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Sich und andere politisch zu positionieren, ist eine elementare sprachliche und soziale Praxis. Dies zeigen etwa Diskussionen um europäische Identität in Zeiten des britischen EU-Austritts und einer umstrittenen EU-Grenzpolitik oder die Haltung zu Waffenlieferungen in Krisengebiete im Zuge des Kriegs in der Ukraine, der 2022 ausbrach, ebenso wie wiederkehrende Auseinandersetzungen um Themen wie Alltagsrassismus, Sexismus und Diskriminierung. Diese Beispiele, die aktuelle politische Ereignisse ebenso umfassen, wie fortlaufende, immer wieder neu aufflammende gesellschaftliche Debatten um grundlegende Fragen des Zusammenlebens, verdeutlichen: Wo und wie wir uns in der Gesellschaft verorten, ist eine alltägliche Frage. Politische Positionierungen werden nicht nur ständig vorgenommen, sie werden, wie auch Nicht-Positionierungen, ebenso kontinuierlich thematisiert und kontrovers diskutiert. Diese Einführung in das Band soll in die Thematik des politischen Positionierens durch Klärung des Termins und einem Beispiel aus der Praxis einführen.
This is the first comprehensive volume to compare the sociolinguistic situations of minorities in Russia and in Western Europe. As such, it provides insight into language policies, the ethnolinguistic vitality and the struggle for reversal of language shift, language revitalization and empowerment of minorities in Russia and the European Union. The volume shows that, even though largely unknown to a broader English-reading audience, the linguistic composition of Russia is by no means less diverse than multilingualism in the EU. It is therefore a valuable introduction into the historical backgrounds and current linguistic, social and legal affairs with regard to Russia’s manifold ethnic and linguistic minorities, mirrored on the discussion of recent issues in a number of well-known Western European minority situations.
Digital humanities research under United States and European copyright laws. Evolving frameworks
(2021)
This chapter summarizes the current state of copyright laws in the United States and European Union that most affect Digital Humanities research, namely the fair use doctrine in the US and research exceptions in Europe, including the Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market, which has been finally adopted in 2019. This summary begins with a description of recent copyright advances most relevant to DH research, and finishes with an analysis of a significant remaining legal hurdle which DH researchers face: how do fair use and research exceptions deal with the critical issue of circumventing technological protection measures (TPM, a.k.a. DRM). Our discussion of the lawful means of obtaining TPM-protected material may contribute to both current DH research and planning decisions and inform future stakeholders and lawmakers of the need to allow TPM circumvention for academic research.
The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) on personal data protection in the European Union entered into application on 25 May 2018. With its 173 recitals and 99 articles, it may be one of the most ambitious pieces of EU legislation to date. Rather than a guide to GDPR compliance for Digital Humanities researchers, this chapter looks at the use of personal data in DH projects from the data subject’s perspective, and examines to what extent the GDPR kept its promise of enabling the data subject to “take control of his data”. The chapter provides an overview of the right to privacy and the right to data protection, a discussion of the relation between the concept of data control and privacy and data protection law, an introduction to the GDPR, and an explanation of its relevance for scientific research in general and DH in particular. The main section of the chapter analyses two types of data control mechanisms (consent and data subject rights) and their impact on DH research.
This chapter focuses on the contributions of German scholars to two of the three main research questions that have defined EU studies. Leaving aside the debate on the drivers of European integration, i.e. European integration theory, we will discuss the «governance turn» Fritz Scharpf, Beate Kohler-Koch, Arthur Benz, Ingeborg Tömmel and others promoted in studying EU institutions as well as the more policy-oriented approaches by Adrienne Héritier and again Fritz Scharpf and their students. We will then address the ever-growing literature on Europeanization on how EU policies, institutions and political processes have been affecting the domestic structures of member states, membership candidates, as well as neighborhood and third countries. In this context, German scholars also contributed to EU studies in what could be coined in methodological rather than substantial terms. Whereas Thomas König, Gerald Schneider, and others promoted the application of quantitative approaches, scientists like Bernhard Ebbinghaus and Markus Haverland dealt with general questions on research designs like case selection and causal inference. Finally, we will also discuss German contributions to diffusion research. The European Union as a most likely case for the diffusion of policies has attracted considerable attention by scholars dealing with the question of when and how policies spread across time and space. So it comes as no surprise that EU studies as well as diffusion research mutually benefitted from each other. In this regard, German scientists like Katharina Holzinger, Christoph Knill, Tanja Börzel, Thomas Plümper, Thomas Risse and others played a prominent role, too.
The General Data Protection Regulation (hereinafter: GDPR), EU Regulation 2016/679 of 27 April 2016, will become applicable on 25 May 2018 and repeal the Personal Data Directive of 24 October 1995.
Unlike a directive, which requires transposition into national laws (while leaving the choice of “forms and methods” to the Member States), a regulation is binding and directly applicable in all Member States. This means that when the GDPR becomes applicable, all the EU countries will have the same rules regarding the protection of personal data — at least in principle, since some details (including in the area of research — see below) are expressly left to the discretion of the Member States.
The GDPR is a particularly ambitious piece of legislation (consisting of 99 articles and 173 recitals) whose intended territorial scope extends beyond the borders of the European Union. Its main concepts and principles are essentially similar to those of the Personal Data Directive, but enriched with interpretation developed through the case law of the CJEU and the opinions of the Article 29 Data Protection Working Party (hereinafter: WP29).
This White Paper will discuss the main principles of data protection and their impact on language resources, as well as special rules regarding research under the GDPR and the standardisation mechanisms recognized by the Regulation.