Deutsche Sprache im Ausland
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Zu Geschichte und Gegenwart der deutschen Sprachinseln in Russland und der ehemaligen Sowjetunion
(2006)
This essay deals with the German speaking islands in Russia and the territories of the former Soviet Union. There will be an overview of the formation and historical development of the linguistic islands (in the 19th and 20th centuries), and the present situation of the german linguistic islands in Russia is described. The development is marked by an abrupt change in the situation, that is, migration and emigration to Germany. As a result, almost all the old well functioning German linguistic islands have recently ceased to exist. Also in the recently formed so-called German National Districts, language loss has progressed fairly rapidly. At the present, it is not clear if the German language islands have any future at all.
German loanwords are found in many languages in the South Pacific, in particular in those areas which were under German administration before WW I. The Austronesian languages in this area differ greatly with respect to the number of lexemes of German origin. The paper focuses on two languages of Micronesia, namely Palauan, with a comparatively high number of German loans, and Kosraean which had no German influence on its lexicon. The paperconsiders the balance of factors that contribute to the different loanword amounts. That German was taught in local schools for up to two decades did not, by itself, enhance borrowing from German. More weighty factors for the amount of borrowings from German are the length and strength of language contact with English and the use of German as a means of communication in particular settings in the years before WW I.
Zwischen Hawaii und Neuseeland, Neuguinea und der Osterinsel erstreckt sich die Inselwelt des Pazifiks, die wir als „Südsee“ kennen. Traditionell wird sie in drei große Inselgebiete aufgeteilt: Polynesien im Osten, Mikronesien im Nordwesten und Melanesien im Westen (s. Abb. 1 auf Seite 3). Die Südsee weist eine Sprachenvielfalt auf wie kaum eine andere Region der Erde. Überraschenderweise haben dabei nicht wenige der etwa 1000 Sprachen, die in der Südsee gesprochen werden, deutsche Lehnwörter in ihren Wortschatz integriert. So stößt man auf Wörter wie kaisa im Samoanischen (aus dt. Kaiser), kumi im Marshallesischen (aus dt. Gummi) und karmoból im Palauischen (aus dt. Grammophon).