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According to Positioning Theory, participants in narrative interaction can position themselves on a representational level concerning the autobiographical, told self, and a performative level concerning the interactive and emotional self of the tellers. The performative self is usually much harder to pin down, because it is a non-propositional, enacted self. In contrast to everyday interaction, psychotherapists regularly topicalize the performative self explicitly. In our paper, we study how therapists respond to clients' narratives by interpretations of the client's conduct, shifting from the autobiographical identity of the told self, which is the focus of the client's story, to the present performative self of the client. Drawing on video recordings from three psychodynamic therapies (tiefenpsychologisch fundierte Psychotherapie) with 25 sessions each, we will analyze in detail five extracts of therapists' shifts from the representational to the performative self. We highlight four findings:
• Whereas, clients' narratives often serve to support identity claims in terms of personal psychological and moral characteristics, therapists rather tend to focus on clients' feelings, motives, current behavior, and ways of interacting.
• In response to clients' stories, therapists first show empathy and confirm clients' accounts, before shifting to clients' performative self.
• Therapists ground the shift to clients' performative self by references to clients' observable behavior.
• Therapists do not simply expect affiliation with their views on clients' performative self. Rather, they use such shifts to promote the clients' self-exploration. Yet, if clients resist to explore their selves in more detail, therapists more explicitly ascribe motives and feelings that clients do not seem to be aware of. The shift in positioning levels thus seems to have a preparatory function for engendering therapeutic insights.
The main point of this chapter is to demonstrate how a speaker’s concept of his/her professional role can be inferred from his/her perspectival work (perspective setting and relating different perspectives to one another) in professional encounters. Thereby some risks of complex perspectival work in discourse will become manifest which result - at one point in the talk - in perspectival inconsistency, revealing a deeply grounded social problem for the speaker. This will be examined in the framework of a rhetorical conversation analysis.
Das Konzept von Dominanz bezieht sich auf soziale Beziehungen, die entweder auf bereits etablierten Machtverhältnissen basieren oder solche herzustellen versuchen. Dominanz im Gespräch kann sich in bestimmten Interaktionseigenschaften manifestieren, z.B. in der ständigen Beanspruchung von Rederecht, der konsistenten thematischen und perspektivischen Steuerung, der Kontrolle von Partneraktivitäten oder dem Verhindern von Initiativen anderer u.ä..
Im Folgenden werde ich mich auf eine der Möglichkeiten konzentrieren, auf das Herstellen von Dominanz durch das Dominantsetzen von Perspektiven. Durch das konsistente Dominantsetzen der eigenen Perspektive auf einen thematischen Gegenstand oder Aspekte davon ist es möglich, zumindest in Bezug auf diesen Gegenstand Dominanz über die anderen Gesprächspartner zu etablieren.