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Seit 1977 wird in Deutschland jedes Jahr ein Wort bzw. eine Wortsequenz zum „Wort des Jahres“ gekürt. Vorgenommen wird die Wahl von einer Jury, die sich aus Mitgliedern der Gesellschaft für deutsche Sprache (GfdS) zusammensetzt. In der deutschsprachigen Schweiz gibt es eine solche Aktion ebenfalls (seit 2003); inzwischen wird das Wort des Jahres aber nicht mehr nur auf Deutsch, sondern auch auf Französisch, Italienisch und Rätoromanisch gewählt. Wenn im Folgenden vom „Schweizer Wort des Jahres“ die Rede ist, ist damit aber immer nur das Deutschschweizer Jahreswort gemeint. Durchgeführt wird die Aktion von einem Forschungsteam, das an der Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Linguistik (ZHAW) tätig ist.
Jeden Tag finden weltweit über 40 innerstaatliche Konflikte und Kriege statt. Nach dem letzten Stand (14.11.2022) werden in Subsahara-Afrika 13, im Nahen Osten und in Nordafrika zehn und in Asien ebenfalls zehn Konflikte erwähnt. Aus Europa und Lateinamerika wird jeweils über fünf Konflikte berichtet. 2023 kam es zu neuen Konflikten und Kriegen in der Welt, über die jedoch noch keine Statistik vorhanden ist. Der russische Angriffskrieg gegen die Ukraine ist aber seit Anfang 2022 in den Weltmedien omnipräsent geworden. Somit wurde der Begriff Krieg auf verschiedene Weise in vielen internationalen Kontexten und Textquellen interpretiert und umschrieben, dann aber deutlich zum Ausdruck gebracht.
Quotation marks are substantially used for direct speech and citations. For the ‘modalizing’ use, the Official Rules state that a “different understanding than usual” is indicated; they give very little information on the use of quotation marks beyond literal reference. It therefore seems all the more interesting to investigate the usage of modalizing quotation marks. In the present analysis, we studied the school-leaving examinations of an entire year. School-leaving examinations are texts by persons whose institutional acquisition of written language can be regarded as complete; they are texts written by skilled writers. The investigation takes into account both formal and functional observations. We recognized differences between school subjects that can be interpreted with regard to the concept of educational language. The writers described here showed a high sensitivity (conscious or unconscious) to the use of quotation marks, which we call the “struggle for educational language”. This may be related to the corpus investigated here. However, our study constitutes a solid basis for further corpus studies on quotation marks.
Lean syntax: how argument structure is adapted to its interactive, material, and temporal ecology
(2020)
It has often been argued that argument structure in spoken discourse is less complex than in written discourse. This paper argues that lean argument structure, in particular, argument omission, gives evidence of how the production and understanding of linguistic structures is adapted to the interactive, material, and temporal ecology of talk-in-interaction. It is shown how lean argument structure builds on participants' ongoing bodily conduct, joint perceptual salience, joint attention, and their Orientation to expectable next actions within a joint project. The phenomena discusscd in this paper are verb-derived discourse markers and tags, analepsis in responsive actions, and ellipsis in first actions, such as requests and instructions. The study draws from transcripts and audio- and video-recordings of naturally occurring interaction in German from the Research and Teaching Corpus of Spoken German (FOLK).
Most authors agree that modal particles - a dass of function words widely considered characteristic of Modem German - cannot receive prosodic stress, though the reasons for this restriction have not yet been satisfactorily explained. This paper argues that unstressability follows from the general contribution of modal particles to compositional utterance meaning, which requires them to take scope over focus-background structures. Form and function of modal particle meanings are modelled and illustrated for five representative examples - the particles wohl, ja, eigentlich, eben and halt. It is argued that these as well as other particles, whenever they occur under prosodic stress, cannot preserve the meaning nor the syntactic behaviour of modal particles. All instances of stressed particles in German must therefore be categorized in other functional classes.
This paper explores speakers’ notions of the situational appropriacy of linguistic variants. We conducted a web-based survey in which we collected ratings of the appropriacy of variants of linguistic variables in spoken German. A range of quantitative methods (cluster analysis, factor analysis and various forms of visualization techniques) is applied in order to analyze metalinguistic awareness and the differences in the evaluation of written vs. spoken stimuli. First, our data show that speakers’ ratings of the appropriacy of linguistic variants vary reliably with two rough clusters representing formal and informal speech situations and genres. The findings confirm that speakers adhere to a notion of spoken standard German which takes genre and register-related variation into account. Secondly, our analysis reveals a written language bias: metalinguistic awareness is strongly influenced by the physical mode of the presentation of linguistic items (spoken vs. written).
The article investigates the conditions under which the w-relativizer was appears instead of the d-relativzer das in German relative clauses. Building on Wiese 2013, we argue that was constitutes the elsewhere case that applies when identification with the antecedent cannot be established by syntactic means via upward agreement with respect to phi-features. Corpuslinguistic results point to the conclusion that this is the case whenever there is no lexical nominal in the antecedent that, following Geach 1962 and Baker 2003, supplies a criterion of identity needed to establish sameness of reference between the antecedent and the relativizer.