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"Hey, was geht?". Beobachtungen zum Wandel und zur Differenzierung von Begrüßungsformen Jugendlicher
(2015)
Cybermobbing ist der gezielte Versuch, online das Face einer anderen Person zu dekonstruieren. Etwa ein Drittel aller Jugendlichen ist schon mindestens einmal mit diesem Problem konfrontiert worden. Seinen temporären Höhepunkt erreichte es mit dem Erscheinen der Internetseite Isharegossip.com (ISG). Diese entwickelte sich sehr schnell zu einer regelrechten Mobbing-Plattform. Täter fanden hier ganz besonders drastische verbale Mittel, um ihre Opfer zu kompromittieren. Bislang wurde noch nicht qualitativ analysiert, inwieweit Opfer und sogenannte virtuelle Zaungäste auf diese Verbalattacken reagieren. Ziel des Aufsatzes ist es, anhand eines typischen Diskurses sechs Verteidigungsstrategien aufzuzeigen, die von Opfern aber auch von sogenannten virtuellen Zaungästen angewandt werden, um das Face des Opfers zu rekonstruieren und zu stabilisieren.
Hierarchical predictive coding has been identified as a possible unifying principle of brain function, and recent work in cognitive neuroscience has examined how it may be affected by age–related changes. Using language comprehension as a test case, the present study aimed to dissociate age-related changes in prediction generation versus internal model adaptation following a prediction error. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were measured in a group of older adults (60–81 years; n = 40) as they read sentences of the form “The opposite of black is white/yellow/nice.” Replicating previous work in young adults, results showed a target-related P300 for the expected antonym (“white”; an effect assumed to reflect a prediction match), and a graded N400 effect for the two incongruous conditions (i.e. a larger N400 amplitude for the incongruous continuation not related to the expected antonym, “nice,” versus the incongruous associated condition, “yellow”). These effects were followed by a late positivity, again with a larger amplitude in the incongruous non-associated versus incongruous associated condition. Analyses using linear mixed-effects models showed that the target-related P300 effect and the N400 effect for the incongruous non-associated condition were both modulated by age, thus suggesting that age-related changes affect both prediction generation and model adaptation. However, effects of age were outweighed by the interindividual variability of ERP responses, as reflected in the high proportion of variance captured by the inclusion of by-condition random slopes for participants and items. We thus argue that – at both a neurophysiological and a functional level – the notion of general differences between language processing in young and older adults may only be of limited use, and that future research should seek to better understand the causes of interindividual variability in the ERP responses of older adults and its relation to cognitive performance.
This paper investigates evidence for linguistic coherence in new urban dialects that evolved in multiethnic and multilingual urban neighbourhoods. We propose a view of coherence as an interpretation of empirical observations rather than something that would be ‘‘out there in the data’’, and argue that this interpretation should be based on evidence of systematic links between linguistic phenomena, as established by patterns of covariation between phenomena that can be shown to be related at linguistic levels. In a case study, we present results from qualitative and quantitative analyses for a set of phenomena that have been described for Kiezdeutsch, a new dialect from multilingual urban Germany. Qualitative analyses point to linguistic relationships between different phenomena and between pragmatic and linguistic levels. Quantitative analyses, based on corpus data from KiDKo (www.kiezdeutschkorpus.de), point to systematic advantages for the Kiezdeutsch data from a multiethnic and multilingual context provided by the main corpus (KiDKo/Mu), compared to complementary corpus data from a mostly monoethnic and monolingual (German) context (KiDKo/Mo). Taken together, this indicates patterns of covariation that support an interpretation of coherence for this new dialect: our findings point to an interconnected linguistic system, rather than to a mere accumulation of individual features. In addition to this internal coherence, the data also points to external coherence: Kiezdeutsch is not disconnected on the outside either, but fully integrated within the general domain of German, an integration that defies a distinction of ‘‘autochthonous’’ and ‘‘allochthonous’’ German, not only at the level of speakers, but also at the level of linguistic systems.
