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Recent typological studies have shown that socio-linguistic factors have a substantial effect on at least certain structures of language. However, we are still far from understanding how such factors should be operationalized and how they interact with other factors in shaping grammar. To address both questions, this study examines the influence of socio-linguistic factors on the number of dedicated conditional constructions in a sample of 374 languages. We test the number of speakers, the degree of multilingualism, the availability of a literature tradition, the use of writing, and the use of the language in the education system. At the same time, we control for genealogical, contact, and bibliographical biases. Our results suggest that the number of speakers is the most informative predictor. However, we find that the association between the number of speakers and the number of dedicated conditional constructions is much weaker than assumed, once genealogical and contact biases are controlled for.
This special issue of the Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe (JEMIE) brings together some of the participants of the symposium Political and Economic Resources and Obstacles of Minority Language Maintenance organized by the Language Survival Network ‘POGA’ at Tallinn University, Estonia, in December 2010. More than 20 scholars representing linguistics, anthropology, social sciences and law participated in the symposium, to present papers and discuss questions related to minority language loss, maintenance and revitalization. The six case studies contained in this special issue look at different minorities and regions in the European Union, Russia and the US. The linguistic communities discussed are the Russian-, Võru/Seto- and Latgalian-speaking minorities of Estonia and Latvia; the Welsh- and Breton-speaking communities of the Celtic language; the Russian Finno-Ugrian people with regional autonomies; and the native American groups of the Delaware/Cherokee and the Oneida. The reader will find articles relating to interdisciplinary research approaches in and on minority languages and minority language communities.
Our paper discusses family language policies among multilingual families in Latvia with Russian as home language. The presentation is based on three case studies, i.e. interviews conducted with Russophones who have chosen to send their children to Latvian-medium pre-schools and schools. The main aim is to understand practices and regards among such families “from below,” i.e. which family-internal and family-external factors influenced the choice of Latvian-medium education and what impact this choice has on linguistic practices.
The paper shows that there have been critical events which both encouraged and discouraged the choice of Latvian-medium education. The wish to integrate into mainstream society has been met by obstacles both from ethnic Russians and Latvians. Yet, the three families consider their choices to be the right ones for the future development of their children in a multiethnic Latvia in which Latvian serves as the unifying language of society.
Aims and objectives:
Language debates in Latvia often focus on the role of Latvian as official and main societal language. Yet, Latvian society is highly multilingual, and families with home languages other than Latvian have to choose between different educational trajectories for their children. In this context, this paper discusses the results of two studies which addressed the question of why families with Russian as a home language choose (pre)schools with languages other than Russian as medium of instruction (MOI). The first study analyses family narratives which provide insight into attitudes and practices which lead to the decision to send children to Latvian-MOI institutions. The second study investigates language attitudes and practices by families in the international community of Riga German School.
Methodology:
The paper discusses data gathered during two studies: for the first, semi-structed interviews were conducted with Russian-speaking families who choose Latvian-medium schools for their children. For the second study, a survey was carried out in the community of an international school in Riga, sided by ethnographic observations and interviews with teachers and the school leadership.
Data and analysis:
Interviews and ethnographic observations were subjected to a discourse analysis with a focus on critical events and structures of life trajectory narratives. Survey data were processed following simple statistical analysis and qualitative content analysis.
Findings/conclusions:
Our data reveal that families highly embrace multilingualism and see the development of individual plurilingualism as important for integration into Latvian society as well as for educational and professional opportunities in the multilingual societies of Latvia and Europe. At the same time, multilingualism and multiculturalism, including Russian, are seen as a value in itself. In addition, our studies reflect the bidirectionality of family language policies in interplay with practices in educational institutions: family decisions influence children’s language acquisition at school, but the school also has an impact on the families’ language practices at home. In sum, we argue that educational policies should therefore pay justice to the wishes of families in Latvia to incorporate different language aspects into individual educational trajectories.
Originality:
Language policy is a frequent topic of investigation in the Baltic states. However, there has been a lack in research on family language policy and school choices. In this vein, our paper adds to the understanding of educational choices and language policy processes among Russian-speaking families and the international community in Latvia.
Wie können Kinder und Jugendliche ihren mehrsprachigen Alltag im Mannheimer Vielfaltsquartier Neckarstadt-West erforschen – gemeinsam mit Forschenden des Leibniz-Instituts für Deutsche Sprache und seinen Kooperationspartnern, dem Campus Neckarstadt-West, der Alten Feuerwache Mannheim gGmbH und dem Verein Neckarstadt Kids e.V.?
