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Der Beitrag geht der Frage nach, welche Akteure die Stellung des Deutschen im heutigen Europa beeinflussen (können). Als Grundlage für die Untersuchung wird die Sprachmanagementtheorie gewählt, die sich mit dem Verhalten verschiedener Akteure gegenüber der Sprache beschäftigt. Diese metasprachlichen Aktivitäten definieren das Schlüsselkonzept Sprachmanagement. Auseinandergehende sprachenpolitische Interessen und Konflikte werden in Abhängigkeit von der Macht des jeweiligen Akteurs gelöst. Es werden konkrete Beispiele analysiert, die sich auf der EU Ebene, der Ebene eines EU-Mitgliedsstaates wie auch in Regionen abspielen.
This paper discusses a theoretical and empirical approach to language fixedness that we have developed at the Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS) (‘Institute for German Language’) in Mannheim in the project Usuelle Worterbindungen(UWV) over the last decade. The analysis described is based on the Deutsches Referenzkorpus (‘German Reference Corpus’; DeReKo) which is located at the IDS. The corpus analysis tool used for accessing the corpus data is COSMAS II (CII) and – for statistical analysis – the IDS collocation analysis tool (Belica, 1995; CA). For detecting lexical patterns and describing their semantic and pragmatic nature we use the tool lexpan (or ‘Lexical Pattern Analyzer’) that was developed in our project. We discuss a new corpus-driven pattern dictionary that is relevant not only to the field of phraseology, but also to usage-based linguistics and lexicography as a whole.
Der Beitrag stellt eine aktualisierte Version des Gesprächsanalytischen Transkriptionssystems(GAT) dar. Nachdem GAT seit seiner Erstvorstellung im Jahr 1998 in der Gesprächsforschung eine breite Verwendung gefunden hat, war es nun an der Zeit, es aufgrund der bisherigen Erfahrungen und im Hinblick auf neue Anforderungen an Transkriptionen vorsichtig zu überarbeiten. Dieser Text stellt
das aktualisierte GAT 2-Transkriptionssystem mit allen seinen alten und neuen Konventionen dar, versucht bekannte Zweifelsfälle zu klären und bekannte Schwächen der ersten Version zu beheben. GAT 2 gibt detaillierte Anweisungen zum Erstellen gesprächsanalytischer Transkriptionen auf drei Detailliertheitsstufen, dem Minimal-, Basis- und Feintranskript, sowie neue Vorschläge zur Darstellung komplexerer Phänomene in Sonderzeilen. Zudem wurden für GAT 2 einige zusätzliche Hilfsmittel entwickelt, die im Anhang kurz vorgestellt werden: das Online-Tutorial GAT-TO sowie der Transkriptionseditor FOLKER.
This article presents a revised version of GAT, a transcription system first devel-oped by a group of German conversation analysts and interactional linguists in 1998. GAT tries to follow as many principles and conventions as possible of the Jefferson-style transcription used in Conversation Analysis, yet proposes some conventions which are more compatible with linguistic and phonetic analyses of spoken language, especially for the representation of prosody in talk-in-interaction. After ten years of use by researchers in conversation and discourse analysis, the original GAT has been revised, against the background of past experience and in light of new necessities for the transcription of corpora arising from technologi-cal advances and methodological developments over recent years. The present text makes GAT accessible for the English-speaking community. It presents the GAT 2 transcription system with all its conventions and gives detailed instructions on how to transcribe spoken interaction at three levels of delicacy: minimal, basic and fine. In addition, it briefly introduces some tools that may be helpful for the user: the German online tutorial GAT-TO and the transcription editing software FOLKER.
Das Online-Wortschatz-Informationssystem Deutsch (OWID) ist ein digitales Wörterbuchportal des Instituts für Deutsche Sprache. Alle darin zusammengeführten lexikografischen Daten sind auf XML-Basis feingranular strukturiert. Speicherung, Verwaltung und Retrieval dieser Daten übernimmt das Orade-basierte Electronic Dictionary Administration System (EDAS). Der vorliegende Beitrag erläutert die XML-basierte Modellierung der Daten, XML-spezifische Fragen der Speicherung, sowie das Retrieval mit XPath und SQL/XML.
A polarity-sensitive item (PSI), as traditionally defined, is an expression that is restricted to either an affirmative or negative context. PSIs like ‘lift a finger’ and ‘all the time in the world’ sub-serve discourse routines like understatement and emphasis. Lexical–semantic classes are increasingly invoked in descriptions of the properties of PSIs. Here, we use English corpus data and the tools of Frame Semantics (Fillmore, 1982, 1985) to explore Israel’s (2011) observation that the semantic role of a PSI determines how the expression fits into a contextually constructed scalar model. We focus on a class of exceptions implied by Israel’s model: cases in which a given PSI displays two countervailing patterns of polarity sensitivity, with attendant differences in scalar entailments. We offer a set of case studies of polaritysensitive expressions – including verbs of attraction and aversion like ‘can live without’, monetary units like ‘a red cent’, comparative adjectives and time-span adverbials – that demonstrate that the interpretation of a given PSI in a given polar context is based on multiple factors. These factors include the speaker’s perspective on and affective stance towards the described event, available inferences about causality and, perhaps most critically, particulars of the predication, including the verb or adjective’s frame membership, the presence or absence of an ability modal like can, the grammatical construction used and the range of contingencies evoked by the utterance.
