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Beyond the stars: exploiting free-text user reviews to improve the accuracy of movie recommendations
(2009)
In this paper we show that the extraction of opinions from free-text reviews can improve the accuracy of movie recommendations. We present three approaches to extract movie aspects as opinion targets and use them as features for the collaborative filtering. Each of these approaches requires different amounts of manual interaction. We collected a data set of reviews with corresponding ordinal (star) ratings of several thousand movies to evaluate the different features for the collaborative filtering. We employ a state-of-the-art collaborative filtering engine for the recommendations during our evaluation and compare the performance with and without using the features representing user preferences mined from the free-text reviews provided by the users. The opinion mining based features perform significantly better than the baseline, which is based on star ratings and genre information only.
In the past two decades, more and more dictionary usage studies have been published, but most of them deal with questions related to what users appreciate about dictionaries, which dictionaries they use and what type of information they need in specific situations — presupposing that users actually consult lexicographic resources. However, language teachers and lecturers in linguistics often have the impression that students do not use enough high-quality dictionaries in their everyday work. With this in mind, we launched an international cooperation project to collect empirical data to evaluate what it is that students actually do while attempting to solve language problems. To this end, we applied a new methodological setting: screen recording in conjunction with a thinking-aloud task. The collected empirical data offers a broad insight into what users really do while they attempt to solve language-related tasks online.
The development of user-adapted views of lexicographic data is frequently in demand by dictionary research on electronic reference works and hypertext information systems. In the printed dictionary it has been indispensable to develop a complete dictionary relative to a user group and using situations. In contrast, for any electronic presentation of lexicographic data there are possibilities to define user-specific views of an initially user-unspecific resource. However, research on the use of dictionaries in general, still has to answer several open questions as far as this subject is concerned. This paper will firstly provide an overview of the present state of research on dictionary use with respect to electronic lexicography. Subsequently, explanations of further prerequisites for a possible user-adapted access to data are followed, as exemplified by OWID, the Online Vocabulary Information System of the Institut für Deutsche Sprache. Finally, it will be outlined what results on the subject have been accomplished so far. Also the prospects of potential user-adapted presentations of lexicographic data will be highlighted.
What makes a good online dictionary? Empirical insights from an interdisciplinary research project
(2011)
This paper presents empirical fmdings from two online surveys on the use of online dictionaries, in which more than 1,000 participants took part. The aim of these studies was to clarify general questions of online dictionary use (e.g. which electronic devices are used for online dictionaries or different types of usage situations) and to identify different demands regarding the use of online dictionaries. We will present some important results ofthis ongoing research project by focusing on the latter. Our analyses show that neither knowledge of the participants’ (scientific or academic) background, nor the language Version of the online survey (German vs. English) allow any significant conclusions to be drawn about the participant’s individual user demands. Subgroup analyses only reveal noteworthy differences when the groups are clustered statistically. Taken together, our fmdings shed light on the general lexicographical request both for the development of a user-adaptive interface and the incorporation of multimedia elements to make online dictionaries more user-friendly and innovative.
Compared with printed dictionaries, online dictionaries provide a number of unique possibilities for the presentation and processing of lexicographical information. However, in Müller-Spitzer/Koplenig/Töpel (2011) we show that – on average - users tend to rate the special characteristics of online dictionaries (e.g. multimedia, adaptability) as (partly) unimportant. This result conflicts somewhat with the lexicographical request both for the development of a user-adaptive interface and the incorporation of multimedia elements. This contribution seeks to explain this discrepancy, by arguing that when potential users are fully informed about the benefits of possible innovative features of online dictionaries, they will come to judge these characteristics to be more useful than users that do not have this kind of information. This argument is supported by empirical evidence presented in this paper.
This paper is a project report of the lexicographic Internet portal OWID, an Online Vocabulary Information System of German which is being built at the Institute of German Language in Mannheim (IDS). Overall, the contents of the portal and its technical approaches will be presented. The lexical database is structured in a granular way which allows to extend possible search options for lexicographers. Against the background of current research on using electronic dictionaries, the project OWID is also working on first ideas of useradapted access and user-adapted views of the lexicographic data. Due to the fact that the portal OWID comprises dictionaries which are available online it is possible to change the design and functions of the website easily (in comparison to printed dictionaries). Ideas of implementing user-adapted views of the lexicographic data will be demonstrated by using an example taken from one of the dictionaries of the portal, namely elexiko.
Die Wortbildungsangaben im Online-Wörterbuch und wie Nutzer sie beurteilen – eine Umfrage zu elexiko
(2013)
Der vorliegende Beitrag betrachtet das Thema der Wortbildung im Online-Wörterbuch aus der Perspektive der Wörterbuchbenutzer. Zunächst werden an einzelnen Beispielen die unterschiedlichen Angabebereiche im Internetwörterbuch und die verschiedenen Arten der Wortbildungsangaben aufgezeigt, auf die ein Wörterbuchbenutzer beim Nachschlagen stoßen kann (Kap. 2). Daran anschließend werden mit elexiko und BZVelexiko kurz die beiden Projekte vorgestellt, die an den Mannheimer Nutzerumfragen beteiligt waren. Schließlich werden die Ergebnisse zweier Online-Befragungen präsentiert, die Anfang 2011 am Institut für Deutsche Sprache durchgeführt wurden und an denen insgesamt über 1 100 Personen teilnahmen. In diesem Kontext stehen dabei allein die Teilergebnisse zum Thema Wortbildung im Mittelpunkt (Kap. 3). Ein Ausblick auf die weitere geplante Forschung rundet den Beitrag ab (Kap. 4).
We present studies using the 2013 log files from the German version of Wiktionary. We investigate several lexicographically relevant variables and their effect on look-up frequency: Corpus frequency of the headword seems to have a strong effect on the number of visits to a Wiktionary entry. We then consider the question of whether polysemic words are looked up more often than monosemic ones. Here, we also have to take into account that polysemic words are more frequent in most languages. Finally, we present a technique to investigate the time-course of look-up behaviour for specific entries. We exemplify the method by investigating influences of (temporary) social relevance of specific headwords.
The methods utilized in the area of research into dictionary use are established research methods in the social sciences. After explicating the different steps of a typical empirical investigation, this article provides examples of how these different methods are used in various user studies conducted in the field of using online dictionaries. Thereby, different kinds of data collection (surveys as online questionnaires, log files and eye tracking) as well as different research design structures (for instance, ex-post-facto design or experimental design) are discussed.