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Im vorliegenden Beitrag soll gezeigt werden, wie Konnektoren als sprachliche Mittel zur Aktualisierung von zwei Arten konversationeller Aktivitäten eingesetzt werden können, nämlich von intersubjektiven bzw. gesprächsorganisatorischen Verfahren. Auf intersubjektive Verfahren greift ein Sprecher zurück, um in Kooperation mit seinem Gesprächspartner einen gemeinsamen Wissenshintergrund (common ground) zu schaffen. Durch gesprächsorganisatorische Verfahren greift der Sprecher in die gesprächsthematische Struktur des Interaktionsgeschehens ein. In diesem Beitrag wird die Aktualisierung dieser beiden konversationellen Verfahren am Beispiel der kommunikativen Gattung autobiographisches Interview betrachtet. Diese Gattung ist für eine solche Analyse m. E. besonders geeignet, denn sie zeichnet sich durch eine relativ scharfe Trennung der Gesprächsrollen aus, die das Nachvollziehen des Interaktionsgeschehens erleichtert. An einem autobiographischen Interview sind zwei Subjekte beteiligt: der Interviewte, der als Wissensträger gilt, und der Interviewer, der durch seine Rolle als Gesprächsleiter die Wissensvermittlung begünstigen soll. Der Interviewer ist also mit einer zweifachen Aufgabe konfrontiert, denn er muss die anfängliche Wissensasymmetrie ausgleichen und ist zugleich für die Gesprächsorganisation zuständig. Im Folgenden soll am Beispiel des Konjunktors und veranschaulicht werden, wie der Gebrauch von Konnektoren zur Bewältigung dieser beiden kommunikativen Aufgaben beitragen kann.
Hierarchical predictive coding has been identified as a possible unifying principle of brain function, and recent work in cognitive neuroscience has examined how it may be affected by age–related changes. Using language comprehension as a test case, the present study aimed to dissociate age-related changes in prediction generation versus internal model adaptation following a prediction error. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were measured in a group of older adults (60–81 years; n = 40) as they read sentences of the form “The opposite of black is white/yellow/nice.” Replicating previous work in young adults, results showed a target-related P300 for the expected antonym (“white”; an effect assumed to reflect a prediction match), and a graded N400 effect for the two incongruous conditions (i.e. a larger N400 amplitude for the incongruous continuation not related to the expected antonym, “nice,” versus the incongruous associated condition, “yellow”). These effects were followed by a late positivity, again with a larger amplitude in the incongruous non-associated versus incongruous associated condition. Analyses using linear mixed-effects models showed that the target-related P300 effect and the N400 effect for the incongruous non-associated condition were both modulated by age, thus suggesting that age-related changes affect both prediction generation and model adaptation. However, effects of age were outweighed by the interindividual variability of ERP responses, as reflected in the high proportion of variance captured by the inclusion of by-condition random slopes for participants and items. We thus argue that – at both a neurophysiological and a functional level – the notion of general differences between language processing in young and older adults may only be of limited use, and that future research should seek to better understand the causes of interindividual variability in the ERP responses of older adults and its relation to cognitive performance.
One was a distinguished natural scientist and engineer, the other a self-taught scientist and vilified as a conman: Christian Gottlieb Kratzenstein (1723–1795) and Wolfgang von Kempelen (1734–1804). Some of the former’s postula-tions on human physiology and articulation of speech proved wrong in later years. Most of the latter’s theories are considered applicable even today. The perhaps most contrasting approaches to speech synthesis during the 18th century are linked to their names. There are many essential differences between their approaches which show that these two researchers were not only representatives of different schools of thought, but also representatives of two different scientific eras. A speculative and philosophical approach on the one hand versus an empirical and logical approach on the other hand. Both Kratzenstein and Kempelen published books on their research. But while the “Tentamen” [4] of the physician Kratzen-stein remains rather vague and imprecise in its descriptions of vowel production and synthesis, the “Mechanismus” [8] of the engineer Kempelen shows much more precision and correctness in almost every respect of human speech and lan-guage. The goal of this paper is to discuss the differences between these two con-temporaneous researchers on speech synthesis and to compare their theories with present-days findings.
With an increasing amount of text data available it is possible to automatically extract a variety of information about language. One way to obtain knowledge about subtle relations and analogies between words is to observe words which are used in the same context. Recently, Mikolov et al. proposed a method to efficiently compute Euclidean word representations which seem to capture subtle relations and analogies between words in the English language. We demonstrate that this method also captures analogies in the German language. Furthermore, we show that we can transfer information extracted from large non-annotated corpora into small annotated corpora, which are then, in turn, used for training NLP systems.