Bericht über die 19. Arbeitstagung zur Gesprächsforschung vom 16. bis 18. März 2016 in Mannheim
(2016)
Der Beitrag stellt die theoretischen und methodologischen Grundlagen des Lernerwörterbuchprojekts DICONALE anhand einiger Analysebeispiele vor. Es handelt sich um ein zweisprachig-bidirektionales, onomasiologisch-konzeptuell ausgerichtetes Verbwörterbuch, das sowohl zur Konsultation für Produktionszwecke ab B2-Niveau im Bereich DaF und ELE als auch für den Übersetzungsprozess in die jeweilige Fremdsprache dienlich sein soll. Es beruht auf häufigkeitsbasierten Daten vergleichbarer elektronisch verfügbarer Korpora beider Sprachen und soll dem Benutzer online zugänglich gemacht werden. Das Wörterbuch gliedert sich in unterschiedliche konzeptuelle (Sub)Felder, denen sich lexikalisch-semantische (Mini)Paradigmen zuordnen lassen. Es basiert auf einem modular-multilateralen lexikologischen Beschreibungsmodell, welches einzelsprachliche und sprachvergleichend relevante korpusbasierte Informationen zu Form, Bedeutung und Verwendung durch die Information von verschiedenen paradigmatischen und syntagmatischen Relationen verbaler und deverbaler Lexeme präsentiert.
Names in competition: A corpus-based quantitative investigation into the use of colonial place names
(2016)
Referentially equivalent toponyms occur very often in colonial and postcolonial contexts. These names are in competition, and this competition is reflected in language use and in changing frequencies of use in large corpora. The main theoretical and methodological assumption of this paper is that corpus frequencies of referentially equivalent toponyms change according to particular patterns, and that the Google Ngram Corpora and Google Ngram Viewers can be used to detect these patterns. The aims of this paper are twofold: firstly, a corpus-linguistic method for investigations into the use of names will be presented, applied, and critically evaluated; secondly, it will be shown that the correlation between patterns of frequency changes and patterns of socio-historical colonial and postcolonial events gives rise to cross-linguistic generalizations, for example, that an increase in public interest in a place strongly promotes one of the referenlially equivalent names, or that in renaming scenarios colonial toponyms in relation to new toponyms remain in stronger use in the language of the former colonial power than in languages of other colonial powers.
In this paper, we report on an effort to develop a gold standard for the intensity ordering of subjective adjectives. Rather than pursue a complete order as produced by paying attention to the mean scores of human ratings only, we take into account to what extent assessors consistently rate pairs of adjectives relative to each other. We show that different available automatic methods for producing polar intensity scores produce results that correlate well with our gold standard, and discuss some conceptual questions surrounding the notion of polar intensity.
In their analysis of methods that participants use to manage the realization of practical courses of action, Kendrick and Drew (2016/this issue) focus on cases of assistance, where the need to be addressed is Self’s, and Other lends a helping hand. In our commentary, we point to other forms of cooperative engagement that are ubiquitously recruited in interaction. Imperative requests characteristically expect compliance on the grounds of Other’s already established commitment to a wider and shared course of actions. Established commitments can also provide the engine behind recruitment sequences that proceed nonverbally. And forms of cooperative engagement that are well glossed as assistance can nevertheless be demonstrably oriented to established commitments. In sum, we find commitment to shared courses of action to be an important element in the design and progression of certain recruitment sequences, where the involvement of Other is best defined as contribution. The commentary highlights the importance of interdependent orientations in the organization of cooperation. Data are in German, Italian, and Polish.
Wenn wir an Sprache denken, dann meist an Grammatiken, Rechtschreibung und Lexika. Sprache scheint demnach in der Form von Regeln und Wissen zu existieren. Dieser Band, der aus der Jahrestagung des IDS 2015 hervorgegangen ist, vertritt eine andere Vorstellung von Sprache: Sprache ist Werkzeug und Lebensform im sozialen und leiblichen Kontext. Sprechen und Schreiben bestehen aus routinisierten Praktiken, die an konkrete körperliche, sequenzielle, mediale und materielle Kontexte gebunden sind und bestimmten Zwecken dienen. Der Bezug auf Objekte und mediale Oberflächen und die leibliche Verfasstheit der Akteure und ihre Situiertheit im Raum sind unhintergehbare Bestimmungsstücke der Verwendung von Sprache. Sprache ist eingelassen in zwischenmenschliche Interaktionen, die sie selbst prägt, aus denen sie ihre Bedeutung bezieht und innerhalb derer sie sich wandelt und neue Verwendungen und Ausprägungen gewinnt.
