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Mit der Wahrnehmungsdialektologie und der Dialektometrie haben sich in den letzten Jahren zwei wichtige neue Methodenkomplexe etabliert, mit deren Hilfe neue Wege bei der Gliederung von Sprachräumen eingeschlagen werden können. Nach einer umfassenden Analyse traditioneller dialektgeographischer Methoden und der Auswertung älterer Einteilungen wird in diesem Buch eine Sprachraumgliederung des Untersuchungsgebietes Mittelfranken vorgelegt, die Methoden aus allen drei Bereichen berücksichtigt: der traditionellen Dialektgeographie, der Wahrnehmungsdialektologie und der Dialektometrie.
Die Datengrundlage hierfür stammt aus den Erhebungen des Projekts ‚Sprachatlas von Mittelfranken‘, in dessen Rahmen in 167 Orten in Mittelfranken jeweils ein über 2000 Fragen umfassendes Fragebuch abgefragt wurde. Der Vergleich der drei Herangehensweisen und ihrer Ergebnisse erlaubt am Ende nicht nur eine fundierte sprachräumliche Gliederung des Untersuchungsgebietes, sondern liefert auch Erkenntnisse über die Charakteristika und die Vor- und Nachteile der Methoden.
Zu seinem 60. Geburtstag widmen seine Schülerinnen und Schüler Peter Auer eine Festschrift. Die Beiträge des Sammelbandes bilden deren Forschungsschwerpunkte ab. Diese knüpfen naturgemäß an die Arbeiten des Lehrers an und spiegeln die Vielfältigkeit Peter Auers eigener Forschungsinteressen: Die Themen der Beiträge reichen von Variationslinguistik und Mehrsprachigkeit über Interaktionsforschung, Multimodalität, Mündlichkeit und Schriftlichkeit bis hin zu Fragen der Syntax gesprochener Sprache.
Das Beispiel ist seit der Antike ein zentraler Gegenstand der abendländischen Diskussion. In dieser ersten umfassenden Monographie zur Linguistik des Beispiels wird deshalb eine interdisziplinäre Perspektive entfaltet, in der Ansätze aus Rhetorik, Philosophie, Pädagogik und Psychologie sowie linguistischen Ansätze zur Beispielforschung behandelt werden. Die sprachwissenschaftliche Beschäftigung mit Beispielen blieb bisher jedoch ein Randphänomen, obwohl Praktiken der Beispielverwendung in der Alltagskommunikation allgegenwärtig sind.
Orientiert an ›grounded theory‹, linguistischer Hermeneutik und Handlungssemantik wird hier ein Beispielbegriff erarbeitet, demzufolge das Beispielverwenden eine komplexe Form sprachlichen Handelns und eine fundamentale menschliche Denkbewegung darstellt, die darin besteht, einen Konnex zwischen Besonderem und Allgemeinem zu konstituieren. Hierauf basierend werden Beispiele anhand eines umfangreichen Korpus von Gesprächsdaten analysiert und kommunikative Muster, sprachliche Realisierungsformen sowie Funktionen des Beispielverwendens in der Interaktion herausgearbeitet.
The 2014 issue of KONVENS is even more a forum for exchange: its main topic is the interaction between Computational Linguistics and Information Science, and the synergies such interaction, cooperation and integrated views can produce. This topic at the crossroads of different research traditions which deal with natural language as a container of knowledge, and with methods to extract and manage knowledge that is linguistically represented is close to the heart of many researchers at the Institut für Informationswissenschaft und Sprachtechnologie of Universität Hildesheim: it has long been one of the institute’s research topics, and it has received even more attention over the last few years. The main conference papers deal with this topic from different points of view, involving flat as well as deep representations, automatic methods targeting annotation and hybrid symbolic and statistical processing, as well as new Machine Learning-based approaches, but also the creation of language resources for both machines and humans, and methods for testing the latter to optimize their human-machine interaction properties. In line with the general topic, KONVENS-2014 focuses on areas of research which involve this cooperation of information science and computational linguistics: for example learning-based approaches, (cross-lingual) Information Retrieval, Sentiment Analysis, paraphrasing or dictionary and corpus creation, management and usability.
The 2014 issue of KONVENS is even more a forum for exchange: its main topic is the interaction between Computational Linguistics and Information Science, and the synergies such interaction, cooperation and integrated views can produce. This topic at the crossroads of different research traditions which deal with natural language as a container of knowledge, and with methods to extract and manage knowledge that is linguistically represented is close to the heart of many researchers at the Institut für Informationswissenschaft und Sprachtechnologie of Universität Hildesheim: it has long been one of the institute’s research topics, and it has received even more attention over the last few years.
