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Die meisten, wenn nicht alle natürlichen Sprachen kennen unterschiedliche Satzarten, die in ihrer grammatischen Form – z. B. Konstituentenfolge, verbale Modi, Vorkommen von Interrogativa, spezifischen Partikeln usw. – und/oder ihrer syntaktischen bzw. pragmatischen Funktion – Satzgliedwert; Aussage-, Frage-, Aufforderungsfunktion usw. – besondere Eigenschaften aufweisen. Eine weit verbreitete Intuition besagt, dass allen Satzarten über formale und funktionale Unterschiede hinweg etwas gemeinsam sein muss, das als satzartunabhängiger Bedeutungskern bestimmt werden kann. Dafür sind unterschiedliche Termini in Umlauf, unter denen der Propositionsbegriff eine prominente Rolle spielt. Der vorliegende Aufsatz betrachtet die Satzarten des Gegenwartsdeutschen. Im Anschluss an Wittgenstein, Frege und Lyons entwickelt er eine Begrifflichkeit, mit der die Bedeutungspotenziale von Satzarten beschrieben und verglichen werden können. Der Propositionsbegriff wird in Anlehnung an Lyons über die Möglichkeit einer Auswertung vor Wissenshintergründen und der darauf fußenden Bewertbarkeit hinsichtlich Wahrheit definiert. Es wird detailliert untersucht, welche Satzarten des Deutschen Propositionen in diesem Sinne ausdrücken müssen oder können und welche dies nicht können. Ferner werden formale Ausdrucksmittel identifiziert, die propositionale Lesarten von Sätzen erzwingen, nahelegen oder ausschließen. Es wird deutlich, dass der gewählte Propositionsbegriff nicht den gemeinsamen Bedeutungskern aller Satzarten erfassen kann. Als solcher wird eine weniger komplexe semantische Einheit bestimmt: die Beschreibung eines Sachverhalts.
The paper presents a summary of an attempt to define the notion of “sentence mood”. It pursues the question for which phenomena it makes sense to subsume them under this term. It proposes to capture by “sentence mood” one aspect of sentence (not clause!) meaning which can be seen as the base of the traditional sentence type (Satzarten) distinction. This aspect of sentence meaning is a special kind of attitude towards the state of affairs denoted by the sentence. It is typically determined by supralexical factors, and is to be interpreted under normal conditions.
Satzmodus in der Diskussion
(1988)
The principal claim of this dissertation is that there is a unique structural core shared by Double Object, Dative Experiencer and Existential/Presentational constructions. This core is argued to take the form of a Cipient Predication structure, `cipient covering traditional notions like (affected) source/goal, recipient, indirect object or dative experiencer. Central questions arising in defining Cipient Predication are: How are cipients thematically licensed, and what is the role of there in argument-structural terms? What is the structural locus of cipients/there? What is the role and nature of dative case? How can the possessive interpretation, the blocking and definiteness effects associated with the above-mentioned constructions be explained? Cipients are presented as external arguments and logical subjects (location individuals) of predicates derived from a propositional meaning embedded in the VP, the predicate formed by a lower tense head `little t that is overtly realized as there. Little t is argued to encode a distinction at the reference time level, structural dative hinging on a tense property like structural nominative. The cipient relates as a whole to a part to a VP-internal location argument that together with the theme furnishes the propositional meaning (`possession ). As logical subjects, cipients anchor the predicate to the utterance context, forcing its interpretation in extralinguistic terms (`blocking effects ). It is proposed that lacking structurally encoded subjects, Existential/Presentational constructions are not saturated expressions in syntax, precluding the interpretation of certain quantifiers (most/every, vide `definiteness effects ). Cipient Predication, couched in terms of the Minimalist Program (in particular, Chomsky 1999) and a semantics relying on tense and the ontological distinction of locations as well as scalar and part-whole structure, should be of interest to scholars working on datives, argument structure, and the syntax/semantics/pragmatics interface more generally.
Präpositionalobjektsätze
(2013)
Die Komposition des Satzes
(1972)
This paper deals with the function of German modal particles in non-embedded sentences with the verb at the end. The four German particles "bloß", "doch", "ja" and "wohl" are analysed. Therefore the verb-last-sentences are compared with sentences with the verb in the first or second position, which are used with or without modal particles. In all these sentences modal particles have the same function. They specify a speaker’s attitude. For this purpose they interact with other linguistic means and refer to the linguistic and/or non-linguistic context of the utterance. So one can say, that modal particles play an important role in the utterance meaning of a sentence.