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Vernetzung statt Vereinheitlichung. Digitale Forschungsinfrastrukturen in den Geisteswissenschaften
(2014)
Die Entwicklung der digitalen Infrastruktur am Hamburger Zentrum für Sprachkorpora (HZSK) kann als Beispiel für die Evolution individueller technischer Einzellösungen hin zu fachspezifischen virtuellen Arbeits- und Forschungsumgebungen, die im Rahmen supranationaler Forschungsinfrastrukturen für die digitalen Geisteswissenschaften miteinander vernetzt sind, angesehen werden. Im Fokus steht im konkreten Fall des HZSK die Sicherung der langfristigen Zugänglichkeit von Forschungsdaten (multimedialen Daten gesprochener Sprache) durch die Entwicklung einer virtuellen Forschungsumgebung, die einerseits an die zentrenbasierte Forschungsinfrastruktur CLARIN-D angebunden ist und andererseits fachspezifische Benutzerschnittstellen schafft.
Scripted reality shows oscillate between fiction and nonfiction because based on a script they use amateur actors but also adopt the aesthetics of documentary-style reality television. Perception studies have proven that many viewers mistake the contents of such programs as everyday reality. An adequate framework to reveal these ambiguous relations needs to combine the product analysis with the additional analysis of the production aspects. That includes developing a categorization for (scripted) reality television, a combined analysis of the product and its production, and an analysis of the perception of scripted reality on television and through corresponding social media sites.
"Badeölgrüne Buchten", "kükengelbes Haar" und "tomatenrote Tomaten" - Vergleiche mit Farbadjektiven
(2014)
Bezeichnungen für Personen, die sich nicht in ihrem Heimatland aufhalten (z.B. Migrant, Ausländer, Flüchtling) werden in der Sprachgemeinschaft häufig wertend und kontrovers verwendet. In dem Beitrag wird gezeigt, dass die allgemeinsprachige Lexikografie diesen Aspekt bislang nicht angemessen berücksichtigt – weder in der korpusgestützten, methodischen Erfassung und Analyse von Sprachdaten noch in der beschreibenden Darstellung. Am Beispiel von elexiko werden Ansätze vorgestellt, die das Potenzial besitzen, dieses Desiderat einzulösen.
Once a new word or a new meaning is added to a monolingual dictionary, the lexicographer is to provide a definition of this item. This paper focuses on the methodological challenges in writing such definitions. After a short discussion of the central terminology (method and definition), the article describes factors which inform this process: linguistic theories, linguistic and lexicographical methods, and types of definitions. Using the example of elexiko, a dictionary project of the Institute for the German language (IDS) in Mannheim, Germany, the paper finally showcases the compilation of definitions in a monolingual online dictionary of contemporary German.
The variation of the strong genitive marker of the singular noun has been treated by diverse accounts. Still there is a consensus that it is to a large extent systematic but can be approached appropriately only if many heterogeneous factors are taken into account. Over thirty variables influencing this variation have been proposed. However, it is actually unclear how effective they can be, and above all, how they interact. In this paper, the potential influencing variables are evaluated statistically in a machine learning approach and modelled in decision trees in order to predict the genitive marking variants. Working with decision trees based exclusively on statistically significant data enables us to determine what combination of factors is decisive in the choice of a marking variant of a given noun. Consequently the variation factors can be assessed with respect to their explanatory power for corpus data and put in a hierarchized order.
In the present-day Germanic languages, free relatives (FRs) share formal properties with indirect question in that both constructions are introduced by w-pronouns. However, at least in German (and historical stages of a larger set of languages, including English), there is an additional pattern which involves the use of d-pronouns such as German der/die/das ‘that.masc./fem./neut.’, which typically introduce headed relative clauses. Focusing on presentday German, this paper shows that d-FRs are set apart from w-FRs by a number of properties including syntactic distribution in the matrix clause, behavior with respect to matching effects, inventory of pronominal forms, and semantic interpretation. From these observations, it is concluded that d-FRs should not be analyzed on a par with w-FRs. More precisely, we argue that d-FRs are in fact regular headed (restrictive) relative clauses where the relative pronoun has been deleted under identity with a demonstrative antecedent. This apparent instance of syntactic haplology is then analyzed as resulting from the same mechanism that eliminates copies/traces in movement dependencies.
In recent years, new developments in the area of lexicography have altered not only the management, processing and publishing of lexicographical data, but also created new types of products such as electronic dictionaries and thesauri. These expand th range of possible uses of lexical data and support users with more flexibility, for instance in assisting human translation. In this article, we give a short and easy-to-understand introduction to the problematic nature of the storage, display and interpretation of lexical data. We then describe the main methods and specifications used to build and represent lexical data.
The methods utilized in the area of research into dictionary use are established research methods in the social sciences. After explicating the different steps of a typical empirical investigation, this article provides examples of how these different methods are used in various user studies conducted in the field of using online dictionaries. Thereby, different kinds of data collection (surveys as online questionnaires, log files and eye tracking) as well as different research design structures (for instance, ex-post-facto design or experimental design) are discussed.
