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Common Crawl is a considerably large, heterogeneous multilingual corpus comprised of crawled documents from the internet, surpassing 20TB of data and distributed as a set of more than 50 thousand plain text files where each contains many documents written in a wide variety of languages. Even though each document has a metadata block associated to it, this data lacks any information about the language in which each document is written, making it extremely difficult to use Common Crawl for monolingual applications. We propose a general, highly parallel, multithreaded pipeline to clean and classify Common Crawl by language; we specifically design it so that it runs efficiently on medium to low resource infrastructures where I/O speeds are the main constraint. We develop the pipeline so that it can be easily reapplied to any kind of heterogeneous corpus and so that it can be parameterised to a wide range of infrastructures. We also distribute a 6.3TB version of Common Crawl, filtered, classified by language, shuffled at line level in order to avoid copyright issues, and ready to be used for NLP applications.
Text corpora come in many different shapes and sizes and carry heterogeneous annotations, depending on their purpose and design. The true benefit of corpora is rooted in their annotation and the method by which this data is encoded is an important factor in their interoperability. We have accumulated a large collection of multilingual and parallel corpora and encoded it in a unified format which is compatible with a broad range of NLP tools and corpus linguistic applications. In this paper, we present our corpus collection and describe a data model and the extensions to the popular CoNLL-U format that enable us to encode it.
As the Web ought to be considered as a series of sources rather than as a source in itself, a problem facing corpus construction resides in meta-information and categorization. In addition, we need focused data to shed light on particular subfields of the digital public sphere. Blogs are relevant to that end, especially if the resulting web texts can be extracted along with metadata and made available in coherent and clearly describable collections.
Nearly all of the very large corpora of English are “static”, which allows a wide range of one-time, pre-processed data, such as collocates. The challenge comes with large “dynamic” corpora, which are updated regularly, and where preprocessing is much more difficult. This paper provides an overview of the NOW corpus (News on the Web), which is currently 8.2 billion words in size, and which grows by about 170 million words each month. We discuss the architecture of NOW, and provide many examples that show how data from NOW can (uniquely) be extracted to look at a wide range of ongoing changes in English.
Sprechen im Umbruch. Zeitzeugen erzählen und argumentieren rund um den Fall der Mauer im Wendekorpus
(2019)
We report on a new project building a Natural Language Processing resource for Zulu by making use of resources already available. Combining tagging results with the results of morphological analysis semi-automatically, we expect to reduce the amount of manual work when generating a finely-grained gold standard corpus usable for training a tagger. From the tagged corpus, we plan to extract verb-argument pairs with the aim of compiling a verb valency lexicon for Zulu.
This paper reports on the latest developments of the European Reference Corpus EuReCo and the German Reference Corpus in relation to three of the most important CMLC topics: interoperability, collaboration on corpus infrastructure building, and legal issues. Concerning interoperability, we present new ways to access DeReKo via KorAP on the API and on the plugin level. In addition we report about advancements in the EuReCo- and ICC-initiatives with the provision of comparable corpora, and about recent problems with license acquisitions and our solution approaches using an indemnification clause and model licenses that include scientific exploitation.
Distributional models of word use constitute an indispensable tool in corpus based lexicological research for discovering paradigmatic relations and syntagmatic patterns (Belica et al. 2010). Recently, word embeddings (Mikolov et al. 2013) have revived the field by allowing to construct and analyze distributional models on very large corpora. This is accomplished by reducing the very high dimensionality of word cooccurrence contexts, the size of the vocabulary, to few dimensions, such as 100-200. However, word use and meaning can vary widely along dimensions such as domain, register, and time, and word embeddings tend to represent only the most prevalent meaning. In this paper we thus construct domain specific word embeddings to allow for systematically analyzing variations in word use. Moreover, we also demonstrate how to reconstruct domain specific co-occurrence contexts from the dense word embeddings.
Since 2013 representatives of several French and German CMC corpus projects have developed three customizations of the TEI-P5 standard for text encoding in order to adapt the encoding schema and models provided by the TEI to the structural peculiarities of CMC discourse. Based on the three schema versions, a 4th version has been created which takes into account the experiences from encoding our corpora and which is specifically designed for the submission of a feature request to the TEI council. On our poster we would present the structure of this schema and its relations (commonalities and differences) to the previous schemas.