Die in diesem Band versammelten Beiträge zeigen Anwendungen und Nutzen des Praktikenkonzepts in unterschiedlichen Feldern der Linguistik, wie der interaktionalen Linguistik, der Sozio-, Text- und Medienlinguistik, der synchronen und historischen Pragmatik und der Literalitätsforschung. Dabei rücken über die Perspektive der Praktiken auch die Schnittstellen der Linguistik zu ihren sozialwissenschaftlichen Nachbarwissenschaften, insbesondere zu Soziologie und Medienwissenschaft, in den Fokus.
Mit dem cGAT-Handbuch stellt das FOLK-Projekt eine Richtlinie für das computergestützte Transkribieren nach GAT 2 zur Verfügung. Das Handbuch wurde anhand der Transkriptionspraxis in FOLK entwickelt und enthält eine Vielzahl von authentischen Beispielen, die mit dem zugehörigen Audio auch über die Datenbank für Gesprochenes Deutsch (DGD) abgerufen werden können.
Die Kausalkonjunktionen denn, weil, da im Deutschen und perché, poiché, siccome im Italienischen
(2011)
Gegenstand des vorliegenden Aufsatzes sind die deutschen Kausalkonjunktionen denn, weil und da und ihre (partiellen) italienischen Äquivalente perché, poiché und siccome. Sie werden vergleichend in syntaktischer und semantischer Hinsicht untersucht, mit dem Ziel, Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede zwischen ihnen aufzuweisen.
Geschlossene Klassen?
(2002)
Ziel des vorliegenden Beitrags ist es, auszuloten, wie Sprechen und Handeln, das wir aus dem Alltag kennen, einzuschätzen ist, wenn es im Fernsehen und vor allem im so genannten Reality-TV erscheint. Einen guten Einstieg, diese Problemstellung zu illustrieren, bieten Pannen, wie man sie etwa aus Nachrichtensendungen wie der Tagesschau kennt.
Bilingual Kindergarten programmes. The interaction of language management and language attitudes
(2015)
Durch linguistische Textvergleiche soll vorrangig die Frage beantwortet werden, ob zwei oder mehrere Texte den gleichen Autor und/oder Schreiber haben. Dabei suggeriert der in diesem Zusammenhang auch verwendete Titel „linguistischer Fingerab-druck“, daß dabei ein den naturwissenschaftlichen Verfahren vergleichbarer Sicherheitsgrad erreicht werden könnte. Die Autorin, wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin in der Abteilung „Historische Lexikologie und Lexikographie“ am Institut für deutsche Sprache in Mannheim, erläutert, was von sprachlichen Textvergleichen kriminalistisch/forensisch tatsächlich erwartet werden darf.
Relationale Adjektive, also Adjektive, die aus Substantiven abgeleitet werden und die in attributiver Konstruktion mit einem Kopfsubstantiv eine unspezifische Relation zwischen dem Begriff des Kopfs und dem Begriff der Basis ausdrücken, spielen in den klassischen Sprachen eine bedeutende Rolle. Ausgehend von der silvestris musa, der Waldmuse des Vergil, wird in dem vorliegenden Beitrag den Nachwirkungen dieses Musters in europäischen Sprachen, dem Französischen, Englischen, vor allem aber im Deutschen nachgegangen. Die semantische Funktion solcher Adjektive wird der funktionalen Domäne ‚klassifikatorische Modifikation‘ zugeordnet. Sprachübergreifende Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede werden herausgearbeitet. In knapper Form werden auch relationale Adjektive im Polnischen und Ungarischen, den weiteren Vergleichssprachen des Projekts „Grammatik des Deutschen im europäischen Vergleich“, einbezogen. Die Frage nach dem Verhältnis von universalen, sprachfamiliären, arealen und sprachspezifischen Eigenschaften des Konstruktionsmusters sowie nach dem Grad des lateinischen Einflusses wird auf diesem Hintergrund präziser formulierbar.
Theories of lexical decomposition assume that lexical meanings are complex. This complexity is expressed in structured meaning representations that usually consist of predicates, arguments, operators, and other elements of propositional and predicate logic. Lexical decomposition has been used to explain phenomena such as argument linking, selectional restrictions, lexical-semantic relations, scope ambiguites, and the inference behavior of lexical items. The article sketches the early theoretical development from nounoriented semantic feature theories to verb-oriented complex decompositions. It also deals with a number of theoretical issues, including the controversy between decompositional and atomistic approaches to meaning, the search for semantic primitives, the function of decompositions as defi nitions, problems concerning the interpretability of decompositions, and the debate about the cognitive status of decompositions.