In dem Beitrag diskutieren die Autoren die deutschdidaktische Behauptung (u. a. Dürscheid 2007), dass ein zusätzliches Angebot von Grammatikunterricht im Fach Deutsch der Sekundarstufe II zu besseren und langfristig anhaltenden expliziten Grammatikkenntnissen des Deutschen führt. Laut curricularen Vorgaben ist für die Klassen neun bis zwölf kein Grammatikunterricht vorgesehen. Ob ein solches Angebot tatsächlich zu entsprechend besseren Ergebnissen führt, ist empirisch nicht belegt. Die Autoren konzipieren daher eine longitudinale Untersuchung zur Leistungserhebung, in der zwei Vergleichsgruppen jährlich einmal Aufgaben, aufbauend auf den VERA-8-Arbeiten, in den Klassen acht bis zwölf bearbeiten. Nur eine der beiden Gruppen hat ab Klasse neun am expliziten Grammatikunterricht in Form einer kontrollierten Selbstlerneinheit teilgenommen. Es sollen hierbei dieselben 1000 Schüler befragt werden. Die Befragung erfolgt in den Schuljahren 2014 bis 2018. Das Projekt „Grammatische Kenntnisse in der Sekundarstufe II (GramKidSII)“ wird finanziert vom Institut für Deutsche Sprache in Mannheim.
This article presents an approach that supports the creation of personal learning environments (PLE) suitable for self-regulated learning (SRL). PLEs became very popular in recent years offering more personal freedom to learners than traditional learning environments. However, creating and configuring PLEs demand specific meta-skills that not all learners have. This situation leads to the challenge how learners can be supported to create PLEs that are useful to achieve their intended learning outcomes. The theory of SRL describes learners as self-regulated if they are capable of taking over control of the own learning process. Grounding on that theory, a model has been elaborated that offers guidance for the creation of PLEs containing tools for cognitive and meta-cognitive learning activities. The implementation of this approach has been done in the context of the ROLE infrastructure. A quantitative and qualitative evaluation with teachers describes advantages and ideas for improvement.
Eine Umschau in jüngeren sprachwissenschaftlichen Arbeiten zeigt einen häufig betonten engen Zusammenhang von Sprache und Identität, vor allem den der eigenen Sprache und der ethnischen Identität. Dass aber Sprache in einem zwei- oder mehrsprachigen Kontext nur eine Ressource einer Identitätskonstruktion sein kann, wird selten herausgestellt. Der nachstehende Aufsatz untersucht als charakteristisches Beispiel einer gelösten Bindung von Sprache und ethnischer Identität die Minderheit der deutschen Aussiedler aus der ehemaligen Sowjetunion. Im Vordergrund steht dabei die zweite Generation, bei der ihr Zugehörigkeitsgefühl zur ethnischen Identität als Deutsche trotz der erfolgten Sprachumstellung sich nicht oder selten verändert hat.
Der Beitrag behandelt die Frage, inwiefern es sich bei den gegenwärtigen Russlanddeutschen (Erwachsenen und Jugendlichen der ersten Generation, Einwanderungswelle der 1990er Jahre aus Sprachinseln) um Re-Migranten handelt, welche Veränderungen in den Varietätenrepertoires stattfinden und welche Schwierigkeiten und Probleme, aber auch Vorteile sich durch diese spezifische Migrationskonfiguration für die zugewanderten Russlanddeutschen ergeben. Die besondere Situation der Re-Migration mit der spezifischen linguistisch-soziolinguistischen Problematik wird durch Beispiele aus dem aktuellen IDS-Projekt „Migrationslinguistik“ veranschaulicht. Einerseits liegen besondere varietätenlinguistische Konstellationen vor, die bei der russlanddeutschen Migrantenpopulation generationenspezifische Konturen aufweisen. Dadurch entstehen andererseits unikale linguistische Sprachkontaktbedingungen, die die sprachlich-kommunikative Integration und den Erhalt der Migrantensprache Russisch in besonderer Weise beeinflussen können.
This paper investigates the syntactic behaviour of adverbial clauses in contemporary German and Italian. It focuses on three main questions: (i) How many degrees of syntactic integration of adverbial clauses are there to be distinguished by an adequate grammatical description of the two languages? (ii) Which linear and hierarchical positions in the structure of the matrix sentence can be occupied by adverbial clauses? (iii) Which is the empirical distribution of adverbial clauses introduced by the conjunctions als, während, wenn, obwohl and weil in German, as well as quando, mentre, se, sebbene and perché in Italian?
Responding to question (i), a distinction is drawn between strongly integrated, weakly integrated and syntactically disintegrated adverbial clauses. There are further degrees on the gradient of syntactic integration, which are not examined in this paper. Responding to question (ii), eight classes of structural positions in the matrix sentence are identified that can be occupied by adverbial clauses. Five of them are positions of syntactic integration, three are positions of disintegration. Responding to question (iii), the distribution of the ten classes of adverbial clauses is described on the basis of a corpus of internet data. Strongly integrated, weakly integrated and disintegrated adverbial clauses show clearly different distributions within the structure of the matrix sentence. Also the semantic classes of adverbial clauses (temporal, adversative, conditional, concessive, causal) are distributed differently.
The article investigates the conditions under which the w-relativizer was appears instead of the d-relativzer das in German relative clauses. Building on Wiese 2013, we argue that was constitutes the elsewhere case that applies when identification with the antecedent cannot be established by syntactic means via upward agreement with respect to phi-features. Corpuslinguistic results point to the conclusion that this is the case whenever there is no lexical nominal in the antecedent that, following Geach 1962 and Baker 2003, supplies a criterion of identity needed to establish sameness of reference between the antecedent and the relativizer.