This paper presents the prototype of a lexicographic resource for spoken German in interaction, which was conceived within the framework of the LeGeDe-project (LeGeDe=Lexik des gesprochenen Deutsch). First of all, it summarizes the theoretical and methodological approaches that were used for the initial planning of the resource. The headword candidates were selected by analyzing corpus-based data. Therefore, the data of two corpora (written and spoken German) were compared with quantitative methods. The information that was gathered on the selected headword candidates can be assigned to two different sections: meanings and functions in interaction.
Additionally, two studies on the expectations of future users towards the resource were carried out. The results of these two studies were also taken into account in the development of the prototype. Focusing on the presentation of the resource’s content, the paper shows both the different lexicographical information in selected dictionary entries, and the information offered by the provided hyperlinks and external texts. As a conclusion, it summarizes the most important innovative aspects that were specifically developed for the implementation of such a resource.
In this paper, we describe a data processing pipeline used for annotated spoken corpora of Uralic languages created in the INEL (Indigenous Northern Eurasian Languages) project. With this processing pipeline we convert the data into a loss-less standard format (ISO/TEI) for long-term preservation while simultaneously enabling a powerful search in this version of the data. For each corpus, the input we are working with is a set of files in EXMARaLDA XML format, which contain transcriptions, multimedia alignment, morpheme segmentation and other kinds of annotation. The first step of processing is the conversion of the data into a certain subset of TEI following the ISO standard ’Transcription of spoken language’ with the help of an XSL transformation. The primary purpose of this step is to obtain a representation of our data in a standard format, which will ensure its long-term accessibility. The second step is the conversion of the ISO/TEI files to a JSON format used by the “Tsakorpus” search platform. This step allows us to make the corpora available through a web-based search interface. As an addition, the existence of such a converter allows other spoken corpora with ISO/TEI annotation to be made accessible online in the future.
In diesem Beitrag wird das Redewiedergabe-Korpus (RW-Korpus) vorgestellt, ein historisches Korpus fiktionaler und nicht-fiktionaler Texte, das eine detaillierte manuelle Annotation mit Redewiedergabeformen enthält. Das Korpus entsteht im Rahmen eines laufenden DFG-Projekts und ist noch nicht endgültig abgeschlossen, jedoch ist für Frühjahr 2019 ein Beta-Release geplant, welches der Forschungsgemeinschaft zur Verfügung gestellt wird. Das endgültige Release soll im Frühjahr 2020 erfolgen. Das RW-Korpus stellt eine neuartige Ressource für die Redewiedergabe-Forschung dar, die in dieser Detailliertheit für das Deutsche bisher nicht verfügbar ist, und kann sowohl für quantitative linguistische und literaturwissenschaftliche Untersuchungen als auch als Trainingsmaterial für maschinelles Lernen dienen.
This paper presents types and annotation layers of reply relations in computer- mediated communication (CMC). Reply relations hold between post units in CMC interactions and describe references from one given post to a previous post. We classify three types of reply relations in CMC interactions: first, technical replies, i. e. the possibility to reply directly to a previous post by clicking a ‘reply’ button; second, indentations, e. g. in wiki talk pages in which users insert their contributions in the existing talk page by indenting them and third, interpretative reply relations, i. e. the reply action is not realised formally but signalled by other structural or linguistics means such as address markers ‘@’, greetings, citations and/or Q-A structures. We take a look at existing practices in the description and representation of such relations in corpora and examples of chat, Wikipedia talk pages, Twitter and blogs. We then provide an annotation proposal that combines the different levels of description and representation of reply relations and which adheres to the schemas and practices for encoding CMC corpus documents within the TEI framework as defined by the TEI CMC SIG. It constitutes a prerequisite for correctly identifying higher levels of interactional relations such as dialogue acts or discussion trees.
Classical null hypothesis significance tests are not appropriate in corpus linguistics, because the randomness assumption underlying these testing procedures is not fulfilled. Nevertheless, there are numerous scenarios where it would be beneficial to have some kind of test in order to judge the relevance of a result (e.g. a difference between two corpora) by answering the question whether the attribute of interest is pronounced enough to warrant the conclusion that it is substantial and not due to chance. In this paper, I outline such a test.
