wende in Osteuropa), (= Socio- linguistika Bd. 4), BULLEKS: Sofia (Bulgaria) 1999, S. 11-39.
Hätte ADELUNG (1793-1801, 2. Aufl.) Wörter wie 'Bekanntmachung, konkurrieren, Leutnant' aufnehmen sollen? Hätte SANDERS (1860/65) 'arithmetisch, Hilferuf, Volksbildung' berücksichtigen sollen? Fehlen 'Einsatzfähigkeit, musikliebend, Verständigungsgrundlage' im WDG (1964-77) mit Recht? Ist eine solche Fragestellung, bezogen auf Einzelbeispiele, überhaupt sinnvoll? Gibt es allgemein bekannte Wortbildungen, die in allgemeinsprachlichen Wörterbüchern grundsätzlich nicht zu berücksichtigen sind? Unser Beitrag möchte derartige Probleme der Stichwortaufnahme einiger für ihre Epoche repräsentativer deutscher Wörterbücher an konkreten Materialien möglichst anschaulich diskutieren.
Zur Funktion und Gestaltung der Vor- und Nachspanne in Rechtschreibwörterbüchern des Deutschen
(1991)
Der Beitrag versucht zunächst, den linguistischen Beschreibungsgegenstand ‚Umgangssprache‘ auf der Grundlage der neueren Forschungen hierzu näher zu spezifizieren. Es geht dabei um die Frage, welche sprachlichen Erscheinungen als ‚umgangssprachlich‘ bewertet werden und wie ‚Umgangssprache‘ allgemein definiert wird. Daraus resultiert die Feststellung, daß hierüber in der Forschung kein Konsens besteht und der Terminus ‚Umgangssprache‘ durchaus mehrdeutig verwendet wird. Dieser Tatbestand wirkt sich unmittelbar auf die lexikographische Praxis aus. Hier fehlt es an einem klaren Konzept der zu differenzierenden Stilschichten, hier mangelt es auch an einheitlichen Markierungskriterien und an einer einheitlichen Markierungspraxis. Divergenzen werden erklärt als Folge zwangsläufig empirischer, auf dem Sprachgefühl des einzelnen Lexikographen beruhender Zuordnungen. Am Beispiel des Deutschen Universalwörterbuches und anderer allgemeiner Wörterbücher des Gegenwartsdeutschs wird gezeigt, welche umgangssprachlichen Elemente im Wörterbuch überhaupt behandelt werden und welche Schwierigkeiten es insbesondere im Hinblick auf die regionale Gebundenheit umgangssprachlicher lexikalischer Einheiten gibt.
Den Wortschatz einer Sprache auf hohem Niveau zu dokumentieren und in all seinen Eigenschaften zu beschreiben, ist gleichermaßen wichtig wie schwierig. Verschiedene Gründe haben dazu geführt, dass die Tradition der großen Wörterbücher derzeit zusammenbricht. An ihre Stelle werden in der Zukunft flexibel handhabbare digitale lexikalische Systeme treten.
Am 30. Mai dieses Jahres wird in der Universitätsbibliothek Basel eine kleine Ausstellung eröffnet anlässlich des 250. Todestages von Johann Jakob Spreng (24. 5. 1768), des ersten Professors der Germanistik (deutsche Poesie und Beredtsamkeit) an der Universität. Thema der Ausstellung ist die seit zwei Jahren in Gang befindliche erstmalige Edition des Allgemeinen deutschen Glossariums von J. J. Spreng, das bis vor kurzem in den Katakomben der Universitätsbibliothek zwar wohlbehütet, aber ungedruckt, über 250 Jahre von der Wissenschaft unentdeckt geblieben ist.
Ödem - Diuretikum - Natrium
(1984)
Es gibt triftige theoretische und praktische Gründe — wir werden im Weiteren auf sie eingehen —, die Diskussion um die Funktion von Rechtschreibwörterbüchern und um ihre Gestaltung in Bezug auf das Deutsche zu führen. Das Erscheinen der „20., völlig neu bearbeitete[n] und erweiterte] Auflage“ der „Rechtschreibung der deutschen Sprache“ (Dudenverlag Mannheim/Leipzig/Wien/Zürich 1991) ist der äußere Anlass, um diese Diskussion in der ZGL zu eröffnen.
