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Speakers’ dialogical orientation to the particular others they talk to is implemented by practices of recipient-design. One such practice is the use of negation as a means to constrain interpretations of speaker’s actions by the partner. The paper situates this use of negation within the larger context of other recipient-designed uses of negation which negate assumptions the speaker makes about what the addressee holds to be true (second-order assumptions) or what the addressee assumes the speaker holds to be true (third- order assumptions). The focus of the study is on the ways in which speakers use negation to disclaim interpretations of their turns which partners have displayed or may possibly arrive at. Special emphasis is given to the positionally sensitive uses of negation, which may occur before, after or inserted between the nucleus actions whose interpretation is constrained by the negation. Interactional motivations and rhetorical potentials of the practice are pointed out, partly depending on the position of the negation vis-à-vis the nucleus action. The analysis shows that the concept of ‘recipient design’ is in need of distinctions which have not been in focus in prior research.
Ablaut
(2014)
Ablautreihe
(2014)
Anaphora
(2014)
Antonomasie
(2014)
Assonanz
(2014)
Asyndeton
(2014)
Attizismus
(2014)
Barbarismus
(2014)
In this paper, we present the concept and the results of two studies addressing (potential) users of monolingual German online dictionaries, such as www.elexiko.de. Drawing on the example of elexiko, the aim of those studies was to collect empirical data on possible extensions of the content of monolingual online dictionaries, e.g. the search function, to evaluate how users comprehend the terminology of the user interface, to find out which types of information are expected to be included in each specific lexicographic module and to investigate general questions regarding the function and reception of examples illustrating the use of a word. The design and distribution of the surveys is comparable to the studies described in the chapters 5-8 of this volume. We also explain, how the data obtained in our studies were used for further improvement of the elexiko-dictionary.
Bezugsnomen
(2014)
Brachylogie
(2014)
Chiasmus
(2014)
Ciceronianismus
(2014)
Diaphora
(2014)
In this paper, the authors use the 2012 log files of two German online dictionaries (Digital Dictionary of the German Language and the German Version of Wiktionary) and the 100,000 most frequent words in the Mannheim German Reference Corpus from 2009 to answer the question of whether dictionary users really do look up frequent words, first asked by de Schryver et al. (2006). By using an approach to the comparison of log files and corpus data which is completely different from that of the aforementioned authors, we provide empirical evidence that indicates - contrary to the results of de Schryver et al. and Verlinde/Binon (2010) - that the corpus frequency of a word can indeed be an important factor in determining what online dictionary users look up. Finally, we incorporate word class Information readily available in Wiktionary into our analysis to improve our results considerably.
Dispositio
(2014)
This contribution offers a fine-grained analysis of German and Romanian ditransitive and prepositional transfer constructions. The transfer construction (TC) is shown to be realised in German by 26 argument structure patterns (ASPs), which are conceived of as form-meaning pairings which differ only minimally. The mainstream constructionist view of the different types of TCs being related by polysemy links is rejected, the ASPs being argued instead to be related by family relationships. All but six of the ASPs identified for German are shown to possess a Romanian counterpart. For some ditransitive structures, German is shown to possess two prepositional variants, one with an (‘at’) and one with zu (‘to’) or auf (‘on’), while Romanian has only one. Due to the lack of a Romanian counterpart for the German zu and auf variants, Romanian lacks some of the dative alternations found in German. However, Romanian as well as German permits the double object pattern to interact with take-verbs, verbs of removal and add-verbs, which do not allow the ditransitive construction in English. Since these verb classes also permit at least one prepositional pattern in both languages, Romanian and German show a larger number of dative alternation types than English.
Doppelobjektkonstruktion
(2014)
Dysphemismus
(2014)
Ekthlipsis
(2014)
Elocutio
(2014)
To design effective electronic dictionaries, reliable empirical information on how dictionaries are actually being used is of great value for lexicographers. To my knowledge, no existing empirical research addresses the context of dictionary use, or, in other words, the extra-lexicographic situations in which a dictionary consultation is embedded. This is mainly due to the fact that data about these contexts are difficult to obtain. To take a first step in closing this research gap, we incorporated an open-ended question (“In which contexts or situations would you use a dictionary?”) into our first online survey (N = 684). Instead of presenting well-known facts about standardized types of usage situation, this chapter will focus on the more offbeat circumstances of dictionary use and aims of users, as they are reflected in the responses. Overall, my results indicate that there is a community whose work is closely linked with dictionaries. Dictionaries are also seen as a linguistic treasure trove for games or crossword puzzles, and as a standard which can be referred to as an authority. While it is important to emphasize that my results are only preliminary, they do indicate the potential of empirical research in this area.
This chapter summarizes the typical steps of an empirical investigation. Every step is illustrated using examples from our research project into online dictionary use or other relevant studies. This chapter does not claim to contain anything new, but presents a brief guideline for lexicographical researchers who are interested in conducting their own empirical research.
Enallage
(2014)
Enthymem
(2014)
Epipher
(2014)
Epitheton
(2014)
Euphemismus
(2014)
The main aim of the study presented in this chapter was to try out eyetracking as form to collect data about dictionary use as it is – for research into dictionary use – a new and not widely used technology. As the topic of research, we decided to evaluate the new web design of the IDS dictionary portal OWID. In the mid of 2011 where the study was conducted, the relaunch of the web design was internally finished but externally not released yet. In this regard, it was a good time to see whether users get along well with the new design decisions. 38 persons participated in our study, all of them students aged 20-30 years. Besides the results the chapter also includes critical comments on methodological aspects of our study.
