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The chapter on formats and models for lexicons deals with different available data formats of lexical resources. It elaborates on their structure and possible uses. Motivated by the restrictions in merging different lexical resources based on widely spread formalisms and international standards, a formal lexicon model for lexical resources is developed which is related to graph structures in annotations. For lexicons this model is termed the Lexicon Graph. Within this model the concepts of lexicon entries and lexical structures frequently described in the literature are formally defined and examples are given. The article addresses the problem of ambiguity in those formal terms. An implementation based on XML and XML technology such as XQuery for the defined structures is given. The relation to international standards is included as well.
Grammatiktheoretische Forschung, das hat die jüngste IDS-Jahrestagung wieder einmal plastisch vor Augen geführt, muss gedacht werden als zähes Ringen zweier grundsätzlich antagonistischer Prinzipien: Der reichhaltigen Fülle sprachlicher Okkurrenzen, deren gründlicher Auslotung ein beträchtlicher Teil der gegenwärtigen sprachtheoretisch und sprachtechnologisch ausgerichteten Anstrengung gewidmet ist, muss stets der Versuch gegenüberstehen, diese überbordende Varianz abstrahierend und generalisierend einzudämmen – ohne dabei die empirischen Befunde übermäßig und unzulässig zu nivellieren.
DIL is a bilingual (German-Italian) online dictionary of linguistics. It is still under construction and contains 240 lemmas belonging to the subfield of “German as a Foreign Language”, but other subfields are in preparation. DIL is an open dictionary; participation of experts from various subfields is welcome. The dictionary is intended for a user group with different levels of knowledge, therefore it is a multifunctional dictionary. An analysis of existing dictionaries, either in their online or written form, was essential in order to make important decisions for the macro- or microstructure of DIL; the results are discussed. Criteria for the selection of entries and an example of an entry conclude the article.
Consistency of reference structures is an important issue in lexicography and dictionary research, especially with respect to information on sense-related items. In this paper, the systematic challenges of this area (e.g. ‘non-reversed reference’, bidirectional linking being realised as unidirectional structures) will be outlined, and the problems which can be caused by these challenges for both lexicographers and dictionary users will be discussed. The paper also discusses how text-technological Solutions may help to provide Support for the consistency of sense-related pairings during the process of compiling a dictionary.
Der Beitrag stellt Arbeiten des Projekts Usuelle Wortverbindungen am Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS) in Mannheim vor. Im Mittelpunkt stehen dabei neue Perspektiven, die sich für die elektronische Phraseographie aus der korpusanalytischen Auswertung sprachlicher Massendaten ergeben. Eine wichtige Methode ist die statistische Kookkurrenzanalyse, die u.a. dazu dient, feste Wortverbindungen zu extrahieren und typische Kontexte vorzustrukturieren. Auf dieser Basis lässt sich der tatsächliche Gebrauch fester Wortverbindungen in einer quantitativ und qualitativ neuen Dimension erfassen und lexikografisch beschreiben. Die heutigen technologischen Möglichkeiten können des Weiteren für neue und differenziertere Präsentationsformen angepasst an unterschiedliche Rezeptionsbedürfnisse genutzt werden. Das UWV-Projekt beschreitet auch im Bereich der Internet-Lexikografie neue Wege, was anhand ausgewählter Beispiele gezeigt wird.
The Online-Wortschatz-Informationssystem Deutsch (OWID Online German Lexical Information System) is a lexicographic Internet portal for various electronic dictionary resources that are being compiled at the Institute for the German Language (Institut für Deutsche Sprache, IDS). The main emphasis of OWID is on academic lexicographic resources of contemporary German. Presently, the following dictionaries are included in OWID: a dictionary of contemporary German called elexiko, a dictionary of neologisms, a small dictionary of collocations, and a discourse dictionary covering the lexemes that establish the discourse about “guilt” in the early post-war era 1945-1955. In the near future (2010/2011), several additional dictionaries will be published in OWID: a Textbook of German Communication Verbs, a Valency Dictionary of German Verbs, two further discourse dictionaries – one about the “democracy” discourse around 1968, the other covering the keywords of the German reunification 1989/1990. Moreover, 300 entries from a corpus-based project on proverbs will be integrated into OWID. Thereby, OWID is a constantly growing resource for academic lexicographic work of the German language.
Altogether, OWID is a special kind of dictionary portal owing to its content and its design, namely the integration of the various dictionaries, the access possibilities and the presentation features. With OWID, we try to establish a dictionary net where the different resources are jointly accessible not only by headwords, but also on the microstructural level. Prerequisite for these common access- and navigation-possibilities across the various dictionaries is the same concept for the lexicographic data model which we put into practice in OWID. Data from all dictionaries in OWID are structured according to a tailor-made, fine-granular, XML-based data model. In this data model, similar content is modelled similarly, dictionary related differences are preserved.
The main tasks for the future are to enhance OWID with further dictionary resources, to improve the inner access structures so that they exhaust the possibilities of the data model, and to customize the layout of the dictionaries as well as the search options according to the user’s needs