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Discourse metaphors
(2008)
The article introduces the notion of discourse metaphor, relatively stable metaphorical mappings that function as a key framing device within a particular discourse over a certain period of time. Discourse metaphors are illustrated by case studies from three lines of research: on the cultural imprint of metaphors, on the negotiation of metaphors and on cross-linguistic occurrence. The source concepts of discourse metaphors refer to phenomenologically salient real or fictitious objects that are part of interactional space (i.e., can be pointed at, like MACHINES or HOUSES) and/or occupy an important place in cultural imagination. Discourse metaphors change both over time and across the discourses where they are used. The implications of focussing on different types of source domains for our thinking about the embodiment and sociocultural situatedness of metaphor is discussed, with particular reference to recent developments in Conceptual Metaphor Theory. Research on discourse suggests that situatedness is a crucial factor in the functioning and dynamics of metaphor.
Ausgangspunkt ist die z. B. von Hawkins und König vertretene These, kontrastive Grammatikschreibung sei das ,Komplement‘ der Typologie, die auf dem Hintergrund des Projekts „Grammatik des Deutschen im europäischen Vergleich" einer kritischen Prüfung und Modifikation unterzogen wird. Als Exemplifikation werden zwei Phänomenbereiche der deutschen und der rumänischen Grammatik, vor allem nach Maßgabe ihrer Darstellung in der deutsch-rumänisch kontrastiven Grammatik, vergleichend untersucht: die Kategorie des Genus und die Markierung syntaktischer Funktionen durch Kasusdifferenzierung oder andere Mittel, insbesondere die ,differentielle Objektmarkierung'. In beiden Fällen kann gezeigt werden, dass typologische Generalisierungen, etwa die mögliche Struktur von Genussystemen oder Hierarchien wie die Belebtheits- und die Definitheitshierarchie betreffend, dem kontrastiven Vergleich zu mehr Erklärungskraft verhelfen.
In usage-based Construction Grammar, grammatical structure is assumed to ‘sedimenl’ from concrete linguistic experience as an automatic by-product o f repeated similar categorisation judgments (a process known as schematisation). At the same time, there is functional pressure on prospective inputs to such schematisations to retain or develop specialised properties that differentiate them from their near neighbours, i.e. other stored units in the constructicon (Goldberg: 1995). Moreover, Speakers are not assumed to necessarily extract all possible generalisations from their input. Using the example o f a group of German support verb constructions, the present study outlines a corpus-linguistic approach to identifying those Schemas that really seem to be formed by Speakers, and how they can be kept apart from mere potential generalisations.
Weltansichten aus sprachlicher und rechtlicher Perspektive. Zur Ontisierung von Konzepten des Rechts
(2008)
The multiple gradations of German strong verbs are but manifestations of a rather uncomplicated system. There is a small number of ways to make up ablaut forms; these types of formation are identifiable in formal terms and, what is more, they have definite functions as morphological markers. Using classifications of stem forms according to quality, complexity and quantity of vowels, three types of operations involved in ablaut formation are identified. Ablaut always includes a change of quality type or a change of complexity type, and in addition it may include a change of quantity type. Ablaut forms are clearly distinguished as against bases (and against each other): their vocalism meets a defined standard of dissimilarity. On this basis, gradations are collected into inflectional classes that are defined in strictly synchronic terms. These classes continue the historical seven classes known from reference grammars. For the majority of strong verbs, membership in these classes (and thus ablaut) is predictable.
Lexical chaining has become an important part of many NLP tasks. However, the goodness of a chaining process and hence its annotation output depends on the quality of the chaining resource. Therefore, a framework for chaining is needed which integrates divergent resources in order to balance their deficits and to compare their strengths and weaknesses. In this paper we present an application that incorporates the framework of a meta model of lexical chaining exemplified on three resources and its generalized exchange format.