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The present investigation targets the phenomenon commonly called control. Many languages including German and Polish employ non-finite clauses (besides finite clauses) as propositional complements. The subject of these complement clauses is left unexpressed and must generally be interpreted co-referentially with the subject or object of the matrix clause (subject or object control). However. there are also infinitive-selecting verbs that do not allow for a co- referential interpretation of the embedded subject - semantically, the embedded infinitives of these anti-control verbs are thus less dependent on or less unifiable with the matrix proposition. In Polish anti-control constructions, non-finite complements are overtly marked with the complementizer zeby, suggesting that they are structurally more complex (namely. containing a C-projection) than the non-finite complements in control constructions lacking zeby (modulo special contexts. viz. 'control switch'). In a comparative perspective, the paper brings corpuslinguistic and experimental evidence to bear on the question whether surface appearances notwithstanding, the infinitival complements of anti-control verbs in German should similarly be analyzed as truly sentential, i.e., C-headed structures.
The paper deals with the use of ICH WEIß NICHT (‘I don’t know’) in German talk-in-interaction. Pursuing an Interactional Linguistics approach, we identify different interactional uses of ICH WEIß NICHT and discuss their relationship to variation in argument structure (SV (O), (O)VS, V-only). After ICH WEIß NICHT with full complementation, speakers emphasize their lack of knowledge or display reluctance to answer. In contrast, after variants without an object complement, in contrast, speakers display uncertainty about the truth of the following proposition or about its sufficiency as an answer. Thus, while uses with both subject and object tend to close a sequence or display lack of knowledge, responses without an object, in contrast, function as a prepositioned epistemic hedge or a pragmatic marker framing the following TCU. When ICH WEIß NICHT is used in response to a statement, it indexes disagreement (independently from all complementation patterns).
Our paper deals with the use of ICH WEIß NICHT (‘I don’t know’) in German talk-in-interaction. Pursuing an Interactional Linguistics approach, we identify different interactional uses of ICH WEIß NICHT and discuss their relationship to variation in argument structure (SV (O), (O)VS, V-only). After ICH WEIß NICHT with full complementation, speakers emphasize their lack of knowledge or display reluctance to answer. In contrast, after variants without an object complement, in contrast, speakers display uncertainty about the truth of the following proposition or about its sufficiency as an answer. Thus, while uses with both subject and object tend to close a sequence or display lack of knowledge, responses without an object, in contrast, function as a prepositioned epistemic hedge or a pragmatic marker framing the following TCU. When ICH WEIß NICHT is used in response to a statement, it indexes disagreement (independently from all complementation patterns).
This study investigates high vowel laxing in the Louisiana French of the Lafourche Basin. Unlike Canadian French, in which the high vowels /i, y, u/ are traditionally described as undergoing laxing (to [I, Y, U]) in word-final syllables closed by any consonant other than a voiced fricative (see Poliquin 2006), Oukada (1977) states that in the Louisiana French of Lafourche Parish, any coda consonant will trigger high vowel laxing of /i/; he excludes both /y/ and /u/ from his discussion of high vowel laxing. The current study analyzes tokens of /i, y, u/ from pre-recorded interviews with three older male speakers from Terrebonne Parish. We measured the first and second formants and duration for high vowel tokens produced in four phonetic environments, crossing syllable type (open vs. closed) by consonant type (voiced fricative vs. any consonant other than a voiced fricative). Results of the acoustic analysis show optional laxing for /i/ and /y/ and corroborate the finding that high vowels undergo laxing in word-final closed syllables, regardless of consonant type. Data for /u/ show that the results vary widely by speaker, with the dominant pattern (shown by two out of three speakers) that of lowering and backing in the vowel space of closed syllable tokens. Duration data prove inconclusive, likely due to the effects of stress. The formant data published here constitute the first acoustic description of high vowels for any variety of Louisiana French and lay the groundwork for future study on these endangered varieties.