Wörterverzeichnis
(1995)
Öko-Lexikographie
(1989)
Ein Defizit der lexikographischen Methodologie liegt in der fehlenden Berücksichtigung der historischen, sozialen und politischen Gebundenheit von Wörterbüchern vor, obwohl die Wörterbuchkritik seit dem 19. Jh. immer wieder darauf aufmerksam gemacht hat. In der Perspektive der Benutzer besitzen Wörterbücher eine aspektenreiche kulturelle Semiotik, die mit dem hermeneutischen Charakter lexikologisch-lexikographischen Arbeitens zusammenhängt. Ausgehend vom Modell der Hermeneutik wird dafür plädiert, »Verstehenskompetenz« anstelle von »Sprachkompetenz« (des Linguisten) als Kategorie in die Theorie der Lexikographie einzuführen.
Wörterbuchvorwörter
(1989)
Wer eine korpusgestützte Untersuchung anstellt, ist zu Recht stolz auf hohe Belegzahlen und statistische Aussagekraft. Aber auch das Seltene und das Einzigartige hat einen Reiz, und darauf konzentrieren sich die folgenden Recherchen und Vorschläge. Selbst das Nichtvorhandene kann morgen schon belegbar sein - zum Beispiel Pluralformen zu Lemmata, die in Wörterbüchern Grammatikangaben wie „ohne Plural“ erhalten. Am Beispiel von Pluralformen besonders zu Feminina mit Derivationssuffix -heit/-(ig)keit werden unterschiedliche Möglichkeiten diskutiert, wie man mit dem Seltenen, mit dem Einzigartigen und mit dem Nichtvorhandenen oder Noch-nicht-Nachweisbaren in der Lexikografie und in sprachtechnologischen Anwendungen umgehen kann. Für Anregungen und Korrekturen danke ich herzlich Vilmos Ágel, Peter Eisenberg, Peter Gallmann, Klaus Mackowiak, Damaris Nübling, Werner Scholze-Stubenrecht, Anatol Stefanowitsch und Lutz Wind. Die Idee zu diesem Versuch gab mir die Mitarbeit an der 7. Auflage des Duden-Universalwörterbuchs, DDUW (2011), unter der Leitung von Werner Scholze-Stubenrecht, und am Vollformenprojekt meiner Kollegen aus der Duden-Sprachtechnologie.
Der Beitrag will mit einem lexikologisch-lexikografischen Projekt des IDS bekannt machen, in dem seit 1997 Neulexeme und Neubedeutungen der Neunzigerjahre erforscht werden, soweit sie sich im allgemeinsprachlichen Teil des Wortschatzes der deutschen Standardsprache etabliert haben. Das Ziel des Projektes ist die lexikografische Beschreibung und Dokumentation von rund 1000 ausgewählten Neologismen. Dieses Unternehmen ist zugleich Pilotprojekt für die Präsentation lexikografischer Informationen als elektronische Datenbank im Rahmen des im Aufbau befindlichen lexikalisch-lexikologischen, korpusbasierten Informationssystems LEKSIS des IDS. Erste Arbeitserfahrungen mit diesem System werden anhand des Beispiels Shareholdervalue mitgeteilt.
Ungeachtet der seit einem Jahrzehnt florierenden wissenschaftlichen Beschäftigung mit Problemen der Lexikographie, für die dieses Symposium ein weiteres Zeugnis ist, sind Auskünfte und Berichte über konkrete Wörterbuchpläne noch immer selten. Dabei sind solcherart Informationen nicht nur von ganz natürlichem Interesse für alle praktisch oder/und theoretisch mit dem Gegenstand Wörterbuch Befassten, sondern es bietet sich auch - besonders, wenn sie auf Diskussionsforen wie diesem vorgestellt werden - die einzigartige Möglichkeit der Rückkopplung noch vor Beginn der eigentlichen Erarbeitung bzw. in deren Anfangsphase. Dadurch, daß die zurückkommenden kritischen Bemerkungen und sonstigen Anregungen in die abschließenden Überlegungen zum betreffenden Wörterbuchplan einbezogen werden, kann sich das frühzeitige Offenlegen des Planes vor einem kompetenten Publikum durchaus auch für das Projekt selbst als nützlich erweisen.