When formulating a request for an object, speakers can choose among different grammatical resources that would all serve the overall purpose. This paper examines the social contexts indexed and created by the choice of the turn format can I have x to request a shared good (the pepper grinder, a tissue from a box on the table, etc.) in British English informal interaction. The analysis is based on a video corpus of approximately 25 h of everyday interaction among family and friends. In its home environment, a request in the format can I have x treats the other as being in control over the relevant material object, a control that is the contingent outcome of ongoing courses of action. This contingent control over a shared good produces an obligation to make it available. This analysis is supported by an examination of similarly formatted request turns in other languages, of can I have x in another interactional environment (after a relevant offer has been made) in British English, and of deviant cases. The results highlight the intimate connection of request format selection to the present engagements of (prospective) request recipients.
Patterns pertaining to 'strong' DMPs and scope in presentational there-sentences (henceforth: PTSs) have received much attention, and many attempts have been made to derive them. Building on the account of Heim 1987, this paper proposes a novel account based on temporal reference encoding and general assumptions concerning the nature of the interface between the computational system of syntax (CS) and the systems of sound and meaning (Chomsky 1999).
As the nature of negative polarity items (NPIs) and their licensing contexts is still under much debate, a broad empirical basis is an important cornerstone to support further insights in this area of research. The work discussed in this paper is intended as a contribution to realizing this objective. The authors briefly introduce the phenomenon of NPIs and outline major theories about their licensing and also various licensing contexts before discussing our major topics: Firstly, a corpus-based retrieval method for NPI candidates is described that ranks the candidates according to their distributional dependence on the licensing contexts. Our method extracts single-word candidates and is extended to also capture multi-word candidates. The basic idea for automatically collecting NPI candidates from a large corpus is that an NPI behaves like a kind of collocate to its licensing contexts. Manual inspection and interpretation of the candidate lists identify the actual NPIs. Secondly, an online repository for NPIs and other items that show distributional idiosyncrasies is presented, which offers an empirical database for further (theoretical) research on these items in a sustainable way.
Should events be conceived of as primitive or should they be decomposed into more basic elements with certain syntax? This talk presents new evidence for the latter view: If events are represented as contradictory propositional meanings representing their pre- and post states, a uniform analysis of certain eventive and certain too- comparative constructions is possible; this is wanted given striking parallels between the two types of structure. The analysis goes some way, among other, toward explaining ‘repetetive/restitutive’ asymmetries familiar from eventive constructions (von Stechow 1996) but similarly arising in too- comparative constructions.
The principal claim of this dissertation is that there is a unique structural core shared by Double Object, Dative Experiencer and Existential/Presentational constructions. This core is argued to take the form of a Cipient Predication structure, `cipient covering traditional notions like (affected) source/goal, recipient, indirect object or dative experiencer. Central questions arising in defining Cipient Predication are: How are cipients thematically licensed, and what is the role of there in argument-structural terms? What is the structural locus of cipients/there? What is the role and nature of dative case? How can the possessive interpretation, the blocking and definiteness effects associated with the above-mentioned constructions be explained? Cipients are presented as external arguments and logical subjects (location individuals) of predicates derived from a propositional meaning embedded in the VP, the predicate formed by a lower tense head `little t that is overtly realized as there. Little t is argued to encode a distinction at the reference time level, structural dative hinging on a tense property like structural nominative. The cipient relates as a whole to a part to a VP-internal location argument that together with the theme furnishes the propositional meaning (`possession ). As logical subjects, cipients anchor the predicate to the utterance context, forcing its interpretation in extralinguistic terms (`blocking effects ). It is proposed that lacking structurally encoded subjects, Existential/Presentational constructions are not saturated expressions in syntax, precluding the interpretation of certain quantifiers (most/every, vide `definiteness effects ). Cipient Predication, couched in terms of the Minimalist Program (in particular, Chomsky 1999) and a semantics relying on tense and the ontological distinction of locations as well as scalar and part-whole structure, should be of interest to scholars working on datives, argument structure, and the syntax/semantics/pragmatics interface more generally.
Gerade weil das Thema der diesjährigen Arbeitstagung bereits seit einigen Jahrzehnten immer wieder Gegenstand verschiedener Forschungsrichtungen gewesen ist und heute gleichermaßen polymorph erforscht wird, sollten im Rahmen dieser Tagung aktuelle Projekte aus unterschiedlichen Disziplinen vorgestellt und interdisziplinär verhandelt werden. Das Ziel der Tagung war es, MedizinerInnen, PsychologInnen und GesprächsanalytikerInnen eine Plattform zu bieten, miteinander in Kontakt zu treten, die vorgestellten Ansätze, Erkenntnisinteressen und Methoden gemeinschaftlich zu diskutieren und dabei herauszustellen, in welchen Punkten sich diese von den eigenen unterscheiden.
