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Komposition als Element nominaler Integration passt zum Sprachtyp des Deutschen. Diese Technik wird in verschiedenen Texttypen in unterschiedlicher Weise genutzt und funktional ausdifferenziert. Zweigliedrige Komposita prägen den alltäglichen Wortschatz. Die Erfahrung damit und ihre formale Offenheit bilden den Grund für spezifische Ausweitungen des Gebrauchs. Das wird gezeigt an der die Öffnung der Muster im literarischen Bereich, dann an der Interaktion von Kompositionstypen im Hinblick auf größtmögliche Explizitheit in juristischen Texten und letztlich an der Mischung von alltäglicher Klassifikation in gängigen Komposita und textfunktionaler Kondensierung in einem Sachtext.
Recent typological studies have shown that socio-linguistic factors have a substantial effect on at least certain structures of language. However, we are still far from understanding how such factors should be operationalized and how they interact with other factors in shaping grammar. To address both questions, this study examines the influence of socio-linguistic factors on the number of dedicated conditional constructions in a sample of 374 languages. We test the number of speakers, the degree of multilingualism, the availability of a literature tradition, the use of writing, and the use of the language in the education system. At the same time, we control for genealogical, contact, and bibliographical biases. Our results suggest that the number of speakers is the most informative predictor. However, we find that the association between the number of speakers and the number of dedicated conditional constructions is much weaker than assumed, once genealogical and contact biases are controlled for.
A constructicon, i.e., a structured inventory of constructions, essentially aims at documenting functions of lexical and grammatical constructions. Among other parameters, so-called constructional collo-profiles, as introduced by Herbst (2018, 2020), are conclusive for determining constructional meanings. They provide information on how relevant individual words are for construction slots, they hint at usage preferences of constructions and serve as a helpful indicator for semantic peculiarities of constructions. However, even though collo-profiles constitute an indispensable component of constructicon entries, they pose major challengers for constructicographers: For a constructicographic enterprise it is not feasible to conduct collostructional analyses for hundreds or even thousands of constructions. In this article, we introduce a procedure based on the large language model BERT that allows to predict collo-profiles without having to extensively annotate instances of constructions in a given corpus. Specifically, by discussing the constructions X macht Y ADJP (‘x makes Y ADJ’, e.g. he drives him crazy) and N1 PREP N1 (e.g., bumper to bumper, constructions over constructions), we show how the developed automated system generates collo-profiles based on a limited number of annotated instances. Finally, we place collo-profiles alongside other dimensions of constructional meanings included in the German Constructicon.
Poetic diction routinely involves two complementary classes of features: (i) parallelisms, i.e. repetitive patterns (rhyme, metre, alliteration, etc.) that enhance the predictability of upcoming words, and (ii) poetic deviations that challenge standard expectations/predictions regarding regular word form and order. The present study investigated how these two prediction-modulating fundamentals of poetic diction affect the cognitive processing and aesthetic evaluation of poems, humoristic couplets and proverbs. We developed quantitative measures of these two groups of text features. Across the three text genres, higher deviation scores reduced both comprehensibility and aesthetic liking whereas higher parallelism scores enhanced these. The positive effects of parallelism are significantly stronger than the concurrent negative effects of the features of deviation. These results are in accord with the hypothesis that art reception involves an interplay of prediction errors and prediction error minimization, with the latter paving the way for processing fluency and aesthetic liking.
Der vorliegende Text unternimmt den Versuch, einen Beitrag zur grammatischen Analyse von Ellipsen zu leisten, indem kontextkontrollierte Ellipsen und Strukturellipsen konstruktionsgrammatisch verortet und interpretiert werden. In diesem Zusammenhang soll vor allem die Frage nach ihrem eventuellen Konstruktionsstatus im Mittelpunkt stehen. Wie sich zeigen wird, werden die beiden markanten Vertreter der Ellipsenwelt (Analepse und Strukturellipse) diesbezüglich unterschiedlich bewertet. Da der Phänomenbereich in beiden Hauptklassen eine Menge unterschiedlicher Formate und Typen umfasst (zu einem Überblick vgl. Hennig 2013: 447-448), kann die vorgelegte Analyse nur exemplarisch erfolgen und erhebt somit keinen Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit. Dennoch soll sie der Bedingung der Generalisierbarkeit theoretischer Annahmen insofern gerecht werden, als die beiden Hauptklassen (Analepse und Strukturellipse) genauer untersucht werden, die m. E. zwei entgegengesetzte Eckpunkte des Spektrums möglicher Ellipsen darstellen und somit in analytischer Perspektive, so auch in der konstruktionsgrammatischen Theoriebildung aus meiner Sicht besondere Aufmerksamkeit verdienen.