Mit diesem doppelten Ziel - Informationsvermittlung und entsprechendes Feedback - wollen wir im Folgenden skizzenhaft den Plan eines Wörterbuches vorstellen, das in den nächsten Jahren am Zentralinstitut für Sprachwissenschaft der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR erarbeitet werden wird. Dem Thema des Beitrages entsprechend werden drei Schwerpunkte gesetzt:
1. werden der Charakter und die spezifische Funktion des geplanten Wörterbuches Umrissen, 2. sollen die daraus erwachsenden Grundsätze seiner inhaltlichen Gestaltung und 3- schließlich solche der formal-lexikographischen Umsetzung erläutert werden; zur Illustration dienen Musterartikel zur Wortfamilie Disko (4.).
Neologismen im allgemeinen Wörterbuch oder Neologismenwörterbuch? Zur Lexikographie von Neologismen
(1997)
Neologismen im GWDS
(2005)
Wörterverzeichnis
(2016)
Wiktionary is increasingly gaining influence in a wide variety of linguistic fields such as NLP and lexicography, and has great potential to become a serious competitor for publisher-based and academic dictionaries. However, little is known about the "crowd" that is responsible for the content of Wiktionary. In this article, we want to shed some light on selected questions concerning large-scale cooperative work in online dictionaries. To this end, we use quantitative analyses of the complete edit history files of the English and German Wiktionary language editions. Concerning the distribution of revisions over users, we show that — compared to the overall user base — only very few authors are responsible for the vast majority of revisions in the two Wiktionary editions. In the next step, we compare this distribution to the distribution of revisions over all the articles. The articles are subsequently analysed in terms of rigour and diversity, typical revision patterns through time, and novelty (the time since the last revision). We close with an examination of the relationship between corpus frequencies of headwords in articles, the number of article visits, and the number of revisions made to articles.
The wdlpOst dictionary writing system to be presented in this paper has been developed for the specific purposes of a lexicographical project on German loanwords in the East Slavic languages Russian, Belarusian, and Ukrainian. The project’s main objectives are (i) to document those loanwords for which a cognate lexical borrowing from German is known in Polish and (ii) to establish possible borrowing pathways for these lexical items. In the first phase of the project, the collaborative client/server architecture of the wdlpOst system has been used for excerpting detailed lexicographical information from a large range of historical and contemporary East Slavic dictionaries, taking the entries in a large dictionary of German loanwords in Polish as a common frame of reference. For the project’s second phase, the wdlpOst system provides innovative tooling for compiling entries of the East Slavic loanwords. Most importantly, the numerous word sense definitions for a set of cognate loanwords, as excerpted from different lexicographical sources, are mapped onto a system of newly defined cross-language word senses; in a similar vein, the phonemic and graphemic variation in the loanwords and their derivatives is captured through a tool that abstracts from dictionary-specific idiosyncrasies.
Lexicography of Language Contact: An Internet Dictionary of Words of German Origin in Tok Pisin
(2016)
The paper presents an ongoing project in the domain of lexicography of language contact, namely, the “Internet Dictionary of Words of German Origin in Tok Pisin”. The German influence onto the lexicon of the main pidgin language of Papua New Guinea has its roots in the German colonial empire, where Tok Pisin played an important role as a lingua franca in the colony of German New Guinea. Tok Pisin also served as an intermediate language for many borrowing processes; that is, German loans entered many languages in the South Pacific via Tok Pisin. The Internet Dictionary of Words of German Origin in Tok Pisin is based on all available lexicographical sources from the early 20th century up to now. These sources are systematically evaluated within our project; the results will be documented in the dictionary. The microstructure of the dictionary will be presented with respect to its major features: documentation of sources, examples for word usage, audio files, and lexicographic comment.