Benefactive construction
(2013)
This contribution presents an XML Schema for annotating a high level narratological category: speech, thought and writing representation (ST&WR). It focusses on two aspects: Firstly, the original Schema is presented as an example for the challenge to encode a narrative feature in a structured and flexible way and secondly, ways of adapting this Schema to TEI are considered, in Order to make it usable for other, TEI-based projects.
This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the combination of automated information and lexicographically interpreted information in online dictionaries, namely elexiko, a hypertext dictionary and lexical data information system of contemporary German (http://www.owid.de/ elexiko_/index.html), and DWDS, a digital dictionary of 20,h century German (http://www.dwds.de). Examples of automatically derived information (e.g. automatically extracted citations from the underlying corpus, lists on paradigmatic relations) and lexicographically compiled information (e.g. information on paradigmatic partners) are provided and evaluated, reflecting on the need to develop guidelines as to how computerised information and lexicographically interpreted information may be combined profitably in online reference works.
Understanding the design of talk-in-interaction is important in many domains, including speech technology. Although phonetic, linguistic and gestural correlates have been identified for some of the social actions that conversational participants accomplish, it is only recently that researchers have begun to take account of the immediately prior interactional context as an important factor influencing the design of a speaker’s turn. The present study explores the influence of context by focussing on characteristics of short turns produced by one speaker between turns from another speaker. The hypothesis is that the speaker designs her inserted turn as a match to the prior turn when wishing to align with the previous speaker’s agenda. By contrast, non-matching would display that the speaker is non-aligning, preferring instead to initiate a new action for example. Data are taken from the AMI corpus, focussing on the spontaneous talk of first-language English participants. Using sequential analysis, such short turns are classified as either aligning or non-aligning in accordance with definitions in the Conversation Analysis literature. The degree of prosodic similarity between the inserted turn and the prior speaker’s turn is measured using novel acoustic techniques. The results show that aligning turns are significantly more similar to the immediately preceding turn, in terms of pitch contour, than non-aligning turns. In contrast to the prosodic-acoustic analysis, the results of the gestural analysis indicate that aligning and non-aligning are differentiated by the use of distinct gestures, rather than by the matching (or non-matching) of gestures across the adjacent turns. These results support the view that choice of pitch contour is managed locally, rather than by reference to an intonational lexicon. However, this is not the case for speakers’ use of gesture. The implications of these findings for a model of talk-in-interaction are considered, along with potential applications.
Introduction
(2008)
Badania etnolingwistyczne zdobyly w ciqgu ostatnich dwu dekad znaozna populamosc. Najwazniejsz^ formuh\ nietaforycznn okreslajqcii glowny przedmiot tych badaií jest .jçzykowy obraz swiata”. W zwiqzku z tym. iz powstaj^ obecnie projekty studiów komparatyslycznych na duzíi skalç, warto byt moze rozwazyc, czego takie ujçcie etnolingwistyki nie uwzglçdnia. Wizualna metafora obrazów implikuje, ze mówincy si\ w slanie wyjsc ix>za swiat i patrzec nan (oraz nazywac go) z zewmprz. Artykul oinawia dwie kcinsekwencje tej inetafory, które mog^ przysporzyc problemów. Po pierwsze, wyizolowanie jçzyka ze swiata ludzkich dzialan, którego jyzyk wszak jest czçsci^. prowadzi do przyjçcia kognitywistycznego modeln znaczenia jako oddzielnego stmmienia komunikaeji. Taki model nie pasuje do eodziennego doswiadezenia przezroczystosci jyzyka. Po drugie, wyizolowanie jçzyka z zycia sprzyja stosowaniu metod „bezczasowych” oraz studiom nad stowami wyalKtrahowanymi z sytuaeji, w której zostaly one uzyte (jesli nie wyjçtymi z kontekstu). Przyjmuj^c takie metafory i inetody, inozetny stracic z oczu znaczn^ czçsc tego, co jest istotne dla jyzyka poUx;znego — przedmiotu badan etnonauki.
W artykule tym przyglfjdam si. zasadniczej dia j.zykowego obrazu swiata opozycji mi.dzy swotm i obcym w przykladowych tckstach przynaleznych do polskiego i niemieckiego dyskursu Ideologieznego (politycznego). Za van Dijkicin przyjmuj., ze charakterystyczne dla dyskursu ideologicznego jest ustalenie i reprodukeja rozr.zmenia mi.dzy grupa wlasn^ a innymi grupami. Funkcjq dyskursu ideologicznego jest legitymizaeja dzialan i przekonan grupy wlasnej oraz delegitymizacja dzialan i przekonan innych grup. W populamych czasopismach polskich i niemieckich, traktuj^cych o tematach politycznych ( Wprost i Spiegel) takie pojmowanie swojego i obeego wydaje si. byc akeeptowane. Konkretyzacja absttakcyjnych poj.c. sw.j i obey przy tym nie jest stala, a raczej funkcjonalnie zmienna, zaleznie od tego, kto ma byc postrzegany jako rialeziycy do grupy wlasnej, a kto ma byc z niej wylijczony.
