Sprache im 20. Jahrhundert. Gegenwartssprache
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In literate societies linguistic competence includes speaking as well as writing. Talking and writing are rather different activities, therefore one should expect that in foreign language teaching (and especially in german-as-foreign-language teaching) both parts are included in equal proportions. However, the practise of teaching shows that written language is dominant and spoken language lives a shadow existence (section 1). In the following I will give five reasons as to why spoken language stands in the background and why it is such a bulky and clumsy subject (section 2). After which I will characterise two points of view one can take in regards to the magnitude of the differences between spoken and written language (section 3) and I will describe some of the central differences (section 4). Finally, 1 will formulate some consequences of this study for foreign language teaching, and I will argue that the difficulties connected with spoken language should be confronted, as in my opinion spoken language is an indispensable part of foreign language teaching (section 5).
In meinem Beitrag benenne ich fünf Gründe, warum die gesprochene Sprache im DaF-Unterricht, aber auch generell in der Sprachwissenschaft im Hintergrund steht und ein sperriger, schwer zu handhabender Gegenstand ist (Abschnitt 2). Sodann charakterisiere ich zwei unterschiedliche Positionen zum Ausmaß der Unterschiede zwischen gesprochener und geschriebener Sprache und beschreibe einige zentrale Unterschiede (Abschnitt 3). Abschließend formuliere ich einige Konsequenzen, die sich hieraus für den Fremdsprachen- und DaF-Unterricht ergeben, und plädiere dafür, sich die Schwierigkeiten, die mit einer Berücksichtigung der gesprochenen Sprache verbunden sind, bewusst zu machen und sich ihnen zu stellen, denn gesprochene Sprache ist meines Erachtens ein unverzichtbarer Bestandteil des fremdsprachlichen Unterrichts (Abschnitt 4).
While written corpora can be exploited without any linguistic annotations, speech corpora need at least a basic transcription to be of any use for linguistic research. The basic annotation of speech data usually consists of time-aligned orthographic transcriptions. To answer phonetic or phonological research questions, phonetic transcriptions are needed as well. However, manual annotation is very time-consuming and requires considerable skill and near-native competence. Therefore it can take years of speech corpus compilation and annotation before any analyses can be carried out. In this paper, approaches that address the transcription bottleneck of speech corpus exploitation are presented and discussed, including crowdsourcing the orthographic transcription, automatic phonetic alignment, and query-driven annotation. Currently, query-driven annotation and automatic phonetic alignment are being combined and applied in two speech research projects at the Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS), whereas crowdsourcing the orthographic transcription still awaits implementation.