Emissionsverben und Argumentstrukturmuster. Empirie und lexikographische Kodifizierung im DaF-Umfeld
(2016)
Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit einigen Emissionsverben (EV) und ihrer lexikographischen Kodifizierung. Anhand von empirischen Daten aus dem deutschen Referenzkorpus DEREKO sollen die unterschiedlichen Argumentstrukturmuster (ASTRM) und Argumentrealisierungsmuster (ARM) dieser Verben genauer untersucht und ihre entsprechende lexikographische Kodifizierung sowohl in zwei allgemeinsprachlichen Wörterbüchern (AWB) des Deutschen als auch in drei einsprachigen Lernerwörterbüchern (LWB) für DaF überprüft werden. Von Interesse sind im besonderen Maße die Fragen, ob die ausgewählten Wörterbücher (WB) den empirisch belegten Sprachgebrauch kodifizieren und welche der lexikographischen Funktionen (Sprachdokumentation, Sprachkonsultation u.a. für das Umfeld Deutsch als Fremdsprache) sie erfüllen.
Das Lexikon der Sprachkritik
(2009)
Viele Überlegungen wurden zu einem Projekt Lexikon der Sprachkritik angestellt und vorläufige Konzepte dafür erdacht. Zu einer Konkretisierung dieser Bemühungen ist es aber bisher leider nicht gekommen. Dieser Beitrag stellt nun einen Versuch dar, ein vorläufiges Konzept für ein Lexikon der Sprachkritik vorzulegen. Es handelt sich hierbei um die Begründung für dieses Unternehmen, die Darstellung der Vorarbeiten zu einem Lexikon der Sprachkritik, die Explizierung der Konzeption und der Lemmaauswahl und die exemplarische Ausarbeitung von vier Artikeln.
In diesem zweiten Teil einiger Überlegungen zur Erstellung eines kontrastiven Verbvalenzwörterbuches Spanisch-Deutsch soll vor allem das Beschreibungsmodell, welches für beide Sprachen nutzbar sein muss, vorgestellt und hauptsächlich anhand von Beispielen zur Beschreibung des Verbs mandar II (im Sinne von ,befehlen': s. Anlage 3) illustriert werden. Spezifische Probleme der kontrastiven Verbanalyse werden dabei in besonderem Maße berücksichtigt. Ausgangspunkt für dieses Modell ist der Vorschlag zur Verbbeschreibung von U. Engel, welcher seit dem Kleinen Valenzlexikon (KVL: 11976, 21978) ständig erweitert und verbessert wurde (1995; 1996; 2001), daneben einige für uns relevante Aspekte der Verbbeschreibung der BDS (Base de Datos sintácticos).
Zweisprachige Neologismenwörterbücher, die den neuen Wortschatz der Ausgangssprache eines bestimmten Zeitraumes erfassen und Bedeutungserklärungen und/oder Äquivalente in der Zielsprache anbieten, können dem Deutschlerner beim Sprachenerwerb eine große Hilfe sein. Sie präsentieren den Wortschatz, der in zweisprachigen Gesamtwörterbüchern in der Regel noch nicht erfasst ist, und unterstützen damit den Lerner bei der Textrezeption. Auch für die Textproduktion sind sie geeignet, wenn der Darstellung von Bedeutung und Gebrauch angemessen Raum gegeben wird. Diese Möglichkeiten werden am Beispiel des Deutsch-russischen Neologismenwörterbuches erläutert. Das Wörterbuch umfasst den Zeitraum 1991 – 2010. Es ist mit seinen knapp 2000 Stichwörtern für den neuen Wortschatz im Deutschen primär als passives Wörterbuch angelegt, d.h. es richtet sich in erster Linie an deutschlernende bzw. -beherrschende russischsprachige Benutzer. Es bietet zwei Vorteile: Zum einen finden die Benutzer hier den neuen Wortschatz, den sie in allgemeinen zweisprachigen Wörterbüchern in der Regel vergeblich suchen. Zum anderen ist dem allgemein großen Informationsbedarf durch eine explizite Beschreibung Rechnung getragen, weil das Platzangebot hier aufgrund der – im Vergleich zu einem allgemeinsprachlichen Gesamtwörterbuch – geringeren Stichwortzahl relativ großzügig bemessen ist. Die Spezifika des Wortartikelaufbaus, die auch durch den besonderen Charakter des zweisprachigen Neologismenwörterbuches bestimmt sind, werden näher erläutert. Die Autoren haben die Erwartung, dass das zweisprachige Neologismenwörterbuch bei den Deutschlernern den Wunsch weckt, Neues im deutschen Wortschatz nachzuschlagen, und dass es dazu beiträgt, die interkulturelle Kompetenz zu fördern.