Digital or electronic lexicography has gained in importance in the last few years. This can be seen in the growing list of publications focusing on this field. In the OBELEX bibliography (http://www.owid.de/obelex/engl), the research contributions in this field are consolidated and are searchable by different criteria. The idea for OBELEX originated in the context of the dictionary portal OWID, which incorporates several dictionaries from the Institute for German Language (www.owid.de). OBELEX has been available online free of charge since December 2008. OBELEX includes articles, monographs, anthologies and reviews published since 2000 that relate to electronic lexicography, as well as some relevant older works. Our particular focus is on works about online lexicography. Systematically evaluated sources are relevant journals like International Journal of Lexicography, Lexicographica, Dictionaries, Lexikos; furthermore Euralex-Proceedings, proceedings of the International Symposium on Lexicography in Copenhagen as well as relevant monographs and anthologies. Information on dictionaries is currently not included in OBELEX; the main focus is on metalexicography. However, we are working on a database with information on online dictionaries as a supplement to OBELEX. All entries of OBELEX are stored in a database. Thus, all parts of the bibliographic entry (such as person, title, publication or year) are searchable. Furthermore, all publications are associated with our keyword list; therefore, a thematic search is possible. The subject language is also noted. With this type of content, the OBELEX bibliography supplements in a useful way other bibliographic projects such as the printed ‘Internationale Bibliographie zur germanistischen Lexikographie und Wörterbuchforschung’ by H. E. Wiegand (Wiegand 2006/2007), the ‘Bibliography of Lexicography’ by R. R. K. Hartmann (Hartmann 2007), and the ‘International Bibliography of Lexicography’ of Euralex (cf. also DeCesaris and Bernal 2006). OBELEX differs from all these bibliographic projects by its strong focus on electronic lexicography and its ability to retrieve bibliographic information.
Der vorliegende Artikel diskutiert die ethnographische Forschung in der Jugendsoziologie und problematisiert ihre Grenzen und Reichweite. Auf der Grundlage der Kritik der bisherigen Forschungspraxis wird ein Vorschlag zur konzeptionell-methodischen Neuorientierung ethnographischer Jugendforschung entwickelt. Die Diskussion geht nicht von einer theoriegeleiteten Perspektive aus, sondern befragt einschlägige Untersuchungen unter methodischem Blickwinkel. Dabei wird deutlich, daß die Forscher der Sicht der Akteure verhaftet bleiben, da ihr Datenmaterial aus den rekonstruierenden Darstellungen der Alltagspraxis durch die Akteure besteht (= Sekundärdatenstatus), nicht aber aus Dokumentationen der Alltagspraxis selbst. Die Forschung ist also noch nicht bei der Alltagspraxis der Akteure angekommen. Dies zeigt sich insbesondere am Beispiel des sog. Jugendsoziologischen Interviews. Als Alternative werden theoretische und methodische Konturen einer Ethnographie jugendlicher Kommunikationskulturen auf gesprächsanalytischer Basis umrissen. Abschließend wird die Fruchtbarkeit dieser Forschungsperspektive für traditionelle und neuartige jugendsoziologische Fragestellungen diskutiert.
The authors present a multilingual electronic database of lexical items with idiosyncratic occurrence patterns. Currently, our database consists of: (1) a collection of 444 bound words in German; (2) a collection of 77 bound words in English; (3) a collection of 58 negative polarity items in Romanian; (4) a collection of 84 negative polarity items in German; and (5) a collection of 52 positive polarity items in German. The database is encoded in XML and is available via the Internet, offering dynamic and flexible access.
Investigations of the relationship between language and German colonialism are mainly based on historical sources. The article aims to develop a systematic foundation of source studies as a methodological background for these investigations. This is exemplified by sources reflecting the particular situation of the former German colonies in the South Pacific. Firstly, the article addresses terminological problems, in particular the relation between "documents", "sources", and "data". Secondly, a detailed typology of historical sources is presented and related to object-, meta-, and extralinguistic aspects of language contact. Finally, the article informs about how and where to look for historical sources.
This paper argues for the need of training doctors in order to improve their skills of listening to patients and of conducting the interaction with them. It argues for applied discourse analysis as an approach to medical discourse which provides for the soundest empirical basis for developing training schedules. The article shortly reviews the basic procedures and stocks of knowledge which are proper to applied discourse analysis. It then turns to the improvement of doctors' skills of active listening to the patient of and analyzing his/her communicative displays, e.g. regarding emotions, subjective theories of illness and identity concerns of his/her sufferings. Finally, aspects of the improvement for doctors' communicative skills are discussed, e.g. enhancing the comprehensibility of doctors' turns at talk, the management of the patients' participation in medical dialogue and the formulation of questions.
