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Morphophonological asymmetries in affixation concern systematic correlations between morphological properties of affixes (e.g. combination with bound versus free stems, position relative to stem (suffixes versus prefixes)) and their phonological properties (e.g. stress behaviour). The arguably most insightful approach to capturing relevant asymmetries invokes a notion of affix coherence, first introduced by Dixon in connection with his work on Yidiɲ, a nearly extinct language spoken in Northern Australia. This notion is based on a categorical division of affixes into ones that integrate into the phonological word of the stem and ones that do not. The integration of affixes is envisioned as being fully determined by phonological and morphological structure in a given language and verifiable by diagnostics relevant to phonological word domains (primarily the syllable and the foot structure). The assumption of two types of prosodic domains characterized by integrated versus non-integrated affixes is manifest in consistent asymmetries that pertain to morphophonological, phonological, and phonetic rules. This consistency constitutes compelling evidence for the structure-based analysis of the impact of various affixes on derived words, as opposed to alternative approaches to capturing these effects by associating affixes with diacritics (morpheme versus word boundary, class 1 versus class 2, stratum 1 versus stratum 2). The present entry aims to demonstrate, mostly on the basis of data from Germanic languages, the breadth of the empirical evidence in support of a fundamental role of affix coherence. Moreover, it aims to draw attention to the various implications of affix coherence for modeling relevant generalizations, in particular the necessary reference to a level of phonological representation characterized by a specific degree of abstractness (‘phonemic’).
Based on the privative derivational suffix -los, we test statements found in the literature on word formation using a – at least in this field – novel empirical basis: a list of affective-emotional ratings of base nouns and associated -los derivations. In addition to a frequency analysis based on the German Reference Corpus, we show that, in general, emotional polarity (so-called valence, positive vs. negative emotions) is reversed by suffixation with -los. This change is stronger for more polarized base nouns. The perceived intensity of emotion (so-called arousal) is generally lower for -los derivations than for base nouns. Finally, to capture the results theoretically, we propose a prototypical -los construction in the framework of Construction Morphology.
Die Integration englischer er-Personenbezeichnungen ins System der deutschen Nomina agentis geht aufgrund struktureller Parallelen scheinbar schnell vonstatten. Auffällig, aber in bestehenden Untersuchungen unberücksichtigt, ist jedoch die (Nicht-)Movierung der Entlehnungen (Sharon ist Manager neben Managerin). Eine Fragebogenstudie mit zwölf prädikativen Konstruktionen, die sich auf weibliche Individuen beziehen, zeigt zunächst, dass Movierung für die meisten Teilnehmenden (ca. ¾) der Normalfall ist. Nur zwei Personen movieren nie. Bei den Teilnehmenden mit schwankender Movierung lässt sich kein Einfluss der Faktoren Geschlecht, Alter und Herkunft der Teilnehmenden sowie Geschlechterstereotyp des Lexems nachweisen. Einfluss auf die Variation haben dagegen der Fremdwortstatus (native Lexeme werden tendenziell eher moviert als Anglizismen), die Gebrauchsfrequenz (frequentere Lexeme werden tendenziell eher moviert als weniger frequente) und die Länge des Lexems (kürzere Lexeme werden tendenziell eher moviert als längere). Die statistische Untersuchung wird von kleineren qualitativen Beobachtungen aus den erhobenen Antworten und aus anderen Datenquellen (v.a. Korpora) ergänzt.