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Professional and technical practice and the technical character of social interaction.
The focus on communication in research on professional and scientific language somehow reflects the intention of John L. Austin’s phrase “How to do things with words?” But a description based on the concept of communication ultimately also relies on linguistic idiosyncrasies. We will look at things the other way round and ask first “how to do (professional) things” and then look at the linguistic units used specifically for this purpose. Professionalism in this view takes very different forms for different types of actions (“practices”). Although reliability and professional authority are central features of all linguistic realizations to be considered, they are represented in very different ways. As a result, professionalism not only shows in the high degree of explicitness of technical prose typical for written scientific discussion. It is also reflected in the high degree of implicitness of speech that accompanies and constitutes practical action.
Central complements: good arguments are self-explanatory.
Together with its central complements, verbs model basic patterns of interaction. The constellations of these complements in turn correspond to central patterns of the argument structure. Nominative and accusative complements formally occupy the first and second positions (subject and object), but they also have certain semantic preferences. The formal function of the dative is less pronounced, where it occurs (ditransitive verbs) the semantic imprint of the frame („transfer“) is very strong. This corresponds to the meaning of a core group of corresponding verbs. Other verbs that allow this pattern are used more often in other valence structures and the ditransitive use appears as a systematic way of personal extension of object‑related activities. This will be discussed with reference to the verbs zeigen and (in a different way) lehren.
Die Normen des »Hochdeutschen« sind entstanden als Festlegungen für eine geschriebene öffentliche Sprachform. In den letzten Jahrzehnten richten sich die Sprecherinnen und Sprecher auch im Mündlichen an dieser Norm aus. Gleichzeitig gibt es dadurch mehr Situationen, in denen standardnahes Sprechen als normal gilt. Damit das angemessen bewältigt werden kann, muss diese Sprachform typische Merkmale des Sprechens aufweisen, Merkmale, die traditionell zum Beispiel eher in regionaler Form vorlagen. Um den beiden Bedingungen - Standardnähe und gesprochene Natürlichkeit - gerecht zu werden, entwickelt sich ein Gebrauchsstandard, der durch eine Bandbreite von (auch regionalen) Optionen gekennzeichnet ist. Um diesen Gebrauchsstandard, seine Randbedingungen, seine Ausgestaltung, aber auch seinen theoretischen Status geht es in dem vorliegenden Beitrag.
Einleitung
(2018)