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"Standard language" is a contested concept, ideologically, empirically and theoretically. This is particularly true for a language such as German, where the standardization of the spoken language was based on the written standard and was established with respect to a communicative situation, i.e. public speech on stage (Bühnenaussprache), which most speakers never come across. As a consequence, the norms of the oral standard exhibit many features which are infrequent in the everyday speech even of educated speakers. This paper discusses ways to arrive at a more realistic conception of (spoken) standard German, which will be termed "standard usage". It must be founded on empirical observations of speakers linguistic choices in everyday situations. Arguments in favor of a corpus-based notion of standard have to consider sociolinguistic, political, and didactic concerns. We report on the design of a large study of linguistic variation conducted at the Institute for the German Language (project "Variation in Spoken German", Variation des gesprochenen Deutsch) with the aim of arriving at a representative picture of "standard usage" in contemporary German. It systematically takes into account both diatopic variation covering the multi-national space in which German an official language, and diastratic variation in terms of varying degrees of formality. Results of the study of phonetic and morphosyntactic variation are discussed. At least for German, a corpus-based notion of "standard usage" inevitably includes some degree of pluralism concerning areal variation, and it needs to do justice to register-based variation as well.
The contribution will focus on aspects of pluricentricity in spoken Standard German. After a brief overview over the historical and dialectal background of the linguistic diversity in the German speaking area, the regionally balanced speech-corpus "German today” is presented, which has been collected for the analysis of the (regional) variation of spoken Standard German. Aspects of pluricentric German will be discussed by means of both the distribution of certain phonetic variables and a short analysis of regional differences in the use of certain conversational constructions. It is argued that pluricentric structures are constituted by a set of linguistic features on different levels of description. Above all, the analysis tries to reveal traces of the impact of both traditional dialects and national or even subnational political units on the constitution of the standard varieties.
In dem Beitrag werden Dialekt-Standard-Variationsphänomene im schwäbischen Dialektraum behandelt. Zunächst wird kurz auf die soziolinguistische Situation des südwestdeutschen Raums sowie auf methodische Aspekte eingegangen. Darauf wird das Konzept Kontextualisierungshinweis (Gumperz 1982) und die Typologie von Variationsphänomenen nach Auer (1998a) vorgestellt, um deren Anwendbarkeit auch in der binnensprachlichen Variationssituation an Beispielen zu zeigen. Im Zentrum der Analyse stehen funktionale Aspekte der Variation einer Lehrerin und von Schülern in der Schulsituation.
Die präsentierten Daten stammen aus einem laufenden Dissertationsprojekt mit dem Arbeitstitel „Sprachvariation in einer schwäbischen Kleinstadt - Varietäten im Diskurs“ (Knöbl i.V.), bei dem ein intralingualer Varianzraum durch die Analyse der Funktionalität und Relevanz von Sprachvariation für die Sprecher beschrieben werden soll.
This article is concerned with the use of speech variation in a classroom in south-west Germany. It shows how a teacher uses dialect-standard variation as a resource for carrying out different tasks. An analysis of the variational practices of the teacher reveals two different code-alternating procedures with different functional scopes. On the one hand, the teacher uses code-shifting along a continuum of standard forms, especially to draw attention to relevant aspects of the instructional activities, and to guide participation in the unfolding discourse. On the other hand, she uses the context-cueing function of code-switching between standard and dialect, especially to locally manage the key of interaction (interaction modalities). It is shown that, for the teacher analysed, switching to dialect is a methodological resource which matches the intricate pedagogical tasks involved in the evaluation moves which follow pupils' 'troublesome' answers.
Am 1. und 2.12.2000 fand im Institut für Deutsche Sprache (Mannheim) das erste offizielle Kolloquium der DFG-Forschergruppe „Sprachvariation als kommunikative Praxis” statt. Das Thema hieß: .Form und Funktion von Sprachmischung”. Im Mittelpunkt des ersten Tages standen Vorstellung und Diskussion der einzelnen Teilprojekte der Forschergruppe. Am folgenden Tag wurde in Korreferaten von Peter Auer, Norbert Dittmar, John Gumperz und Jürgen E. Schmidt die Entwicklung der Forschergruppe insgesamt kommentiert. Ergänzt wurde das Programm durch Gastvorträge von Lars Johanson (Mainz), Marja-Leena Sorjonen (Helsinki), Volker Hinnenkamp (Augsburg), Elizabeth Lanza (Oslo) und Ana Deumert (Heidelberg).
The research project “German Today” aims to determine the amount of regional variation in (near-) standard German spoken by young and older educated adults, and to identify and locate the regional features. To this end, an extensive corpus of read and spontaneous speech is currently being compiled. German is a so-called pluricentric language. With our corpus we aim to determine whether national or regional standards really exist. Furthermore, the linguistic variation due to different contextual styles (read vs. spontaneous speech) shall be analysed. Finally, the corpus will enable us to investigate whether linguistic change has occurred in the domain of the German standard language. The main focus of all research questions is on phonetic variation (lexical variation is only of minor interest). Read and spontaneous speech of four secondary school students (aged seventeen to twenty) and two fifty- to sixt-year-olds is recorded in 160 cities throughout the German-speaking area of Europe. All participants read a number of short texts and word lists, name pictures, translate from English, and take part in a sociobiographic interview and a map task experiment. The resulting corpus will comprise over 1000 hours of orthographically and (in part) phonetically transcribed speech.
The research project “German Today” aims to determine the amount of regional variation in (near-)standard German spoken by young and older educated adults and to identify and locate regional features. To this end, we compile an areally extensive corpus of read and spontaneous German speech. Secondary school students and 50-to-60-year-old locals are recorded in 160 cities throughout the German speaking area of Europe. All participants read a number of short texts and a word list, name pictures, translate words and sentences from English, answer questions in a sociobiographic interview, and take part in a map task experiment. The resulting corpus comprises over 1000 hours of speech, which is transcribed orthographically. Automatically derived broad phonetic transcriptions, selective manual narrow phonetic transcriptions, and variationalist annotations are added. Focussing on phonetic variation we aim to show to what extent national or regional standards exist in spoken German. Furthermore, the linguistic variation due to different contextual styles (read vs. spontaneous speech) shall be analysed. Finally, the corpus enables us to investigate whether linguistic change has occurred in spoken (near-)standard German.
Die beachtlichen Unterschiede zwischen den Dialekten des Deutschen stehen in Zusammenhang mit der territorialen Zersplitterung des deutschsprachigen Gebiets bis ins 19. Jahrhundert. In gewisser Weise spiegelt die dialektale Vielfalt das dezentrale, plurizentrische Herrschaftsmodell wider, das für das vornationale Heilige Römische Reich charakteristisch ist, bei dem sich kein dauerhaftes Machtzentrum mit sprachlicher Modellwirkung, wie bspw. Paris in Frankreich, herausbilden konnte.
Linguistic variation and linguistic virtuosity of young “Ghetto”-migrants in Mannheim, Germany
(2011)
In this paper, we provide an insight into the life world and social experiences of young Turkish migrants who are categorised by German society as “social problem cases”. Based on natural conversational data, we describe the communicative repertoire of one migrant adolescent and that of his friends. Our aims are (a) to isolate those linguistic features that convey the impression of “foreignness”, and stand out among other German speakers’ features, and (b) to analyse the variability in our informants’ discursive practices - i.e. code- or style-switching, as it is commonly referred to in the literature - in order to show how variation serves as a communicative resource. Our findings show that these adolescents’ remarkable linguistic proficiency and communicative competence contrast markedly to their low educational and professional status.