Aktuelle Änderungen des Rats für deutsche Rechtschreibung 2016 - Hintergründe und Begründungen
(2016)
A model of grammar needs to reconcile the undesirability inherent to allomorphy, the apparent extra burden on learning and memory, with its occurrence and possible stability. OT approaches this task by positing an anti-allomorphy constraint, henceforth referred to as "OO-correspondence", which requires leveling (i.e. sameness of sound structure) in related word forms (Benua 1997). The occurrence of allomorphy then indicates crucial domination of OO-correspondence by other constraints. To assess the adequacy of this proposal it is necessary to establish the level of abstractness at which OO-correspondence applies and to examine the consequences of this decision for ranking order. While proponents of OT tacitly assume the level in question to be rather concrete, the notion of allomorphy as originally envisioned in Structuralism was defined by distinctness at a more abstract level referred to as "phonemic" (Harris 1942; Nida 1944). The basic intuition here is that the defining property of subphonemic sound properties, their conditionedness by context, entails that whatever burden they put on learning and memory is of a fundamentally different nature than that entailed by phonemic distinctness. The evidence from German supports that intuition in that leveling can be shown to target phonemic sound structure to the exclusion of subphonemic properties. Allomorphy, defined by phonemic alterna-tion, tends to serve phonological optimization in closed class items (function words, affixes) while serving to express morphological distinctions in open class items. The key to demonstrating the correlations in question lies in the discernment of phonemic structure, which is therefore at the core of the article.
This article describes an English Zulu learners’ dictionary that is part of a larger set of information tools, namely an online Zulu course, an e-dictionary of possessives (which was implemented earlier) accompanied by training software offering translation tasks on several levels, and an ontology of morphemic items categorizing and describing all parts of speech of Zulu. The underlying lexicographic database contains the usual type of lexicographic data, such as translation equivalents and their respective morphosyntactic data, but its entries have been extended with data related to the lessons of the online course in order to enable the learner to link both tools autonomously. The ‘outer matter’ is integrated into the website in the form of several texts on additional web pages (how-to-use, typical outputs, grammar tables, information on morphosyntactic rules, etc.). The dictionary comprises a modular system, where each module fulfils one of the necessary functions.
Im Verlauf der Geschehnisse in der arabischen Welt seit 2011 gewann der Begriff Arabischer Frühling an Bedeutung und avancierte zum Leitausdruck des Diskurses. Der Beitrag geht den Fragen nach, wie der Begriff Arabischer Frühling in der deutschsprachigen Öffentlichkeit sprachlich realisiert, mit welchen sprachlichen Mitteln er konstruiert und mit welchen Ereignissen – zuweilen auch Katastrophen – er identifiziert wurde bzw. wird. Dabei wird auf die symbolische Funktion des Frühlings sowohl aus historischer Perspektive der Vormärzzeit als auch aus heutiger Sicht eingegangen. Im Blickfeld der Untersuchung stehen darüber hinaus die Jahreszeitenbezeichnungen Winter, Herbst und Sommer und ihr symbolisches Verhältnis zu den arabischen Revolutionen.
In their analysis of methods that participants use to manage the realization of practical courses of action, Kendrick and Drew (2016/this issue) focus on cases of assistance, where the need to be addressed is Self’s, and Other lends a helping hand. In our commentary, we point to other forms of cooperative engagement that are ubiquitously recruited in interaction. Imperative requests characteristically expect compliance on the grounds of Other’s already established commitment to a wider and shared course of actions. Established commitments can also provide the engine behind recruitment sequences that proceed nonverbally. And forms of cooperative engagement that are well glossed as assistance can nevertheless be demonstrably oriented to established commitments. In sum, we find commitment to shared courses of action to be an important element in the design and progression of certain recruitment sequences, where the involvement of Other is best defined as contribution. The commentary highlights the importance of interdependent orientations in the organization of cooperation. Data are in German, Italian, and Polish.
Smiling individuals are usually perceived more favorably than non-smiling ones—they are judged as happier, more attractive, competent, and friendly. These seemingly clear and obvious consequences of smiling are assumed to be culturally universal, however most of the psychological research is carried out in WEIRD societies (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic) and the influence of culture on social perception of nonverbal behavior is still understudied. Here we show that a smiling individual may be judged as less intelligent than the same non-smiling individual in cultures low on the GLOBE’s uncertainty avoidance dimension. Furthermore, we show that corruption at the societal level may undermine the prosocial perception of smiling—in societies with high corruption indicators, trust toward smiling individuals is reduced. This research fosters understanding of the cultural framework surrounding nonverbal communication processes and reveals that in some cultures smiling may lead to negative attributions.