This presentation deals with collaborative turn-sequences (Lerner 2004), a syntactically coherent unit of talk that is jointly formulated by at least two speakers, in Czech and German everyday conversations. Based on conversation analysis (e.g., Schegloff 2007) and a multimodal approach to social interaction (e.g., Deppermann/Streeck 2018), we aim at comparing recurrent patterns and action types within co-constructional sequences in both languages. The practice of co-constructing turns-at-talk has been described for typologically different languages, especially for English (e.g., Lerner 1996, 2004), but also for languages such as Japanese (Hayashi 2003) or Finnish (Helasvuo 2004). For German, various forms and functions of co-constructions have already been investigated (e.g., Brenning 2015); for Czech, a detailed, interactionally based description is still pending (but see some initial observations in, e.g., Hoffmannová/Homoláč/Mrázková (eds.) 2019). Although the existence of co-constructions in different languages points to a cross-linguistic conversational practice, few explicitly comparative studies exist (see, e.g., Lerner/Takagi 1999, for English and Japanese). The language pair Czech-German has mainly been studied with respect to language contact and without specifically considering spoken language or complex conversational sequences (e.g., Nekula/Šichová/Valdrová 2013). Therefore, our second aim is to sketch out a first comparison of co-constructional sequences in German and Czech, thereby contributing to the growing field of comparative and cross-linguistic studies within conversation analysis (e.g., Betz et al. (eds.) 2021; Dingemanse/Enfield 2015; Sidnell (ed.) 2009). More specifically, we will present three main sequential patterns of co-constructional sequences, focusing on the type of action a second speaker carries out by completing a first speaker’s possibly incomplete turn-at-talk, and on how the initial speaker then responds to
this suggested completion (Lerner 2004). Excerpts from video recordings of Czech and German ordinary conversations will illustrate these recurrent co-constructional sequence types, i.e., offering help during word searches (see example 1 above), displaying understanding, or claiming independent knowledge. The third objective of this paper is to underline the participants’ orientation to similar interactional problems, solved by specific syntactic and/or lexical formats in Czech and German. Considering the more recent focus on the embodied dimension of co-constructional practices (e.g., Dressel 2020), we will also investigate the multimodal formatting of a started utterance as more or less “permeable” (Lerner 1996) for co-participant completion, the participants’ mutual embodied orientation, and possible embodied responses to others’ turn-completions (such as head nods or eyebrow flashes, cf. De Stefani 2021). More generally, this contribution reflects on the possibilities and challenges of a cross-linguistic comparison of complex multimodal sequences.
Hier sehen Sie neue Wörter sowie bekannte Wörter mit neuen Bedeutungen, die seit Beginn der COVID-19-Pandemie aufgekommen sind, bei denen wir aber noch beobachten, ob sie eine gewisse Verbreitung in die Allgemeinsprache erfahren werden. Zu jedem dieser Wörter geben wir eine (vorläufige, grobe) Bedeutungserläuterung an und illustrieren die Verwendung mit 1-2 Belegen.
The idea of this article is to take the immaterial and somehow ethereal nature of aesthetic concepts seriously by asking how aesthetic concepts are negotiated and thus formed in communication. My examples come from theatrical production where aesthetic decisions naturally play a major role. In the given case, an aesthetic concept is introduced with which only the director, but none of the actors is familiar in the beginning of the rehearsals. The concept, Wabi Sabi, comes from Japanese culture. As the whole rehearsal process was video recorded, it is possible to track the process of how the concept is negotiated and acquired over time. So, instead of defining criteria what Wabi Sabi as an aesthetic concept “consists of,” this article seeks to show how the concept is introduced, explained and “used” within a practical context, in this case a theater rehearsal. In contrast to conventional models of aesthetic experience, I am interested in the ways in which an aesthetic concept is configured in and through socially organized interaction, and — vice versa — how that interaction contributes to the situational accomplishment of the same concept. In short: I am interested in the “doing” of aesthetic concepts, especially in “doing Wabi Sabi.”
Das Duden-Aussprachewörterbuch ist das Standardwerk zu Fragen der Aussprache und Betonung des Deutschen. Die 8. Auflage wurde um über 4000 Stichwörter erweitert und enthält 144.000 Aussprachen zu Wörtern und Namen, inklusive im Deutschen gebräuchlicher Fremdwörter und fremdsprachlicher Namen. Alle Stichwörter wurden vertont und die Audios sind als Download verfügbar. Ein ausführliches Kapitel beschreibt die Regeln der Lautung und in zahlreichen Infokästen finden sich Informationen zu Aussprachephänomenen wie der Sprechpause beim Gendern. Das Wörterbuch entstand in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache in Mannheim.