We investigate whether non-configurational languages, which display more word order variation than configurational ones, require more training data for a phenomenon to be parsed successfully. We perform a tightly controlled study comparing the dative alternation for English (a configurational language), German, and Russian (both non-configurational). More specifically, we compare the performance of a dependency parser when only canonical word order is present with its performance on data sets when all word orders are present. Our results show that for all languages, canonical data not only is easier to parse, but there exists no direct correspondence between the size of training sets containing free(er) word order variation and performance.
Recipient design is a key constituent of intersubjectivity in interaction. Recipient design of turns is informed by prior knowledge about and shared experience with recipients. Designing turns in order to be maximally effective for the particular recipient(s) is crucial for accomplishing intersubjectively coordinated action. This paper reports on a specific pragmatic structure of recipient design, i.e. counter-factual recipient design, and how it impinges on intersubjectivity in interaction. Based on an analysis of video-recordings data from driving school lessons in German, two kinds of counterfactual recipient design of instructors' requests are distinguished: pedagogic and egocentric turn-design. Counterfactual, pedagogic turn-design is used strategically to diagnose student skills and to create opportunities for corrective instructions. Egocentric turn-design rests on private, non-shared knowledge of the instructor. Egocentrically designed turns imply expectations of how to comply with requests which cannot be recovered by the student and which lead to a breakdown of intersubjective cooperation. This paper identifies practices, sources and interactional consequences of these two kinds of counterfactual recipient design. In addition, the study enhances our understanding of recipient design in at least three ways. It shows that recipient design does not only concern referential and descriptive practices, but also the indexing intelligible projections of next actions; it highlights the productive, other-positioning effects of recipient design; it argues that recipient design should be analyzed in terms of temporally extended interactional trajectories, linking turn-constructional practices to interactional histories and consecutive trajectories of joint action.
Der vorliegende Beitrag erkundet den Zusammenhang zwischen der Komplexität politischer Argumentationsprozesse und der Diversifikation der Semantik von Schlüsselwörtern, deren Bedeutung im Argumentationsprozess umkämpft und in zahlreichen Facetten entfaltet widAdegenstand der Untersuchung ist die Verwendung von „Ökologie" in den Schlichtungsgesprächen zum Bahnprojekt Stuttgart 21. Im Unterscheid zu bisher vorliegenden Analysen zu semantischen Kämpfen geht es weniger darum, wie ein Ausdruck von einer Partei im Gegensatz zu anderen semantisiert wird. Es wird vielmehr gezeigt, wie semantische Diversifizierung und Ambiguität von „Ökologie" im expertischen Argumentationsprozess entstehen und welche kommunikativen Effekte dies für die Möglichkeit der Bürgerbeteiligung mit sich bringt. Es werden drei Praktiken identifiziert, mit denen die Interaktionsteilnehmer selbst auf semantische Diversifizierung und Ambiguität reagieren und versuchen, den Ausdruck eindeutig interpretierbar und die Quaestio entscheidbar zu machen: Strategieunterstellungen, Popularisierungen und Populismus. Die Interaktionsanalysen zeigen dabei, dass diese Praktiken selbst die Problematik, die sie lösen sollen, reproduzieren.
Damit wir uns über Gerichte und Getränke verständigen können, benennen wir sie. Viele Benennungen informieren über Zutaten oder Zubereitung, zum Beispiel Geschmortes Lamm mit rosa Pfeffer. In diesem Beitrag geht es um Benennungen anderer, besonderer Art, zum Beispiel Benennungen wie Ich träume von Casablanca, Armer Ritter und Studentenkuss. Ich nenne sie kostümierte Benennungen, weil sie das Benannte komplett verkleiden. Wir müssen schon wissen oder noch in Erfahrung bringen, um was es sich handelt. Der Beitrag analysiert diesen speziellen Typ von Benennungen morphologisch und semantisch, er zeigt die Strukturen und Sinnhintergründe der Benennungen auf.
Ph@ttSessionz and Deutsch heute are two large German speech databases. They were created for different purposes: Ph@ttSessionz to test Internet-based recordings and to adapt speech recognizers to the voices of adolescent speakers, Deutsch heute to document regional variation of German. The databases differ in their recording technique, the selection of recording locations and speakers, elicitation mode, and data processing.
In this paper, we outline how the recordings were performed, how the data was processed and annotated, and how the two databases were imported into a single relational database system. We present acoustical measurements on the digit items of both databases. Our results confirm that the elicitation technique affects the speech produced, that f0 is quite comparable despite different recording procedures, and that large speech technology databases with suitable metadata may well be used for the analysis of regional variation of speech.