When formulating a request for an object, speakers can choose among different grammatical resources that would all serve the overall purpose. This paper examines the social contexts indexed and created by the choice of the turn format can I have x to request a shared good (the pepper grinder, a tissue from a box on the table, etc.) in British English informal interaction. The analysis is based on a video corpus of approximately 25 h of everyday interaction among family and friends. In its home environment, a request in the format can I have x treats the other as being in control over the relevant material object, a control that is the contingent outcome of ongoing courses of action. This contingent control over a shared good produces an obligation to make it available. This analysis is supported by an examination of similarly formatted request turns in other languages, of can I have x in another interactional environment (after a relevant offer has been made) in British English, and of deviant cases. The results highlight the intimate connection of request format selection to the present engagements of (prospective) request recipients.
1993 erscheint mit Langenscheidts Großwörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache das erste eigens für nichtmuttersprachliche Deutschlerner konzipierte einsprachige Wörterbuch. Genau zwanzig Jahre später, 2013, geben Duden/Cornelsen das Duden - Basiswörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache heraus. Damit könnte bereits der Schlussstein unter die kurze Epoche der DaF-Print-Lexikografie gesetzt sein, denn weitere Planungen für gedruckte DaF-Wörterbücher gibt es vonseiten der Verlage nicht. Das bedeutet allerdings nur ein Ende für die DaF-Wörterbücher in ihrer bisherigen Erscheinung, denn das Bedürfnis des Nachschlagens beziehungsweise der Bedarf an sprachlichen Daten bleiben weiterhin bestehen, solange Deutsch als Fremdsprache gelernt wird. Der Beitrag beschreibt, wie Wörterbücher ihre äußere Form ändern können, um unter den sich wandelnden gesellschaftlichen Bedingungen zu überleben. Dabei existieren zwei Möglichkeiten: Die Wörterbücher können entweder quasi unsichtbar werden, wenn sie in intelligenten Textumgebungen aufgehen, oder sie können in umfangreiche Lernportale integriert werden. Der Beitrag untersucht bestehende Angebote und macht Vorschläge für eine Weiterentwicklung dieser Wörterbücher.
Der vorliegende Aufsatz befasst sich mit der Verbreitung des Lexems Nerd in der deutschen Sprache. Untersucht wurde die DeReKo-Datenbank hinsichtlich der Frequenz des Wortes und der ko-textuellen Umgebungen. Diese Daten wurden verglichen mit einem Korpus aus möglichen Übersetzungen des Lexems, das sich aus US-amerikanischen Serien zusammensetzt (,Scrubs‘, ,The Big Bang Theory‘, ,Family Guy‘ und ,American Dad‘). Aus der Synopse der gewonnenen Erkenntnisse und der sprachhistorischen Analyse des Lexems kann abgeleitet werden, dass Synchronfassungen den zeitgenössischen Sprachgebrauch widerspiegeln und daher auch steter Quell für Sprachwandel sind. Bezogen auf das Lexem Nerd ist der Schluss zu ziehen, dass dieses den Status eines assimilierten Fremdwortes erreicht hat und lediglich die Adjektivierung noch nicht vollständig integriert ist. Eine Übersetzung mit deutschen Lexemen erscheint in diesem Zusammenhang nicht sinnvoll.
In this article, we explore the feasibility of extracting suitable and unsuitable food items for particular health conditions from natural language text. We refer to this task as conditional healthiness classification. For that purpose, we annotate a corpus extracted from forum entries of a food-related website. We identify different relation types that hold between food items and health conditions going beyond a binary distinction of suitability and unsuitability and devise various supervised classifiers using different types of features. We examine the impact of different task-specific resources, such as a healthiness lexicon that lists the healthiness status of a food item and a sentiment lexicon. Moreover, we also consider task-specific linguistic features that disambiguate a context in which mentions of a food item and a health condition co-occur and compare them with standard features using bag of words, part-of-speech information and syntactic parses. We also investigate in how far individual food items and health conditions correlate with specific relation types and try to harness this information for classification.
Two very reliable influences on eye fixation durations in reading are word frequency, as measured by corpus counts, and word predictability, as measured by cloze norming. Several studies have reported strictly additive effects of these 2 variables. Predictability also reliably influences the amplitude of the N400 component in event-related potential studies. However, previous research suggests that while frequency affects the N400 in single-word tasks, it may have little or no effect on the N400 when a word is presented with a preceding sentence context. The present study assessed this apparent dissociation between the results from the 2 methods using a coregistration paradigm in which the frequency and predictability of a target word were manipulated while readers’ eye movements and electroencephalograms were simultaneously recorded. We replicated the pattern of significant, and additive, effects of the 2 manipulations on eye fixation durations. We also replicated the predictability effect on the N400, time-locked to the onset of the reader’s first fixation on the target word. However, there was no indication of a frequency effect in the electroencephalogram record. We suggest that this pattern has implications both for the interpretation of the N400 and for the interpretation of frequency and predictability effects in language comprehension.