Wir wollen die Potenziale von Citizen Science in einem sprachbezogenen Projekt ausloten:
- für die Etablierung vertrauensvoller Zusammenarbeit zwischen den jungen Citizen Scientists und der sprachwissenschaftlichen Forschung,
- für hochwertige Bildungsangebote im Sinne der UN-Nachhaltigkeitsziele und
- für neue Impulse im Bereich der Sprachkontakt- und Mehrsprachigkeitsforschung.
In diesem Beitrag skizzieren wir die Ziele, Fragen und Methoden unseres Projekts und geben Einblicke in die bisher durchgeführten und im Jahr 2023 geplanten Aktionen.
“Die Sprach-Checker” (Eng. “Language Checkers”) are young citizen scientists from Mannheim’s highly diverse district Neckarstadt-West. Together with linguists, they investigate a tremendous treasure: their own multilingualism. They are exploring and (re)discovering their own languages and the other languages used in their environment while documenting and reflecting on their everyday experiences in and with different linguistic practices. Our aim is to raise awareness of their strengths and to promote appreciation for their language biographies, thus fostering a sense of identification with one’s own linguistic surroundings. Such a joint research endeavour offers empirical opportunities to address (linguistic) issues of societal relevance by collecting authentic data from the multicultural district and involving its residents and local stakeholders. In this paper, we will provide insights regarding the project’s background, conception, and outcomes. We address everyone who is planning or conducting a citizen science project with young people, especially children and adolescents, or who works at the interface between science and society.
Wie die Eule erkunden große & kleine Sprach-Checker ihre Neckarstadt-West. Kommt mit auf Entdeckungsreise!
Das Buch „Der Wörter-Sammel-Koffer“ ist ein Werk der Sprach-Checker. Es entstand im Rahmen des Projekts „Die Sprach-Checker - So sprechen wir in der Neckarstadt“ (Leitung: Dr. Christine Möhrs & Elena Schoppa-Briele) des Leibniz-Instituts für Deutsche Sprache (IDS), Mannheim, in Zusammenarbeit mit der Kinderbuchautorin und Illustratorin Anke Faust, dem Campus Neckarstadt-West, den Neckarstadt-Kids sowie der Alten Feuerwache Mannheim.
Aus den vielen witzigen Ideen der Kinder entwickelte sich die Geschichte um die Eule, die anschließend mit Wasserfarben, Farbstiften und viel Phantasie von den Sprach-Checkern illustriert wurde.
Picnick and Sauerkraut: German–English intra-writer variation in script and language (1867–1900)
(2023)
Intra-writer variation is a wide-spread phenomenon that nevertheless has received only limited research attention so far. Different addressees, bi- and multilingualism, or changing life phases are among the factors that contribute to such variation. In a study of diary entries by one writer covering three decades (1867–1900), this chapter investigates patterns of intra-writer variation between German and English (language and script) in nineteenth-century Canada, with a special focus on single word borrowings, person reference and place names. The long-term perspective provides a unique insight into the dynamics of a bilingual writer’s emerging sociolinguistic competence as reflected by the flexible yet structured use of his resources within the social space of a bilingual community.
Die Sprach-Checker: Der Wörter-Sammel-Koffer oder Eule Elli & ihre neuen Freunde aus der Neckarstadt
(2023)
Wie die Eule Elli erkunden große & kleine Sprach-Checker ihre Neckarstadt-West. Kommt mit auf Entdeckungsreise!
Das Buch „Der Wörter-Sammel-Koffer“ ist ein Werk der Sprach-Checker. Es entstand im Rahmen des Projekts „Die Sprach-Checker - So sprechen wir in der Neckarstadt“ (Leitung: Dr. Christine Möhrs & Elena Schoppa-Briele) des Leibniz-Instituts für Deutsche Sprache (IDS), Mannheim, in Zusammenarbeit mit der Kinderbuchautorin und Illustratorin Anke Faust, dem Campus Neckarstadt-West, den Neckarstadt-Kids sowie der Alten Feuerwache Mannheim.
Aus den vielen witzigen Ideen der Kinder entwickelte sich die Geschichte um Eule Elli, die anschließend mit Wasserfarben, Farbstiften und viel Phantasie von den Sprach-Checkern illustriert wurde.