Bericht über die 19. Arbeitstagung zur Gesprächsforschung vom 16. bis 18. März 2016 in Mannheim
(2016)
Bericht über die 19. Arbeitstagung zur Gesprächsforschung vom 16. bis 18. März 2016 in Mannheim
(2016)
Comparaison de deux marqueurs d’affirmation dans des séquences de co-construction: voilà et genau
(2016)
This contribution investigates the German response particle genau and the French response particle voilà within collaborative turn sequences in videotaped ordinary conversations. Adopting a conversation analytic approach to cross-linguistic comparison, I will show that the basic epistemic value of both particles allows them to be used in similar sequential environments. When a co-participant formulates a candidate conclusion in environments where it can be easily inferred from previous talk, first speakers may confirm the adequacy of the pre-emptive completion by voilà or genau. These particles may then also be followed by self- or other-repeats. The analyses aim to illustrate that participants rely on a variety of practices in order to positively assess a pre-emptive completion, and to refute a supposed binary opposition of refusal vs. acceptance in the receipt slot.
This paper is about the workflow for construction and dissemination of FOLK (Forschungs - und Lehrkorpus Gesprochenes Deutsch – Research and Teaching Corpus of Spoken German), a large corpus of authentic spoken interaction data, recorded on audio and video. Section 2 describes in detail the tools used in the individual steps of transcription, anonymization, orthographic normalization, lemmatization and POS tagging of the data, as well as some utilities used for corpus management. Section 3 deals with the DGD (Datenbank für Gesprochenes Deutsch - Database of Spoken German) as a tool for distributing completed data sets and making them available for qualitative and quantitative analysis. In section 4, some plans for further development are sketched.
Der vorliegende Aufsatz untersucht die Syntax und Semantik sogenannter Postponierer, d.h. konjunktionaler Konnektoren, die den von ihnen eingeleiteten Nebensatz dem Hauptsatz stets nachstellen. Anhand von sodass und zumal werden die Kerneigenschaften solcher Konnektoren im Deutschen vorgestellt. Am Beispiel der italienischen Konjunktionen cosicché, tanto più che und perché wird diskutiert, ob der Begriff des Postponierers für den Sprachvergleich genutzt werden kann. In einem nächsten Schritt werden die Postponierer des Deutschen unter Beiziehung sprachgeschichtlicher Argumente präziser beschrieben und im Übergangsfeld zwischen Adverbkonnektoren und Subjunktoren verortet. Es zeigt sich, dass die untersuchten Konnektoren sich letztlich sehr unterschiedlich verhalten, sodass es fraglich erscheint, ob ihre Zusammenfassung zu einer gemeinsamen Klasse gerechtfertigt ist.
In dem Beitrag wird das 2014 erschienene "Deutsch-russische Neologismenwörterbuch" vorgestellt, das besonders dem russischsprachigen Benutzer den neuen Wortschatz im Deutschen präsentiert, den er in Gesamtwörterbüchern meist vergeblich sucht. Auf einige Datentypen, d. h. Typen lexikografischer Informationen, wird genauer eingegangen, so auf die typischen Verwendungen der Stichwörter, auf die verschiedenartigen Verknüpfungen zwischen den Stichwörtern, auf die obligatorische Bedeutungserklärung und - ausführlich - auf die russischen Äquivalente.
When collecting linguistic data using translation tasks, stimuli can be presented in written or in oral form. In doing so, there is a possibility that a systematic source of error can occur that can be traced back to the selected survey method and which can influence the results of the translation tasks. This contribution investigates whether and to what extent both of the aforementioned survey methods result in divergent results when using translation tasks. For this investigation, 128 informants provided linguistic data; each informant had to translate 25 Wenker sentences from Standard German into either East Swabian, Lechrain or West Central Bavarian dialect, as the case may be. The results show two tendencies. First, written stimuli lead to a slightly higher number of dialectal translation in segmental variables. Second, when oral stimuli are used, syntactic and lexical variables are translated significantly more often in such a manner that they diverge from the template. The results can be explained in terms of varying cognitive processing operations and the constraints of human working memory. When collecting data in the future, these tendencies should be taken into account.