This paper aims at showing how quantitative corpus linguistic analysis can inform qualitative analysis of digital media discourse with respect to the mediality of language in use. Using the example of protest discourse in Twitter, in the field of anti-Islamic ‘Pegida’ demonstrations, a three-step method of collecting, reducing and interpreting salient data is proposed. Each step is aligned with operative medial features of the microblog: hashtags, retweets and @-interactions. The exemplary analysis reveals the importance of discussions of attendance numbers in protest discourse and the asymmetry between administrative (i.e. the police) and non-administrative discourse agents. Furthermore, it exemplifies how frequency analysis and sequence analysis can be combined for research in media linguistics.
Gehören nun die Männer an den Herd? Anmerkungen zum Wandel der Rollenbilder von Mann und Frau
(2015)
In my article I argue the need for an existence of grammar in spoken language. It would have the same functions as the grammar of written language: describing and explaining the fundamental units of spoken language and their features, describing the composition of those units and their conjunction. The basic units in the grammar of spoken language can be named as: the sound, the word, the functional unit, the conversational turn and the conversation itself. Further the central characteristics of spoken language and their impact on grammar have to be taken into account. They are: the interactivity, the multimodality, the processabihty and the great variability. After displaying my concepts I discuss three alternative concepts of a grammar in spoken language: online-syntax, construction grammar and multimodal grammar. The article concludes by discussing the role of spoken language grammar in language and foreign language teaching.
Damit wir uns über Gerichte und Getränke verständigen können, benennen wir sie. Viele Benennungen informieren über Zutaten oder Zubereitung, zum Beispiel Geschmortes Lamm mit rosa Pfeffer. In diesem Beitrag geht es um Benennungen anderer, besonderer Art, zum Beispiel Benennungen wie Ich träume von Casablanca, Armer Ritter und Studentenkuss. Ich nenne sie kostümierte Benennungen, weil sie das Benannte komplett verkleiden. Wir müssen schon wissen oder noch in Erfahrung bringen, um was es sich handelt. Der Beitrag analysiert diesen speziellen Typ von Benennungen morphologisch und semantisch, er zeigt die Strukturen und Sinnhintergründe der Benennungen auf.
In a previous article (Faaß et al., 2012), a first attempt was made at documenting and encoding morphemic units of two South African Bantu languages, i.e. Northern Sotho and Zulu, with the aim of describing and storing the morphemic units of these two languages in a single relational database, structured as a hierarchical ontology. As a follow-up, the current article describes the implementation of our part-of-speech ontology. We give a detailed description of the morphemes and categories contained in the database, highlighting the need and reasons for a flexible ontology which will provide for both language specific and general linguistic information. By giving a detailed account of the methodology for the population of the database, we provide linguists from other Bantu languages with a road map for extending the database to also include their languages of specialization.
Natural language Processing tools are mostly developed for and optimized on newspaper texts, and often Show a substantial performance drop when applied to other types of texts such as Twitter feeds, Chat data or Internet forum posts. We explore a range of easy-to-implement methods of adapting existing part-of-speech taggers to improve their performance on Internet texts. Our results show that these methods can improve tagger performance substantially.
Social perception studies have revealed that smiling individuals are perceived more favourably on many communion dimensions in comparison to nonsmiling individuals. Research on gender differences in smiling habits showed that women smile more than men. In our study, we investigated this phenomena further and hypothesised that women perceive smiling individuals as more honest than men. An experiment conducted in seven countries (China, Germany, Mexico, Norway, Poland, Republic of South Africa and USA) revealed that gender may influence the perception of honesty in smiling individuals. We compared ratings of honesty made by male and female participants who viewed photos of smiling and nonsmiling people. While men and women did not differ on ratings of honesty in nonsmiling individuals, women assessed smiling individuals as more honest than men did. We discuss these results from a social norms perspective.
