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Ende des Jahres 2003 erscheint der 5. Band (Eau de Cologne – Futurismus) der Neubearbeitung des Deutschen Fremdwörterbuches. Gleichzeitig jährt sich das Erscheinen des ersten Bandes: Vor genau 90 Jahren erschien der von dem Freiburger Germanisten Hans Schulz erarbeitete, die Fremdwörter der Buchstaben A – K umfassende erste Band des Werkes, das eine Sonderstellung unter den deutschen Fremdwörterbüchern einnimmt. Anlass genug, auf eine sehr wechselvolle Geschichte dieses Wörterbuches, auf 90 Jahre Arbeit, auf Mitarbeiter und auf verschiedene Bearbeitungsphasen zurückzublicken, den Weg von einem verlagsfinanzierten Ein-Mann-Unternehmen zu einem öffentlich geförderten Projekt nachzuzeichnen.
So far, there have been few descriptions on creating structures capable of storing lexicographic data, ISO 24613:2008 being one of the latest. Another one is by Spohr (2012), who designs a multifunctional lexical resource which is able to store data of different types of dictionaries in a user-oriented way. Technically, his design is based on the principle of a hierarchical XML/OWL (eXtensible Markup Language/Web Ontology Language) representation model. This article follows another route in describing a model based on entities and relations between them; MySQL (usually referred to as: Structured Query Language) describes a database system of tables containing data and definitions of relations between them. The model was developed in the context of the project "Scientific eLexicography for Africa" and the lexicographic database to be built thereof will be implemented with MySQL. The principles of the ISO model and of Spohr's model are adhered to with one major difference in the implementation strategy: we do not place the lemma in the centre of attention, but the sense description — all other elements, including the lemma, depend on the sense description. This article also describes the contained lexicographic data sets and how they have been collected from different sources. As our aim is to compile several prototypical internet dictionaries (a monolingual Northern Sotho dictionary, a bilingual learners' Xhosa–English dictionary and a bilingual Zulu–English dictionary), we describe the necessary microstructural elements for each of them and which principles we adhere to when designing different ways of accessing them. We plan to make the model and the (empty) database with all graphical user interfaces that have been developed, freely available by mid-2015.
So far, Sepedi negations have been considered more from the point of view of lexicographical treatment. Theoretical works on Sepedi have been used for this purpose, setting as an objective a neat description of these negations in a (paper) dictionary. This paper is from a different perspective: instead of theoretical works, corpus linguistic methods are used: (1) a Sepedi corpus is examined on the basis of existing descriptions of the occurrences of a relevant verb, looking at its negated forms from a purely prescriptive point of view; (2) a "corpus-driven" strategy is employed, looking only for sequences of negation particles (or morphemes) in order to list occurring constructions, without taking into account the verbs occurring in them, apart from their endings. The approach in (2) is only intended to show a possible methodology to extend existing theories on occurring negations. We would also like to try to help lexicographers to establish a frequency-based order of entries of possible negation forms in their dictionaries by showing them the number of respective occurrences. As with all corpus linguistic work, however, we must regard corpus evidence not as representative, but as tendencies of language use that can be detected and described. This is especially true for Sepedi, for which only few and small corpora exist. This paper also describes the resources and tools used to create the necessary corpus and also how it was annotated with part of speech and lemmas. Exploring the quality of available Sepedi part-of-speech taggers concerning verbs, negation morphemes and subject concords may be a positive side result.
Seit der Antike suggerieren Grammatiker, dass es für die Beschreibung bestimmter Sprachen nützlich ist, von einer Wortklasse auszugehen, die im Deutschen mit dem Terminus „Konjunktionen” belegt ist. So ging die traditionelle Grammatikschreibung auch für das Deutsche von der Wohlfundiertheit dieses Begriffs aus. In einigen neueren Grammatiken des Deutschen findet sich nun der Terminus „Konjunktion” nicht mehr, bzw. wird der Terminus nicht in der überkommenen Art verwandt. Gleichzeitig fehlt dort die mit ihm verknüpfte Klassenbildung. Dabei verzichten diese Grammatiken auf eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit der traditionellen Annahme einer solchen Wortklasse bzw. argumentieren nicht überzeugend gegen sie. Ich möchte im Folgenden versuchen zu zeigen, warum auch künftige Grammatiken und Wörterbücher des Deutschen auf die Annahme einer Wortklasse „Konjunktionen” im traditionellen Sinn verzichten und stattdessen mindestens zwei Klassen - „Konjunktoren” und „Subjunktoren” - ansetzen sollten, deren Klassenmerkmale ich im Übrigen zu präzisieren versuchen werde. Des Weiteren ordne ich den letztgenannten Klassen die entsprechenden Einheiten des Deutschen zu.
Are borrowed neologisms accepted more slowly into the German language than German words resulting from the application of word formation rules? This study addresses this question by focusing on two possible indicators for the acceptance of neologisms: a) frequency development of 239 German neologisms from the 1990s (loanwords as well as new words resulting from the application of word formation rules) in the German reference corpus DeReKo and b) frequency development in the use of pragmatic markers (‘flags’, namely quotation marks and phrases such as sogenannt ‘so-called’) with these words. In the second part of the article, a psycholinguistic approach to evaluating the (psychological) status of different neologisms and non-words in an experimentally controlled study and plans to carry out interviews in a field test to collect speakers’ opinions on the acceptance of the analysed neologisms are outlined. Finally, implications for the lexicographic treatment of both types of neologisms are discussed.
Are borrowed neologisms accepted more slowly into the German language than German words resulting from the application of wrd formation rules? This study addresses this question by focusing on two possible indicators for the acceptance of neologisms: a) frequency development of 239 German neologisms from the 1990s (loanwords as well as new words resulting from the application of word formation rules) in the German reference corpus DEREKO and b) frequency development in the use of pragmatic markers (‘flags’, namely quotation marks and phrases such as sogenannt ‘so-called’) with these words. In the second part of the article, a psycholinguistic approach to evaluating the (psychological) status of different neologisms and non-words in an experimentally controlled study and plans to carry out interviews in a field test to collect speakers’ opinions on the acceptance of the analysed neologisms are outlined. Finally, implications for the lexicographic treatment of both types of neologisms are discussed.