Der Beitrag fasst die Schritte einer Projektvorstellung und aktuelle Reflexionen über ein am Institut für Deutsche Sprache in Mannheim neues, korpusgestütztes Paronymwörterbuch zusammen. Zunächst wird der Begriff der Paronymie in einer Arbeitsdefinition eingegrenzt und es wird gezeigt, welche Lücke mit dem neuen Werk in der Wörterbuchlandschaft geschlossen wird. Im Anschluss werden ausgewählte methodische Aspekte sowie Fragen der Wortartikelinhalte und -präsentation skizziert.
Die Beiträge des vorliegenden Bandes sind das Ergebnis eines interdisziplinären Workshops, der zum Abschluss des Projekts unter dem Titel „Varianz und Vielfalt interdisziplinär: Wörter und Strukturen“ im Dezember 2012 in Darmstadt stattfand. Dabei wurden Erkenntnisse und Erfahrungen aus der Untersuchung von „Wechselwirkungen zwischen linguistischen und bioinformatischen Verfahren, Methoden und Algorithmen für die Modellierung und Abbildung von Varianz in Sprache und Genomen“ zusammengefasst. Ein Schwerpunkt lag hierbei auf elektronischen Wörterbüchern, ihrer Heterogenität, der in ihnen dokumentierten Varianz sowie auf den Werkzeugen und Methoden, die zu ihrer Erschließung und Analyse dienen. Weitere sprachwissenschaftlich motivierte Themenbereiche umfassten z.B. die synchrone und diachrone Varianz, die quantitative Linguistik, Morphologie und Sprachwandelprozesse, Varianz in Wortfamilien wie auch die Erschließung von Varianz. Anschließend konnte das Phänomen der Varianz aus verschiedensten Perspektiven beleuchtet werden und ein Beitrag zur Konstituierung einer disziplinübergreifenden Abstraktionsebene geleistet werden. Der vorliegende Band enthält einige der Vorträge und führt heterogene Forschungsgegenstände zusammen, die zwischen Lexikografie, Computerlinguistik, (historischer) Sprachwissenschaft und den digitalen Geisteswissenschaften transzendieren.
In this paper we present a new approach to lexicographical design for the description of German speech act verbs. This approach is based on an action-theoretical semantic conception. The several conditions for linguistic action provide the basis for the elaboration of the central semantic features. The systematic relationship of these features is reflected in the organization of a lexical database which allows various possibilities of access to different types of lexical information.
In the following paper we shall give an outline of the semantic framework for describing speech act verbs, i. e. verbs of communication, with the practical goal of a semantical database for a (dictionary of) synonymy of German speech act verbs which enables the user not only to find a list of synonymous verbs but also enables him to gain an insight into the semantic relations between the words.
The semantic framework is based on
(i) a set of conditions for performing speech acts as the relevant domain of reference
(ii) the introduction of a notion of situation, or better type of situation
The performative as well as the descriptive use of the verbs can be reduced to their fundamental dependency on the situations in which they are used: on the one hand with regard to the possibility of the action itself, and on the other hand with regard to the possibility of their designation. For both ways of use the relevant aspects of the situation constitute the necessary conditions.