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This article summarizes results of an empirical study on the use of so called verbs of transportation in German and Brazilian Portuguese. Such verbs constantly cause dijficulties and mistakes in the language production of non-native Speakers. The paper presentsfour observations on the grammar (verb prefixes, prepositions), semantics (places and paths) and pragmatics (deixis) of verbs of transportation in the two languages. It leads to the conclusion that Brazilian learners tend to have more dijficulties with the morphology and syntax of German transportation verbs, whereas German learners tend to have more dijficulties with the pragmatics of the corresponding verbs in Brazilian Portuguese. Dijficulties with the specification of places and paths can be observed in both directions, but they lead to unidiomatic usage rather than to outright mistakes.
Der vorliegende Aufsatz behandelt ausgewählte morphologische, syntaktische, semantische und pragmatische Eigenschaften von Nominaltotalisatoren im Deutschen und im brasilianischen Portugiesisch. Im einzelnen werden die Elemente todo, cada, ambos und os dois sowie alle, jeder, der ganze und beide behandelt. Hinsichtlich ihrer Morphologie wird die Bildung von Genus-, Numerus- und Kasusformen beschrieben. Im Bereich der Syntax geht es um die Stellung der Totalisatoren in der Nominalphrase, ihre Beziehungen zu Determinantien und Quantoren und um die funktionale Verteilung von Deklinationstypen. Im Bereich der Semantik und Pragmatik geht es um die Kodierung referentieller und quantifikationaler Information, um Definitheit und um kumulative vs. distributive Totalisierung. Das Erkenntnisinteresse wird durch den Vergleich zwischen dem Deutschen und dem brasilianichen Portugiesisch bestimmt, wobei auf typische Fehler von Sprachlernern in beiden Richtungen eingegangen wird.
Following the tradition of English grammar, some authors have distinguished between count and non-count nouns in Portuguese. The present paper resumes this discussion and develops the hypothesis that contemporary Brazilian Portuguese does not have count nouns, but only non-count nouns and nouns that are neutral in relation to countability.
This paper examines four German transportation verbs with the prefix weg-, concentrating on their syntax and their semantic and pragmatic interpretations. The empirical data investigated are from a cross-linguistic corpus of German and Brazilian Portuguese as foreign languages. The analysis is based on the concept of focus, which is defined as a point on the path along which the patient of the process moves. The focus must be either mentioned or contextually evident. Each transportation verb will be able to establish a typical focus. German prefix-verbs with weg- are characterized by a focus-conflict that can be resolved through different interpretation strategies.
The present paper deals with grammaticalization as a comprehensive model of erosive processes in the history of natural languages, exemplified in German and Brazilian Portuguese. Grammaticalization is conceived of as the reduction of pragmatic versatility, semantic concreteness, syntactic liberty and phonetic substance of linguistic elements. It is subdivided into the processes of lexicalization, which transforms polylexematic into monolexematic elements, and deslexicalization, which reduces lexematic to sublexematic elements. In the middle of these processes stands the lexicon, which is seen as the central stock of linguistic elements. Within the lexicon, the process of grammaticalization continues, from lexical word classes through intermediate classes to grammatical word classes. The lower boundary of the lexicon is a critical threshold, down to which the process of grammaticalization is compensated for by linguistic recycling that leads lexematic elements back into the linguistic circuit, through the formation of new polylexematic units. Beyond this threshold, however, no recycling is possible any more, so that elements which have once lost their lexical character are condemned to disappear in the long run. The different stages of grammaticalization are introduced and illustrated by means of concrete examples, first from Brazilian Portuguese and afterwards from German.