Dieser Beitrag fasst die wesentlichen Aussagen und Ergebnisse eines Workshops zusammen, der sieben Perspektiven auf die Untersuchung der Rolle des Deutschen im öffentlichen Raum zusammengebracht hat. Einige der vorgestellten Studien folgten dem seit Beginn der 2000er Jahre rasant an Popularität gewonnenen Ansatz der ‚Linguistic Landscapes‘. In anderen Beiträgen standen praktische Überlegungen zum Suchen von Beispielen der deutschen Sprache im Mittelpunkt, um diese im Kontext von DaF und Auslandsgermanistik sowie der Werbung für die deutsche Sprache einzusetzen. Ziel des Workshops war es, Gemeinsamkeiten und Perspektiven von diesen unter dem Schlagwort ‚Spot German‘ verorteten Studien mit der Linguistic Landscape-Tradition zu eruieren. Länder, aus denen Studien vorgestellt wurden, waren Estland, Lettland, Dänemark, Tschechien, Deutschland, Zypern und Malta.
Editorial
(2016)
Co-development of action, conceptualization and social interaction mutually scaffold and support each other within a virtuous feedback cycle in the development of human language in children. Within this framework, the purpose of this article is to bring together diverse but complementary accounts of research methods that jointly contribute to our understanding of cognitive development and in particular, language acquisition in robots. Thus, we include research pertaining to developmental robotics, cognitive science, psychology, linguistics and neuroscience, as well as practical computer science and engineering. The different studies are not at this stage all connected into a cohesive whole; rather, they are presented to illuminate the need for multiple different approaches that complement each other in the pursuit of understanding cognitive development in robots. Extensive experiments involving the humanoid robot iCub are reported, while human learning relevant to developmental robotics has also contributed useful results.
Disparate approaches are brought together via common underlying design principles. Without claiming to model human language acquisition directly, we are nonetheless inspired by analogous development in humans and consequently, our investigations include the parallel co-development of action, conceptualization and social interaction. Though these different approaches need to ultimately be integrated into a coherent, unified body of knowledge, progress is currently also being made by pursuing individual methods.
Current theories of the syntax-semantics interface associate aspects of meaning that cannot be traced to visible structure with empty projecting heads or constructions as wholes. We present an alternative compositional analysis of the hidden aspectual-temporal, modal or comparative meaning of inchoative, middle, excessive and directional complement constructions. Accord-ingly, the hidden meaning results from a repair mechanism that passes on a locally problematic meaning component to the next higher derivational cycle. The meaning component in question is one half of the logical form of Difference as contributed by certain functional elements or by syntactically transitive (nominative-accusative) configurations.
A polarity-sensitive item (PSI), as traditionally defined, is an expression that is restricted to either an affirmative or negative context. PSIs like ‘lift a finger’ and ‘all the time in the world’ sub-serve discourse routines like understatement and emphasis. Lexical–semantic classes are increasingly invoked in descriptions of the properties of PSIs. Here, we use English corpus data and the tools of Frame Semantics (Fillmore, 1982, 1985) to explore Israel’s (2011) observation that the semantic role of a PSI determines how the expression fits into a contextually constructed scalar model. We focus on a class of exceptions implied by Israel’s model: cases in which a given PSI displays two countervailing patterns of polarity sensitivity, with attendant differences in scalar entailments. We offer a set of case studies of polaritysensitive expressions – including verbs of attraction and aversion like ‘can live without’, monetary units like ‘a red cent’, comparative adjectives and time-span adverbials – that demonstrate that the interpretation of a given PSI in a given polar context is based on multiple factors. These factors include the speaker’s perspective on and affective stance towards the described event, available inferences about causality and, perhaps most critically, particulars of the predication, including the verb or adjective’s frame membership, the presence or absence of an ability modal like can, the grammatical construction used and the range of contingencies evoked by the utterance.
When becoming integrated into the German vocabulary, foreign words reflect paradigmatic changes regarding orthography, grammar as well as semantics. In this context,German orthography is also highly determined by orthographic codification, which continues to influence the development of spelling to the present day. This study compares digital linguistically annotated corpora containing texts written by professional as well as non-professional writers; these corpora contain several billion foreign words (of Greek, Latin and French origin, and in the second part of the study of English/American and Italian origin), studied over a period of 20 years following the German orthographic reform of 1996. The results may potentially help the official regulations to adapt to the spelling practices observed – either by describing the rules more precisely or by proposing possible spelling variants or eliminating those which are not in common use. The study may also help to support correct lexicographic codification in dictionaries.