Figura etymologica
(2014)
The first international study (N=684) we conducted within our research project on online dictionary use included very general questions on that topic. In this chapter, we present the corresponding results on questions like the use of both printed and online dictionaries as well as on the types of dictionaries used, devices used to access online dictionaries and some information regarding the willingness to pay for premium content. The data collected by us, show that our respondents both use printed and online dictionaries and, according to their self-report, many different kinds of dictionaries. In this context, our results revealed some clear cultural differences: in German-speaking areas spelling dictionaries are more common than in other linguistic areas, where thesauruses are widespread. Only a minority of our respondents is willing to pay for premium content, but most of the respondents are prepared to accept advertising. Our results also demonstrate that our respondents mainly tend to use dictionaries on big-screen devices, e.g. desktop computers or laptops.
Genitivobjekt
(2014)
Der Semantik-Band des Handbuchs der deutschen Konnektoren beschreibt erstmals umfassend die Bedeutung der deutschen Konnektoren und etabliert eine theoretisch begründete semantische Klassifikation dieser Satzverknüpfer, die auf der syntaktischen Klassifikation des ersten Bandes des Handbuchs von Pasch et al. (2003) aufbaut. Der Semantik-Band richtet sich in erster Linie an ein linguistisches Fachpublikum. Durch die Darstellung der spezifischen Gebrauchsbedingungen satzverknüpfender Einheiten ist es darüber hinaus für Bereiche relevant, in denen das Verfassen und Verstehen von Texten Thema ist, wie Deutsch als Fremdsprache, Deutschdidaktik, Computerlinguistik, Übersetzungswissenschaft und angewandte Sprachforschung.
Der Semantik-Band des Handbuchs der deutschen Konnektoren beschreibt erstmals umfassend die Bedeutung der deutschen Konnektoren und etabliert eine theoretisch begründete semantische Klassifikation dieser Satzverknüpfer, die auf der syntaktischen Klassifikation des ersten Bandes des Handbuchs von Pasch et al. (2003) aufbaut. Der Semantik-Band richtet sich in erster Linie an ein linguistisches Fachpublikum. Durch die Darstellung der spezifischen Gebrauchsbedingungen satzverknüpfender Einheiten ist es darüber hinaus für Bereiche relevant, in denen das Verfassen und Verstehen von Texten Thema ist, wie Deutsch als Fremdsprache, Deutschdidaktik, Computerlinguistik, Übersetzungswissenschaft und angewandte Sprachforschung.
Hyperbaton
(2014)
Hyperbel
(2014)
Gegenstand des Aufsatzes sind Sätze mit so genannten inneren Objekten, das sind Akkusativobjekte, die im Wesentlichen intransitive Verben gelegentlich zu sich nehmen. Sie weisen die Besonderheit auf, dass das Objektsnomen und das Verb morphologisch, etymologisch und/oder semantisch miteinander verwandt sind. Aufgrund von Form- und vor allem Bedeutungsunterschieden lassen sich in beiden Sprachen verschiedene Gruppen von inneren Objekten ausmachen, die genauer beschrieben und unter sprachvergleichenden Gesichtspunkten betrachtet werden. Dazu werden u.a. die syntaktischen Eigenschaften von Sätzen mit inneren Objekten herangezogen. Einige auffallende sprachbezogene Unterschiede werden beschrieben, beispielsweise ist im Rumänischen bei einigen Verben ein präpositionaler Anschluss möglich, wo im Deutschen das innere Objekt ausschließlich im Akkusativ stehen kann. Sätze mit inneren Objekten können als ein Typ von Argumentstrukturmustern betrachtet werden. In diesem Sinne sind sie Form-Bedeutungs-Paare, deren Beziehungen untereinander innerhalb eines Konzepts von Familienähnlichkeiten dargestellt werden, wie man sie auch innerhalb anderer Cluster von Argumentstrukturmustern beobachten kann.
Katachrese
(2014)
Komplexe Argumentstrukturen. Kontrastive Untersuchungen zum Deutschen, Rumänischen und Englischen
(2014)
Neben dem kanonischen Ausdruck der Argumentstruktur von Verben als Intransitiv- oder Transitivkonstruktion mit Nominal- oder Präpositionalphrasen können Argumente in vielfältiger Weise auch in komplexer, nicht-kanonischer Form realisiert werden. Solche Argumentstrukturen zeigen insbesondere im Sprachvergleich interessante Variationen, wie der vorliegende Band anhand von Studien zum Deutschen, Rumänischen und Englischen zeigt. Er versammelt kontrastive Arbeiten zur Alternation von sententialen und nominalen Subjekten, zu den Typen und Restriktionen von Resultativkonstruktionen, zu den Bedingungen des Auftretens innerer Objekte, zu Eigenschaften infiniter Formen und ihren Verwendungsbeschränkungen als Argumentausdrücke sowie zu den spezifischen Bedingungen der Ditransitiv-Alternation. Die aus verschiedenen theoretischen Perspektiven geschriebenen Arbeiten reflektieren dabei das Spannungsfeld zwischen lexikalischen Forderungen, konstruktionalen Idiosynkrasien und sprachübergreifenden oder sprachspezifischen strukturellen Restriktionen.