In 2010, ISO published a standard for syntactic annotation, ISO 24615:2010 (SynAF). Back then, the document specified a comprehensive reference model for the representation of syntactic annotations, but no accompanying XML serialisation. ISO’s subcommittee on language resource management (ISO TC 37/SC 4) is working on making the SynAF serialisation ISOTiger an additional part of the standard. This contribution addresses the current state of development of ISOTiger, along with a number of open issues on which we are seeking community feedback in order to ensure that ISOTiger becomes a useful extension to the SynAF reference model.
Communication of stereotypes in the classroom: biased language use of German and Turkish adolescents
(2014)
Little is known about the linguistic transmission and maintenance of mutual stereotypes in interethnic contexts. This field study, therefore, investigated the linguistic expectancy bias (LEB) and the linguistic intergroup bias (LIB) among German and Turkish adolescents (13 to 20 years) in the school context. The LEB refers to the general phenomenon of describing stereotypes more abstractly. The LIB is the tendency to use language abstraction for in-group protective reasons. Results revealed an unmoderated LEB, whereas the LIB only occurred when foreigners were in the numerical majority, the classroom composition was perceived as a learning disadvantage, or the interethnic conflict frequency was high. These findings provide first evidence for the use of both LEB and LIB in an interethnic classroom setting.
So far, there have been few descriptions on creating structures capable of storing lexicographic data, ISO 24613:2008 being one of the latest. Another one is by Spohr (2012), who designs a multifunctional lexical resource which is able to store data of different types of dictionaries in a user-oriented way. Technically, his design is based on the principle of a hierarchical XML/OWL (eXtensible Markup Language/Web Ontology Language) representation model. This article follows another route in describing a model based on entities and relations between them; MySQL (usually referred to as: Structured Query Language) describes a database system of tables containing data and definitions of relations between them. The model was developed in the context of the project "Scientific eLexicography for Africa" and the lexicographic database to be built thereof will be implemented with MySQL. The principles of the ISO model and of Spohr's model are adhered to with one major difference in the implementation strategy: we do not place the lemma in the centre of attention, but the sense description — all other elements, including the lemma, depend on the sense description. This article also describes the contained lexicographic data sets and how they have been collected from different sources. As our aim is to compile several prototypical internet dictionaries (a monolingual Northern Sotho dictionary, a bilingual learners' Xhosa–English dictionary and a bilingual Zulu–English dictionary), we describe the necessary microstructural elements for each of them and which principles we adhere to when designing different ways of accessing them. We plan to make the model and the (empty) database with all graphical user interfaces that have been developed, freely available by mid-2015.
This paper describes a first version of an integrated e-dictionary translating possessive constructions from English to Zulu. Zulu possessive constructions are difficult to learn for non-mother tongue speakers. When translating from English into Zulu, a speaker needs to be acquainted with the nominal classification of nouns indicating possession and possessor. Furthermore, (s)he needs to be informed about the morpho-syntactic rules associated with certain combinations of noun classes. Lastly, knowledge of morpho-phonetic changes is also required, because these influence the orthography of the output word forms. Our approach is a novel one in that we combine e-lexicography and natural language processing by developing a (web) interface supporting learners, as well as other users of the dictionary to produce Zulu possessive constructions. The final dictionary that we intend to develop will contain several thousand nouns which users can combine as they wish. It will also translate single words and frequently used multiword expressions, and allow users to test their own translations. On request, information about the morpho-syntactic and morpho-phonetic rules applied by the system are displayed together with the translation. Our approach follows the function theory: the dictionary supports users in text production, at the same time fulfilling a cognitive function.
This paper seeks to apply the principles of the famous 3-Circle-Model devised for the description of the ecolinguistic position of English world-wide to the position of German around the world.
On the one hand, the 3-Circle-Model for English with its "Inner", "Outer" and "Extended/Expanding" Circles was invented by Kachru in the 1980s and has since then been adopted, refined and criticised by numerous authors. The situation of German world-wide, on the other hand, has only been scarcely discussed in the past 20 years. While the global extension of German is obviously by far weaker than that of English, there are also a number of noteworthy similarities in terms of historical spread and the current position of these two languages.
This paper therefore discusses the analogies of global English and German by establishing three circles for German: the Inner Circle for the core German-speaking area, i.e. Germany, Austria and Switzerland; the Outer Circle including a number of German minority areas (mostly in Europe), and finally the Extended Circle which may be denoted as "Crumbling" rather than "Expanding". The latter comprises traditional German diaspora communities in different parts of the world which either result from migration, but also reflect the previous functions of German as a language of culture and as a lingua franca in regions like Eastern Europe. The paper argues that there are some striking structural similarities, but also shows the limits of this comparison.