The paper presents practices in the compilation of FOLK, the Research and Teaching Corpus of Spoken German, a large collection of spontaneous verbal interaction from diverse discourse domains. After introducing the aims and organisational circumstances of the construction of FOLK, the general idea discussed is that good practices cannot be developed without considering methodological, technological and organisational aspects on equal footing. Starting from this idea, this paper inspects more closely some actual practices in FOLK, namely the handling of legal (especially privacy protection) issues, the decisions taken for the transcription and annotation workflow, and the question of how to best disseminate a corpus like FOLK. The final section sketches some possible future improvements for practices in FOLK.
Leibnizʼ Interesse an sprachlichen Fragen steht in unterschiedlichen Kontexten. So geht es ihm bei der Beschäftigung mit dem Deutschen um die Möglichkeit das theoretische Wissen an die Praxis und die Praktiker einer aufgeklärt modernen Gesellschaft heranzubringen. Bei der Beschäftigung mit der Entwicklung einer auf der klassischen Wissenschaftssprache Latein basierenden, aber vereinfacht-internationalisierten wissenschaftlichen Universalsprache ebenfalls darum, aber auch um eine übereinzelsprachliche Internationalisierung. Bei seinen abstrakteren universalsprachlichen Überlegungen leitet ihn das Interesse an einer möglichen Universalität der auszudrückenden Relationen – wie in einer mathematischen Modellierung – wie an der Frage möglicherweise universaler Bestandteile des einzelsprachlich („monadisch“) gebrochenen Blicks auf die Welt. Im Hinblick auf beide Aspekte dieser dritten Ebene stellte die chinesische Sprache als altes und im Vergleich zur europäischen Sprachenwelt alternatives Kodierungsmodell eine probate Möglichkeit zur Schärfung seiner eigenen Überlegungen und Konzepte dar.
Sentence and construction types generally have more than one pragmatic function. Impersonal deontic declaratives such as ‘it is necessary to X’ assert the existence of an obligation or necessity without tying it to any particular individual. This family of statements can accomplish a range of functions, including getting another person to act, explaining or justifying the speaker’s own behavior as he or she undertakes to do something, or even justifying the speaker’s behavior while simultaneously getting another person to help. How is an impersonal deontic declarative fit for these different functions? And how do people know which function it has in a given context? The authors address these questions using video recordings of everyday interactions among speakers of Italian and Polish.
Die Erforschung der historischen Entwicklung des Deutschen in Luxemburg, vor allem im 19. Jahrhundert, ist ein Desiderat und sollte immer den Mehrsprachigkeitskontext berücksichtigen. Der vorliegende Beitrag entstammt dem Projekt "Standardization in Diversity. The case of German in Luxembourg (1795-1920)" und betrachtet den Gegenstand aus zwei Perspektiven: Einerseits wird ein umfangreiches Korpus von zweisprachigen öffentlichen Bekanntmachungen der Stadt Luxemburg sprachsystematisch exemplarisch anhand von zwei Phänomenen analysiert. Dabei lässt sich feststellen, dass grundsätzlich die Variation abnimmt, eine Annäherung an das reichsdeutsche Deutsche stattfindet und Hinweise auf die Mehrsprachigkeit verschwinden. Andererseits werden die für die Statusentwicklung
relevanten Dimensionen Sprachgebrauch, Sprachenpolitik sowie Sprachideologien auf der Basis von Protokollen der Parlamentsdebatten untersucht. Hier ist eher eine Präferenz der Frankophonie zu beobachten. Außerdem stellen Sprachwechsel zwischen Deutsch, Französisch und Luxemburgisch keine Seltenheit dar, sodass eine Zunahme mehrsprachiger
Praktiken konstatiert werden kann.
Wiktionary is increasingly gaining influence in a wide variety of linguistic fields such as NLP and lexicography, and has great potential to become a serious competitor for publisher-based and academic dictionaries. However, little is known about the "crowd" that is responsible for the content of Wiktionary. In this article, we want to shed some light on selected questions concerning large-scale cooperative work in online dictionaries. To this end, we use quantitative analyses of the complete edit history files of the English and German Wiktionary language editions. Concerning the distribution of revisions over users, we show that — compared to the overall user base — only very few authors are responsible for the vast majority of revisions in the two Wiktionary editions. In the next step, we compare this distribution to the distribution of revisions over all the articles. The articles are subsequently analysed in terms of rigour and diversity, typical revision patterns through time, and novelty (the time since the last revision). We close with an examination of the relationship between corpus frequencies of headwords in articles, the number of article visits, and the number of revisions made to articles.