Klaus Fischer / Fabio Mollica (Hrsg.): Valenz, Konstruktion und Deutsch als Fremdsprache [Rezension]
(2015)
Lesen und lesen lassen
(2015)
El análisis de las obras lexicográficas existentes en espanol y en alemán para L2 confirma la necesidad de desarrollar un diccionario pedagógico con una nueva concepción, desde la cual el usuario pueda obtener una mayor información adaptada a sus necesidades. De especial relevancia es el tratamiento de la información específica con el que se puedan mejorar los procesos de producción de textos en L2 mediante un procedimiento que, teniendo en cuenta la diversidad de uso, permita seleccionar un lexema particular de la variedad de posibles lexicalizaciones. En esta contribución se presentan los aspectos teóricos y metodológicos que sustentan el proyecto DICONALE-online. Los cuatro pilares del proyecto en torno al tipo de usuarios, al enfoque conceptual y onomasiológico, a la base empírica de los datos y al modelo de descripción enlazado con un punto de vista contrastivo configuran nuevos retos para el desarrollo de la lexicografía pedagógica que se expondrán en este trabajo a partir de algunos ejemplos.
We present studies using the 2013 log files from the German version of Wiktionary. We investigate several lexicographically relevant variables and their effect on look-up frequency: Corpus frequency of the headword seems to have a strong effect on the number of visits to a Wiktionary entry. We then consider the question of whether polysemic words are looked up more often than monosemic ones. Here, we also have to take into account that polysemic words are more frequent in most languages. Finally, we present a technique to investigate the time-course of look-up behaviour for specific entries. We exemplify the method by investigating influences of (temporary) social relevance of specific headwords.
This paper presents some results from an online survey regarding the functions and presentation of lexicographically compiled and automatically compiled corpus citations in a general monolingual e-dictionary of German (elexico). Our findings suggest that dictionary users have a clear understanding of the functions of corpus citations in lexicography.
Some structures in printed dictionaries also occur in online dictionaries, some do not occur, some need to be adapted whereas new structures may be introduced in online dictionaries. This paper looks at one type of structure, known in printed dictionaries as outer texts. It is argued that the notions of a frame structure and front and back matter texts do not apply to online dictionaries. The data distribution in online dictionaries does not only target the dictionary articles. There are components outside the word list section of the dictionary. These components are not always texts. They could e.g. also be video clips. Consequently the notion of outer texts in printed dictionaries is substituted by the notion of outer features in online dictionaries. This paper shows how outer features help to constitute a feature compound. The outer features in eight online dictionaries are discussed. Where the users guidelines text is a compulsory outer text in printed dictionaries it seems that an equivalent feature is often eschewed in online dictionaries. A distinction is made between dictionary-internal and dictionary-external outer features, illustrating that outer features can be situated in other sources than the specific dictionary. More research is needed to formulate models for online features that can play a comprehensive role in online dictionaries.
Corpus-assisted analyses of public discourse often focus on the level of the lexicon. This article argues in favour of corpus-assisted analyses of discourse, but also in favour of conceptualising salient lexical items in public discourse in a more determined way. It draws partly on non-Anglophone academic traditions in order to promote a conceptualisation of discourse keywords, thereby highlighting how their meaning is determined by their use in discourse contexts. It also argues in favour of emphasising the cognitive and epistemic dimensions of discourse-determined semantic structures. These points will be exemplified by means of a corpus-assisted, as well as a frame-based analysis of the discourse keyword financial crisis in British newspaper articles from 2009. Collocations of financial crisis are assigned to a generic matrix frame for ‘event’ which contains slots that specify possible statements about events. By looking at which slots are more, respectively less filled with collocates of financial crisis, we will trace semantic presence as well as absence, and thereby highlight the pragmatic dimensions of lexical semantics in public discourse. The article also advocates the suitability of discourse keyword analyses for systematic contrastive analyses of public/political discourse and for lexicographical projects that could serve to extend the insights drawn from corpus-guided approaches to discourse analysis.