La diminution des compétences linguistiques (ou: attrition des langues) est un phénomène que l’on rencontre dans différents contextes lorsque l’accès à ce qui est acquis dans une langue (L1, L2 ou langue étrangère) diminue. Les recherches sur le sujet montrent par exemple que l’influence de la L2 rend difficile aux locuteurs L1 d’exploiter toutes les variations stylistiques ou pragmatiques que leur L1 devrait normalement leur permettre. La question qui se pose est de savoir ce qui se perd en effet: est-ce la competence langagière, la representation mentale de la connaissance qui est affectée ou s’agit-il plutôt d’une limitation de l’accès et du contrôle des connaissances acquises qui, elles, restent intactes? Dans le cadre des discussions actuelles autour des avantages et des risques du plurilinguisme il n’est pas seulement intéressant mais bien nécessaire d’approfondir les recherches sur les processus de l’attrition. Il faut par ailleurs, pour que les plurilingues aient un réel bénéfice de leur potentiel, que la société reconnaisse et apprécie concrètement ces compétences et qu’elle encourage les locuteurs à afficher leur identité bilingue en toute confiance et transparence.
O presente artigo tem o objetivo de elaborar um balanço da situação atual da linguística textual no Brasil, em comparação com a na Europa, especificamente na Alemanha. Observam-se quatro linhas de desenvolvimento dessa subdisciplina da linguística: da teoria para a aplicação, do texto abstrato para o texto completo, do micro-texto para o macro-texto e das forças centrípetas para as forças centrífugas. Na Alemanha, houve maior interesse por questões teóricas nos anos 1960 a 1980. Nos anos 1990, a linguística textual começou a se interessar cada vez mais por questões de aplicação. As pesquisas mais recentes giram em torno da descrição dos gêneros textuais. A produção brasileira dos anos 1980 concentrava-se nas questões da coesão e da coerência e nas estratégias sociocognitivas do processamento textual. Mais recentemente destacam-se os estudos do texto falado e sua aplicação no ensino do português como língua materna e/ou língua estrangeira, bem como os estudos da linguagem da mídia e das novas tecnologias.
COSMAS II
(2008)
Most research on automated categorization of documents has concentrated on the assignment of one or many categories to a whole text. However, new applications, e.g. in the area of the Semantic Web, require a richer and more fine-grained annotation of documents, such as detailed thematic information about the parts of a document. Hence we investigate the automatic categorization of text segments of scientific articles with XML markup into 16 topic types from a text type structure schema. A corpus of 47 linguistic articles was provided with XML markup on different annotation layers representing text type structure, logical document structure, and grammatical categories. Six different feature extraction strategies were applied to this corpus and combined in various parametrizations in different classifiers. The aim was to explore the contribution of each type of information, in particular the logical structure features, to the classification accuracy. The results suggest that some of the topic types of our hierarchy are successfully learnable, while the features from the logical structure layer had no particular impact on the results.
A text parsing component designed to be part of a system that assists students in academic reading an writing is presented. The parser can automatically add a relational discourse structure annotation to a scientific article that a user wants to explore. The discourse structure employed is defined in an XML format and is based the Rhetorical Structure Theory. The architecture of the parser comprises pre-processing components which provide an input text with XML annotations on different linguistic and structural layers. In the first version these are syntactic tagging, lexical discourse marker tagging, logical document structure, and segmentation into elementary discourse segments. The algorithm is based on the shift-reduce parser by Marcu (2000) and is controlled by reduce operations that are constrained by linguistic conditions derived from an XML-encoded discourse marker lexicon. The constraints are formulated over multiple annotation layers of the same text.
In diesem Artikel werden Ähnlichkeiten und Unterschiede in der anfänglichen Schematisierung der Stammzellenforschung im öffentlichen Diskurs Polens und Frankreichs untersucht. Zwei Zeitungskorpora (Le Monde und Gazeta Wyborcza) aus den Jahren 1998-2000 wurden im Hinblick auf die Frage analysiert, inwiefern beide Zeitungen ähnliche oder kulturspezifische Metaphernnetzwerke in der Bildung von ‚Stammzellrealitäten’ aufbauen. Der Artikel basiert auf der Annahme, dass Metaphern im Diskurs eine wichtige Funktion bei der Bildung interpretativer Bezugssysteme für die Diskussion sozialer und philosophischer Implikationen der Stammzelltechnologie zukommt. Der Ausgangspunkt bestand in der Überlegung, dass sich die beiden wichtigsten Zeitungen der beiden Länder in der anfänglichen Schematisierung der Stammzellenforschung unterscheiden würden (besonders bezüglich kultureller und religiöser Werte in den jeweiligen öffentlichen Debatten). Im Verlauf der Untersuchung stellte sich jedoch heraus, dass beide Zeitungen sehr ähnliche Metaphern in der Berichterstattung zur Stammzellenforschung gebrauchen. Kulturelle Unterschiede in der Interpretation von Stammzellenforschung existieren möglicherweise eher auf der Ebene ideologischer Gruppen als auf der nationaler Kulturen.
