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"Mit sofortiger Wirkung" : Deutsche Rücktrittserklärungen 2010 aus linguistischer Perspektive
(2011)
2010 war für die Bundesrepublik ein Jahr der Rücktritte aus zentralen Machtbereichen der Politik, Kirche und Verwaltung. Die Funktionsträger vermittelten den Eindruck „als sei ihnen die Gestaltung dieses Landes nicht mehr wichtig genug, um ihr Leben damit zu füllen“ (Bartsch 2010, 66). In diesem Aufsatz stehen nicht die Vorgeschichte, Gründe oder die Bewertung von Rücktritten im Vordergrund, sondern die linguistische Perspektive – d.h. die sprachliche Ausgestaltung sowie die Funktionen der Textsorte Rücktrittserklärung.
"Themengebundene Verwendung(en)" als neuer Angabetyp unter der Rubrik "Besonderheiten des Gebrauchs"
(2011)
Der Lehrer, der an der Tafel steht und rechnet, gilt als Inbegriff des Mathematikunterrichts. Der Topos kommt nicht von ungefähr: Das Lösen von Übungsaufgaben im fragend-entwickelnden Unterrichtsgespräch nimmt bei der Vermittlung von Mathematik zumindest in den oberen Schulstufen nach wie vor eine wichtige Stellung ein. Doch was macht eine Lehrperson genau, wenn sie gemeinsam mit den Lernenden eine Übungsaufgabe löst? Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt eine empirisch fundierte Antwort auf diese Frage. Er beruht auf audiovisuellen Aufnahmen, die in einer Mathematikstunde an einer Fachhochschule entstanden. Die Analyse zeichnet das konkrete Handeln eines Dozenten nach, der an der Tafel die Lösung einer Übungsaufgabe zu Ungleichungen erarbeitet. Der Dozent reagiert damit auf die Bemerkung einer Studentin, sie könne mit dem Thema ‘Ungleichungen’ „gar nichts anfangen“. Das Lösen der Aufgabe lässt sich also als Verfahren konzeptionalisieren, mit dem der Dozent eine konkrete Anforderung bearbeitet, die sich aus der Interaktion mit den Studierenden ergeben hat.
To build a comparable Wikipedia corpus of German, French, Italian, Norwegian, Polish and Hungarian for contrastive grammar research, we used a set of XSLT stylesheets to transform the mediawiki anntations to XML. Furthermore, the data has been amnntated with word class information using different taggers. The outcome is a corpus with rich meta data and linguistic annotation that can be used for multilingual research in various linguistic topics.
Linguistic query systems are special purpose IR applications. We present a novel state-of-the-art approach for the efficient exploitation of very large linguistic corpora, combining the advantages of relational database management systems (RDBMS) with the functional MapReduce programming model. Our implementation uses the German DEREKO reference corpus with multi-layer linguistic annotations and several types of text-specific metadata, but the proposed strategy is language-independent and adaptable to large-scale multilingual corpora.
XML has been designed for creating structured documents, but the information that is encoded in these structures are, by definition, out of scope for XML. Additional sources, normally not easily interpretable by computers, such as documentation are needed to determine the intention of specific tags in a tag-set. The Component Metadata Infrastructure (CMDI) takes a rather pragmatic approach to foster interoperability between XML instances in the domain of metadata descriptions for language resources. This paper gives an overview of this approach.
This article presents a revised version of GAT, a transcription system first devel-oped by a group of German conversation analysts and interactional linguists in 1998. GAT tries to follow as many principles and conventions as possible of the Jefferson-style transcription used in Conversation Analysis, yet proposes some conventions which are more compatible with linguistic and phonetic analyses of spoken language, especially for the representation of prosody in talk-in-interaction. After ten years of use by researchers in conversation and discourse analysis, the original GAT has been revised, against the background of past experience and in light of new necessities for the transcription of corpora arising from technologi-cal advances and methodological developments over recent years. The present text makes GAT accessible for the English-speaking community. It presents the GAT 2 transcription system with all its conventions and gives detailed instructions on how to transcribe spoken interaction at three levels of delicacy: minimal, basic and fine. In addition, it briefly introduces some tools that may be helpful for the user: the German online tutorial GAT-TO and the transcription editing software FOLKER.
This paper formulates a proposal for standardising spoken language transcription, as practised in conversation analysis, sociolinguistics, dialectology and related fields, with the help of the TEI guidelines. Two areas relevant to standardisation are identified and discussed: first, the macro structure of transcriptions, as embodied in the data models and file formats of transcription tools such as ELAN, Praat or EXMARaLDA; second, the micro structure of transcriptions as embodied in transcription conventions such as CA, HIAT or GAT. A two-step process is described in which first the macro structure is represented in a generic TEI format based on elements defined in the P5 version of the Guidelines. In the second step, character data in this representation is parsed according to the regularities of a transcription convention resulting in a more fine-grained TEI markup which is also based on P5. It is argued that this two step process can, on the one hand, map idiosyncratic differences in tool formats and transcription conventions onto a unified representation. On the other hand, differences motivated by different theoretical decisions can be retained in a manner which still allows a common processing of data from different sources. In order to make the standard usable in practice, a conversion tool—TEI Drop—is presented which uses XSL transformations to carry out the conversion between different tool formats (CHAT, ELAN, EXMARaLDA, FOLKER and Transcriber) and the TEI representation of transcription macro structure (and vice versa) and which also provides methods for parsing the micro structure of transcriptions according to two different transcription conventions (HIAT and cGAT). Using this tool, transcribers can continue to work with software they are familiar with while still producing TEI-conformant transcription files. The paper concludes with a discussion of the work needed in order to establish the proposed standard. It is argued that both tool formats and the TEI guidelines are in a sufficiently mature state to serve as a basis for standardisation. Most work consequently remains in analysing and standardising differences between different transcription conventions.