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Von Bush administration zu Kohl-Regierung: Englische Einflüsse auf deutsche Nominalkonstruktionen?
(2010)
In diesem Beitrag wird eine neue, funktional motivierte Systematik für den adnominalen Genitiv und entsprechende von-Phrasen, die zusammenfassend als ‘possessive Attribute’ bezeichnet werden, entwickelt. Sie beruht auf Erkenntnissen aus der sprachtypologischen Forschung und dem Vergleich mit anderen, vor allem germanischen Sprachen. Der Beschreibungsrahmen für die NP mit der übergreifenden ‘funktionalen Domäne’ der Referenz und den zugehörigen Subdomänen wird vorgestellt. Possessive Attribute können als eine Ausdrucksform der Subdomäne Modifikation bestimmt werden. Es wird gezeigt, dass possessive Attribute verschiedene funktionale Typen der Modifikation realisieren können: referentiell-verankernde (der Hut meiner Schwester), qualitative (ein Autor deutscher Herkunft) und klassifikatorische (ein Mann der Tat). Auch randständige possessive Attribute wie der ‘Teilungsgenitiv’ (eine Tasse heißen Tees) und der Identitätsgenitiv (das Laster der Unbescheidenheit) werden berücksichtigt. Die neue Ordnung possessiver Attribute nach funktionalen Subdomänen ist der traditionellen Einteilung vorzuziehen, insofern als sie lediglich Grundunterscheidungen gemäß dem referenzsemantischen Status des Modifikators (begrifflich versus referentiell) und nach dem Beitrag des Modifikators zur Bedeutungskomposition der NP (verankernd versus qualitativ bzw. klassifikatorisch) berücksichtigt. Zudem ist sie durch Testverfahren wie den Pronominalisierungstest abgesichert.
Standardly, verb-first (V1) conditionals are considered to be mere variants of wenn-conditionals; accordingly, left-peripheral V1-clauses are analyzed as embedded into the prefields of declarative apodosis clauses, just like their V-end counterparts. We challenge this view, proposing instead that dependent V1-clauses are syntactically unembedded/unintegrated, and, consequently, that postposed declarative apodosis clauses are either V2-declaratives with prefield ellipsis or V1-declaratives. We argue our case by presenting evidence that (i) wenn-clauses differ considerably from V1-clauses in semantic distribution, (ii) unlike wenn-clauses, V1-clauses do not meet the criteria for syntactic embedding, (iii) the alternatives entailed by (ii) for the structural analysis of a postposed apodosis both have empirical support. As for a syntactic analysis of V1-structures suited to these findings, we argue that a CP adjunction analysis is currently the best option available. We also point out connections between the semantic restrictions on V1-conditionals and the semantics of V1-interrogatives that are suggestive of a common semantic core, which raises hope that our background vision (ultimately, all dependent V-to-C clauses are semantically licensed substitutes for genuine subordinates) may also be true for V1-clauses.
Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die Entwicklung und die Aufgaben des Fachverbandes Deutsch als Fremdsprache (FaDaF) seit seiner Gründung 1989/90. Er zeigt dabei die Entwicklungslinien des Verbandes auf, der als Nachfolge-Organisation des Arbeitskreises Deutsch als Fremdsprache beim DAAD (AkDaF) dessen Aufgaben übernommen, fortgeführt und weiter entwickelt hat.
To reach even language users not acquainted to the use of grammars the Institut für Deutsche Sprache in Mannheim (Germany) looked for new ways to handle grammatical problems. Instead of confronting users with abstractions frequent difficulties of German grammar are introduced in form of exemplary questions like „Which form should be used or preferred: Anfang dieses Jahre or Anfang diesen Jahres? Looking through the long list of such questions even laymen may find solutions of grammatical problems they might not be able to formulate as such.
The possibility to search electronically very large corpora of texts has opened up ways in which we can truly evaluate the rules through which grammarians have tried and continue to try to simulate natural languages. However, the possibility to handle incredibly large amounts of texts might lead to problems with the assessment of certain phenomena that are hardly ever represented in those corpora and yet, have always been regarded as grammatically correct elements of a given language. In German, typical phenomena of this kind are forms like betrögest or erwögest, i.e. second person singular of the so-called strong verbs in the subjunctive mood. Should we see them merely as grammarians’ inventions? Before doing so, we should reconsider the nature of these phenomena. They may appear to be isolated word forms but, in fact, are compact realizations of syntactic constructions, and it is the frequency of these constructions that should be evaluated, not the frequency of their specific realizations.
Grammars even trying to be as comprehensible as possible hardly avoid using technical terms unknown to novices. To overcome these inconveniencies, the grammatical information system grammis of the Institut für Deutsche Sprache incorporated a glossary specialized on terms used within the system. This glossary - actually named Grammatische Grundbegriffe (elementary terms of grammar) and tied by hyperlinks to technical terms in the core grammar' of grammis - offers short and simple explanations mainly by means of exemplification. The idea is to provide the users with provisional understanding to get along while following the main themes they are interested in. Explicitly, the glossary is not a stand-alone dictionary of grammatical terms, and it should not be regarded as one.
This paper shows how corpora and related tools can be used to analyse and present significant colligational patterns lexicographically. In German, patterns such as das nötige Wissen vermitteln and sein Wissen unter Beweis stellen play a vital role when learning the language, as they exhibit relevant idiomatic usage and lexical and syntactic rules of combination. Each item has specific semantic and grammatical functions and particular preferences with respect to position and distribution. An analysis of adjectives, for example, identifies preferences in adverbial, attributive, or predicative functions.
Traditionally, corpus analyses of syntagmatic constructions have not been conducted for lexicographic purposes. This paper shows how to utilise corpora to extract and examine typical syntagms and how the results of such an analysis are documented systematically in ELEXIKO, a large-scale corpus-based Internet reference work of German. It also demonstrates how this dictionary accounts for the lexical and grammatical interplay between units in a syntagm and how authentic corpus material and complementary prose-style usage notes are a useful guide to text production or reception.
Is it possible to undo or reverse language attrition? In other words, has there been, in the case of attrition, a permanent change with respect to the speaker's L1 knowledge, or do we only see temporary effects on the control of that knowledge? It is proposed here that the concept of attrition should include the temporary loss of language skills since it is, so far, not clear whether or to what extent once-acquired linguistic abilities can be permanently lost at all, particularly with respect to an L1. A reversal in the development of attrition after renewed contact with the L1 can support the claim that a decrease in L1 proficiency can be TEMPORARY, and that it is the ACCESSIBILITY of items and structures that is affected by attrition rather than the L1 knowledge (competence) itself. Our primary research interest in the present study is to analyze what skills and features are recoverable and what phenomena persist, (possibly) indicating permanent loss.