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One major issue in the accomplishment of contrasts in conversation is lexical choice of items which carry the semantic Ioad of the two states of affair which are represented as being opposed to one another. These items or expressions are co-selected to be understood as being contrastively related to each other. In this paper, it is argued that the activity of contrasting itself provides them with a specific local opposite meaning which they would not obtain in other contexts. Practices of contrastingare thus seen as an example of conversational activities which creatively and systematically affect situated meanings. Basedon data from various genres, such as meetings, mediation sessions and conversations, the paper discusses two practices of contrasting, their sequential construction and their interpretative effects. It is concluded that the interpretative effects of conversational contrasting rest on the sequential deployment oflinguistic resources and on the cognitive procedures of frame-based interpretation and constructing a maximally contrastive interpretation for the co-selected expressions.
Contextual lexical relations, such as sense relations, have traditionally played an essential role in disambiguating word senses in lexicography, as they offer insights into the meaning and use of a word. However, the description of paradigmatic relations in particular is often restricted to a few types such as synonymy and antonymy. The limited description of various types of relations and the method of presenting these relations in existing German dictionaries are often problematic.
Elexiko, the first German hypertext dictionary compiled exclusively on the basis of an electronic corpus, offers a new way of presenting sense relations, using a variety of approaches to extract the necessary data. In this paper, I will show how elexiko presents a differentiated system of paradigmatic relations including synonymy, various subtypes of incompatibility (such as antonymy, complementarity, converseness, reversiveness, etc.), and vertical structures (such as hyponymy and meronymy). Primary attention, however, will focus on the question of how data for a paradigmatic description is retrieved from the corpus. Whereas a corpus-driven approach is mainly used for various semantic information and a corpus-based method plays an important part in obtaining data for the grammatical description in elexiko, it will be argued that both the corpus-driven and the corpus-based approach can be complementary methods in gaining insights into sense relations. I will demonstrate which results can be obtained by each approach, and advantages and disadvantages of both procedures will be explored in more detail.
As sense relations are context-dependent, it will also be demonstrated how a sense-bound presentation can be realised in an electronic reference work including a system of cross-referencing that illustrates lexical structures and the interrelatedness of words within the lexicon. Finally, I will show how accompanying examples from the corpus and additional lexicographic information help the user to understand contextual restrictions, so that s/he is able to use dictionary information more effectively.
XML-based technologies offer powerful resources for open source applications in the field of e-learning. The paper describes a model of hypertext as interlinked structures that can be intertwined by cross-annotation linking. This infrastructure integrates multiple perspectives and allows creating a personal learning environment. We exemplify the approach in a case study: the Hamlet project. In the course of this project, several German translations of William Shakespeare’s Hamlet have been collected and annotated. Two different annotation layers are used to achieve a cross-linking reference between the various German translations. We will describe the theoretical background of cross-annotation linking and the actual technological implementation of the system. Additionally, we will use the personas method to gain insights into the potential benefit of the system as a personal learning environment.
Making CONCUR work
(2005)
The SGML feature CONCUR allowed for a document to be simultaneously marked up in multiple conflicting hierarchical tagsets but validated and interpreted in one tagset at a time. Alas, CONCUR was rarely implemented, and XML does not address the problem of conflicting hierarchies at all. The MuLaX document syntax is a non-XML syntax that enables multiply-encoded hierarchies by distinguishing different “layers” in the hierarchy by adding a layer ID as a prefix to the element names. The IDs tie all the elements in a single hierarchy together in an “annotation layer”. Extraction of a single annotation layer results in a well-formed XML document, and each annotation layer may be associated with an XML schema. The MuLaX processing model works on the nodes of one annotation layer at a time through Xpath-like navigation. CONCUR lives!
This paper provides a treatment of Polish Plural Comitative Constructions in the paradigm of HPSG in the tradition of Pollard and Sag (1994). Plural Comitative Constructions (PCCs) have previously been treated in terms of coordination, complementation and adjunction. The objective of this paper is to show that PCCs are neither instances of typical coordinate structures nor of typical complement or adjunct structures. It thus appears difficult to properly describe them by means of the standard principles of syntax and semantics. The analysis proposed in this paper accounts for the syntactic and semantic properties of PCCs in Polish by assuming an adjunction-based syntactic structure for PCCs, and by treating the indexical information provided by PCCs not as subject to any inheritance or composition, but as a result of applying a set of principles on number, gender and person resolution that also hold for ordinary coordinate structures.
This paper provides a lexicalist formal description of preposition-pronoun contraction (PPC) in Polish, using the theoretical framework of HPSG. Considering the behaviour of PPC with respect to the prosodic, categorial, syntactic and semantic properties, the assumption can be made that each PPC is a morphological unit with prepositional status. The crucial difference between a PPC and a typical preposition consists, besides the phonological form, in the valence properties. While a typical preposition realizes its complement externally via general constraints on phrase structure, the realization of a PPC argument is effected internally by virtue of its lexical entry. Here, we will provide the appropriate implicational lexical constraints that license both typical Ps and PPCs.
Many XML-related activities (e.g. the creation of a new schema) already address issues with different languages, scripts, and cultures. Nevertheless, a need exists for additional mechanisms and guidelines for more effective internationalization (i18n) and localization (l10n) in XML-related contents and processes. The W3C Internationalization Tag Set Working Group (W3C ITS WG) addresses this need and works on data categories, representation mechanisms and guidelines related to i18n and l10n support in the XML realm. This paper describes initial findings from the (W3C ITS WG). Furthermore, the paper discusses how these findings relate to specific schema languages, and complementary technologies like namespace sectioning, schema annotation and the description of processing chains. The paper exemplifies why certain requirements only can be met by a combination of technologies, and discusses these technologies.
This English language version (translated by Martin Wynne) is a reworked and slightly abridged version of the paper given in Canterbury in February 1999. A German language version has appeared as Hellmann, Manfred W.: ‘Wörter in Texten der Wendezeit’ 1989-1990 - Ein Wörterbuch zur lexikographischen Erschließung des ‘Wendekorpus’ in Jordanova, Ljubima (edj: 10 godini promjana v Iztotschna Evropa (10 Jahre Wende in Osteuropa), (= Socio- linguistika Bd. 4), BULLEKS: Sofia (Bulgaria) 1999, S. 11-39.