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Korpuslinguistik
(2012)
Das Phänomen Sprache ist in Form des beobachtbaren Sprachgebrauchs fast allgegenwärtig, gleichzeitig bleibt das offenkundig Regel- und Systemhafte dieses Phänomens überraschend ungreifbar. Wegen der überwältigenden Komplexität natürlicher Sprachen entsteht bei jedem Versuch, dieses Systemhafte in einer Theorie mit explanatorischem Anspruch zu fassen, eine breite Kluft zwischen der angestrebten theoretischen Beschreibungsebene einerseits und der phänomenologisch zugänglichen Ebene des Sprachgebrauchs andererseits.
Ausgehend von allgemeinen wissenschaftstheoretischen Überlegungen, wie man angesichts dieser Kluft überhaupt zu hinreichend abgesicherten Erkenntnissen für eine explanatorische Theoriebildung kommen kann, betonen die Autoren die Notwendigkeit, sich dem Untersuchungsgegenstand Sprache mit möglichst wenigen Vorannahmen über diesen Gegenstand selbst zu nähern und sich dabei konsequent von der Empirie leiten zu lassen. Sie werben nachdrücklich für eine emergentistische Perspektive auf Sprache, der zufolge alles Regelhafte und Konventionelle in der Sprache ein Epiphänomen des Sprachgebrauchs ist und von den Sprachteilnehmern fortlaufend ausgehandelt wird. Eine treibende Kraft hierbei ist, so wird argumentiert, der Begriff der Ähnlichkeit. Auf dieser Grundlage wird schließlich ein Forschungsprogramm entworfen, das die Wirkung des Faktors Ähnlichkeit auf die Sprache nachzuzeichnen und dadurch schrittweise zu ähnlichen Generalisierungen zu gelangen versucht wie die Sprachgemeinschaft.
This introductory tutorial describes a strictly corpus-driven approach for uncovering indications for aspects of use of lexical items. These aspects include ‘(lexical) meaning’ in a very broad sense and involve different dimensions, they are established in and emerge from respective discourses. Using data-driven mathematical-statistical methods with minimal (linguistic) premises, a word’s usage spectrum is summarized as a collocation profile. Self-organizing methods are applied to visualize the complex similarity structure spanned by these profiles. These visualizations point to the typical aspects of a word’s use, and to the common and distinctive aspects of any two words.
Empirical synchronic language studies generally seek to investigate language phenomena for one point in time, even though this point in time is often not stated explicitly. Until today, surprisingly little research has addressed the implications of this time-dependency of synchronic research on the composition and analysis of data that are suitable for conducting such studies. Existing solutions and practices tend to be too general to meet the needs of all kinds of research questions. In this theoretical paper that is targeted at both corpus creators and corpus users, we propose to take a decidedly synchronic perspective on the relevant language data. Such a perspective may be realised either in terms of sampling criteria or in terms of analytical methods applied to the data. As a general approach for both realisations, we introduce and explore the FReD strategy (Frequency Relevance Decay) which models the relevance of language events from a synchronic perspective. This general strategy represents a whole family of synchronic perspectives that may be customised to meet the requirements imposed by the specific research questions and language domain under investigation.
Taking a usage-based perspective, lexical-semantic relations and other aspects of lexical meaning are characterised as emerging from language use. At the same time, they shape language use and therefore become manifest in corpus data. This paper discusses how this mutual influence can be taken into account in the study of these relations. An empirically driven methodology is proposed that is, as an initial step, based on self-organising clustering of comprehensive collocation profiles. Several examples demonstrate how this methodology may guide linguists in explicating implicit knowledge of complex semantic structures. Although these example analyses are conducted for written German, the overall methodology is language-independent.
^This paper describes DeReKo (Deutsches Referenzkorpus), the Archive of General Reference Corpora of Contemporary Written German at the Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS) in Mannheim, and the rationale behind its development. We discuss its design, its legal background, how to access it, available metadata, linguistic annotation layers, underlying standards, ongoing developments, and aspects of using the archive for empirical linguistic research. The focus of the paper is on the advantages of DEREKO’s design as a primordial sample from which virtual corpora can be drawn for the specific purposes of individual studies. Both concepts, primordial sample and virtual corpus are explained and illustrated in detail. Furthermore, we describe in more detail how DEREKO deals with the fact that all its texts are subject to third parties’ intellectual property rights, and how it deals with the issue of replicability, which is particularly challenging given DEREKO’s dynamic growth and the possibility to construct from it an open number of virtual corpora.