Linguistic usage patterns are not just coincidental phenomena on the textual surface but constitute a fundamental constructional principle of language. At the same time, however, linguistic patterns are highly idiosyncratic in the sense that they tend to be item-specific and unpredictable, thus defying all attempts at capturing them by general abstract rules. […] What all these approaches [that deal with constructions, collocations, patterns, etc. K.S.] share, in addition to their interest in recurrent patterns, is a strong commitment to the value of usage, be it in the wider sense of usage as an empirical basis for sound linguistic analysis and description or in the narrower sense of usage as constituting the basis for the emergence and consolidation of linguistic knowledge. (Herbst et al. 2014: 1)
In consequence of the feasibility of studying language data in new quantitative dimensions, the phraseology faces a paradigm shift. The traditional focus on strongly lexicalized, often idiomatic multi-word expressions (MWE) has led to an overestimation of their unique status in the mental lexicon. The majority of MWEs are typical lexical realisations of templates (‘MW patterns’) that emerged from repeated usage and can be instantiated with ever changing lexical elements. The – primarily functional – pattern restrictions cannot always be predicted with rules, but are the result of recurring context factors. In this article, at first, it has been shown the nature and the interrelations of MW patterns that are reconstructed with complex corpus-driven methods. Furthermore, a vision of a new phraseography of MW pattern that described their hierarchies and functions based on authentic corpus data like KWIC bundles, slot filler tables and collocation profiles has been discussed.
Der Beitrag stellt dar, in welch hohem Maße sprachliche Spielfreude zur Ausbildung großer Kompositagruppen rund um ein anregendes Musterwort führen kann und wie dieser Spieltrieb auch eine Fülle von Varianten zu interessanten literarischen oder politischen Formulierungen hervorbringt. Um solche Formulierspiele quer durch aktuelle Zeitungen in Deutschland, in Österreich und in der Schweiz verfolgen zu können, empfiehlt sich die Benutzung eines großen digitalen Erfassungssytems wie COSMAS II aus dem Institut für Deutsche Sprache in Mannheim.
Pogled u e-leksikografiju
(2015)
U radu se daje pregled temeljnih pojmova i klasifikacija u području e-leksikografije. Donosi se klasifikacija e-rječnika, prikazuje se leksikografski proces izrade e-rječnika te pregled najraširenijih sustava za izradu rječnika (DWS) i sustava za pretragu korpusa (CQS). Kao primjer dobre prakse detaljnije se opisuje mrežni rječnik elexiko (Institut za njemački jezik u Mannheimu): prikazuju se njegovi ciljevi i namjena, teorijske i metodološke postavke, moduli te mogućnosti uporabe. Kao moguća osnova za izradu korpusno utemeljenoga e-rječnika hrvatskoga jezika koji bi bio u skladu s najrecentnijim leksikografskim (i uopće lingvističkim) teorijama i praksama prikazuje se rad na mrežnome leksičko-semantičkome repozitoriju hrvatskoga jezika (baza semantičkih okvira, predodžbenih shema, kognitivnih primitiva i leksičkih jedinica) u okviru projekta Repozitorij metafora hrvatskoga jezika.
Der Aufsatz untersucht die grammatische Gestaltung zweigliedriger Nominalgruppen mit quantifizierendem nominalem Erstglied (Nquant) und quantifiziertem, durch ein Adjektivattribut erweitertem, nominalem Zweitglied (Adj+N), z.B. (mit) einem Glas kaltem Wasser. In der deutschen Gegenwartssprache ist in solchen Fügungen mit Varianten zu rechnen: (mit) einem Glas kalten Wassers, (mit) einem Glas kaltes Wasser. Insgesamt lassen sich fünf Konstruktionstypen unterscheiden. Anhand einer Belegsammlung aus literarischen Prosatexten vom 17. bis zum 20. Jahrhundert wird insbesondere die quantitative Verteilung von Konstruktionen mit Genitiv vs. Kasusübereinstimmung ins Auge gefasst. Anders als bei Nquant+N-Gruppen ohne Adjektivattribut im Zweitglied zeigt sich ein kräftiger Anstieg im Anteil der Genitivkonstruktion vom 17. bis zum 19. und nur ein leichter Rückgang im 20. Jahrhundert. Dieser Befund stimmt nur zum Teil mit den Darstellungen in der Standardliteratur überein. Eine mögliche Erklärung für die quantitative Entwicklung der Genitivkonstruktion in der Literatursprache liegt im Einfluss normativer Grammatiken.