In the first volume of Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory, Gries (2005. Null-hypothesis significance testing of word frequencies: A follow-up on Kilgarriff. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 1(2). doi:10.1515/cllt.2005.1.2.277. http://www.degruyter.com/view//cllt.2005.1.issue-2/cllt.2005.1.2.277/cllt.2005.1.2.277.xml: 285) asked whether corpus linguists should abandon null-hypothesis significance testing. In this paper, I want to revive this discussion by defending the argument that the assumptions that allow inferences about a given population – in this case about the studied languages – based on results observed in a sample – in this case a collection of naturally occurring language data – are not fulfilled. As a consequence, corpus linguists should indeed abandon null-hypothesis significance testing.
Little strokes fell great oaks. Creating CoRoLa, the reference corpus of contemporary Romanian
(2019)
The paper presents the quite long-standing tradition of Romanian corpus acquisition and processing, which reaches its peak with the reference corpus of contemporary Romanian language (CoRoLa). The paper describes decisions behind the kinds of texts collected, as well as processing and annotation steps, highlighting the structure and importance of metadata to the corpus. The reader is also introduced to the three ways in which (s)he can plunge into the rich linguistic data of the corpus, waiting to be discovered. Besides querying the corpus, word embeddings extracted from it are useful to various natural language processing applications and for linguists, when user-friendly interfaces offer them the possibility to exploit the data.
This article investigates the use of überhaupt and sowieso in German and Dutch. These two words are frequently classified as particles, if only because of their pragmatic functions. The frequent use of particles is considered a specific trait common to German and Dutch, and the description of their semantics and pragmatics is notoriously difficult. It is unclear whether both particles have the same meaning in Dutch (where they are loanwords) and German, whether they can fulfil the same syntactic functions and to what extent the (semantic and pragmatic) functions of überhaupt und sowieso overlap. There has already been linguistic research on überhaupt and sowieso by Fisseni (2009) using the world-wide web and by Bruijnen and Sudhoff (2013) using the EUROPARL corpus. In the present study we critically evaluated the corpus study, integrating information on original utterance language and discussing the adequacy of this corpus. Moreover, we conducted an experimental survey collecting subjective-intuitive judgements in three dimensions, thus gathering more data on sparse and informal constructions.
By using these complementary methods, we obtain a more nuanced picture of the use of überhaupt and sowieso in both languages: On the one hand, the data show where the use of both words is more similar and on the other hand, differences between the languages can also be discerned.
The following article shows how several verbal argument structure patterns can build clusters or families. Argument structure patterns are conceptualised as form-meaning pairings related by family relationships. These are based on formal and / or semantic characteristics of the individual patterns making up the family. The small family of German argument structure patterns containing vor sich her and vor sich hin is selected to illustrate the process whereby pattern meaning combines with the syntactic and semantic properties of the patterns’ individual components to constitute a higher-level family or cluster of argument structure patterns. The study shows that the patterns making up the family are similar with regard to some of their formal characteristics, but differ quite clearly with respect to their meaning. The article also discusses the conditions of usage of the individual patterns of the family, the contribution of verb meaning and prepositional meaning to the overall meaning of the patterns, coercion effects, and productivity issues.
This article investigates the transitive-oblique alternation in German that involves the preposition an ‘at, on’, e.g. ein Buch schreiben ‘write a book’ vs. an einem Buch schreiben ‘work on / write a book’ (lit. write at a book). The crucial semantic difference between the two structures is the obligatory atelic interpretation of the prepositional an-variant. Based on a corpus study for twenty verbs that were discussed in the previous work, I revisit the assumptions that were made by Filip (1999). First, the incremental theme verbs like bauen ‘build’ or essen ‘eat’ appear only seldom with an. This questions the central role of incrementality as the semantic explanation for the acceptability of the an-variant. Second, selectional preferences of verbs differ in the two argument structures. This observation challenges the assumption that the an-phrase and the direct object are alternative syntactic realizations of the same verbal argument. Overall, this first corpus-based study of the an-construction reveals complex interactions between the semantics of individual verbs, verb classes and the meaning of the preposition an.