Psychological research has emphasized the importance of narrative for a person’s sense of self. Building a coherent narrative of past events is one objective of psychotherapy. However, in guided self-help therapy the patient has to develop this narrative autonomously. Identifying patients’ narrative skills in relation to psychological distress could provide useful information about their suitability for self-help. The aim of this study was to explore whether the syntactic integration of clauses into narrative in texts written by prospective psychotherapy patients was related to mild to moderate psychological distress. Cross-clausal syntax of texts by 97 people who had contacted a primary care mental health service was analyzed. Severity of symptoms associated with mental health difficulties was assessed by a standardized scale (Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation outcome measure). Cross-clausal syntactic integration was negatively correlated with the severity of symptoms. A multiple regression analysis confirmed that the use of simple sentences, finite complement clauses, and coordinated clauses was associated with symptoms (R2 = .26). The results suggest that the analysis of cross-clausal syntax can provide information on patients’ narrative skills in relation to distressing events and can therefore provide additional information to support treatment decisions.
Cognitive linguists have long been interested in analogies people habitually use in thinking and speaking, but little is known about the nature of the relationship between verbal behaviour and such analogical schemas. This article proposes that discourse metaphors are an important link between the two. Discourse metaphors are verbal expressions containing a construction that evokes an analogy negotiated in the discourse community. Results of an analysis of metaphors in a corpus of newspaper texts support the prediction that regular analogies are form-specific, i.e., bound to particular lexical items. Implications of these results for assumptions about the generality of habitual analogies are discussed.
This article explores the role that metaphors play in the ideological interpretation of events. Research in cognitive linguistics has brought rich evidence of the enormous influence that body experience has on (metaphorical) conceptualization. However, the role of the cultural net in which an individual is embedded has mostly been neglected. As a step towards the integration of cultural experience into the experientialist framework in cognitive metaphor research I propose to differentiate two ideal types of motivation for metaphor: correlation and intertextuality. Evidence for the important role that intertextual metaphors play in ideological discourse comes from an analysis of Polish newspaper discourse on the tenth anniversary of the end of communism.
As a result of legal restrictions the Google Ngram Corpora datasets are a) not accompanied by any metadata regarding the texts the corpora consist of and the data are b) truncated to prevent an indirect conclusion from the n-gram to the author of the text. Some of the consequences of this strategy are discussed in this article.
Tätertexte
(1990)
Eine Umschau in jüngeren sprachwissenschaftlichen Arbeiten zeigt einen häufig betonten engen Zusammenhang von Sprache und Identität, vor allem den der eigenen Sprache und der ethnischen Identität. Dass aber Sprache in einem zwei- oder mehrsprachigen Kontext nur eine Ressource einer Identitätskonstruktion sein kann, wird selten herausgestellt. Der nachstehende Aufsatz untersucht als charakteristisches Beispiel einer gelösten Bindung von Sprache und ethnischer Identität die Minderheit der deutschen Aussiedler aus der ehemaligen Sowjetunion. Im Vordergrund steht dabei die zweite Generation, bei der ihr Zugehörigkeitsgefühl zur ethnischen Identität als Deutsche trotz der erfolgten Sprachumstellung sich nicht oder selten verändert hat.
The present contribution addresses an infrastructural issue of universal relevance, addressed in the specific context of the TEI. We describe a combination of open-source tools and an open-access approach to creating knowledge repositories that have been employed in building a bibliographic reference library for the “TEI for Linguists” special interest group (LingSIG). The authors argue that, for an initiative such as the TEI, it is important to choose open, freely available solutions. If these solutions have the advantage of attracting new users and promoting the initiative itself, so much the better, especially if it is done in a non-committal way: no one using the LingSIG bibliographic repository has to be a member of the LingSIG or a “TEI-er” in general.
Emotionale Kommunikation
(2008)
This article examines the interrelation between communicative behavior and emotion. First, it clarifies the notions of emotion as a concept (section 2) and the concept of communication (section 3). Then, it outlines the need to develop a model for emotions in communicative interaction (section 4). The interrelation between communicative behavior and emotion is interdependent — on the one hand, communicative behavior can influence a person’s own emotions and those of another person and, on the other hand, emotions can affect a person’s own and another person’s communicative behavior (section 5).