The present paper examines a variety of ways in which the Corpus of Contemporary Romanian Language (CoRoLa) can be used. A multitude of examples intends to highlight a wide range of interrogation possibilities that CoRoLa opens for different types of users. The querying of CoRoLa displayed here is supported by the KorAP frontend, through the querying language Poliqarp. Interrogations address annotation layers, such as the lexical, morphological and, in the near future, the syntactical layer, as well as the metadata. Other issues discussed are how to build a virtual corpus, how to deal with errors, how to find expressions and how to identify expressions.
In an earlier publication it was claimed that there is no useful relationship between Swahili-English dictionary look-up frequencies and the occurrence frequencies for the same wordforms in Swahili-English corpora, at least not beyond the top few thousand wordforms. This result was challenged using data for German by a different team of researchers using an improved methodology. In the present article the original Swahili-English data is revisited, using ten years’ worth of it rather than just two, and using the improved methodology. We conclude that there is indeed a positive relationship. In addition, we show that online dictionary look-up behaviour is remarkably similar across languages, even when, as in our case, one is dealing with languages from very dissimilar language families. Furthermore, online dictionaries turn out to have minimum look-up success rates, below which they simply cannot go. These minima are language-sensitive and vary depending on the regularity of the searched-for entries, but are otherwise constant no matter the size of randomly sampled dictionaries. Corpus-informed sampling always improves on any random method. Lastly, from the point of view of the graphical user interface, we argue that the average user of an online bilingual dictionary is better served with a single search box, rather than separate search boxes for each dictionary side.
This paper investigates emergent pseudo-coordination in spoken German. In a corpus-based study, seven verbs in the first conjunct are analyzed regarding the degree of semantic bleaching and the development of subjective or aspectual meaning components. Moreover, it is shown that each verb shows distinct tendencies for co-ocurrences, especially with deictic adverbs in the first conjunct and with specific verbs and verb classes in the second conjunct. It is argued that pseudo-coordination is originally motivated by the need for ‘chunking’ in unplanned speech and that it is still prominently used in this function in German, in contrast to languages in which pseudo-coordination is grammaticalized further.
The user interfaces for corpus analysis platforms must provide a high degree of accessibility for ordinary users and at the same time provide the possibility to answer complex research questions. In this paper, we present the design concepts behind the user interface of KorAP, a corpus analysis platform that has evolved into the main gateway to CoRoLa, the Reference Corpus of Contemporary Romanian Language. Based on established principles of user interface design, we show how KorAP addresses the challenge of providing a user-friendly interface for heterogeneous corpus data to a wide range of users with different research questions.
Ein sehr mächtiges Instrument für die Untersuchung von Wörtern und Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen zwischen ihnen ist die Analyse typischer Verwendungskontexte - unabhängig davon, ob die Evidenzen auf Bedeutungskonstitution, ihre Veränderung oder Verwechslung hinweisen, drei Aspekte, die alle bei der Charakterisierung von Paronymie eine Rolle spielen. Auch wenn für die Ermittlung typischer Verwendungsmuster ausgereifte Methoden zur Verfügung stehen, so sollte beim Vergleich der Analysen doch beachtet werden, dass sie diversen Einflussgrößen unterliegen. Neben der Datengrundlage und der Definition und Handhabung des relevanten Kontextes wird im Folgenden besonders darauf eingegangen, welche Rolle verschiedene Teilmengen eines Flexionsparadigmas spielen können, wenn ein Lemma als dessen Gesamtmenge als sprachliche Bezugseinheit einer Untersuchung gewählt wurde. Veranschaulicht wird die Gedankenführung an der beispielhaften Betrachtung von Paronymkandidaten.
Die Arbeiten in diesem Band zeigen anhand ausgewählter morphosyntaktischer Phänomene exemplarisch auf, wie ein korpuslinguistischer Zugang genutzt werden kann, um die Vielfalt und Variabilität des Sprachgebrauchs in einer größeren Detailschärfe zu beschreiben, als dies bisher möglich war. Ausgangspunkt ist die Überlegung, dass sprachliche Variation als integraler Bestandteil der (Standard-)Sprache anzusehen ist und somit auch deskriptiv erfasst werden muss. Dabeigeht es zunächst um eine möglichst genaue Beschreibung der Verteilung und Häufigkeit verschiedener Ausprägungen ausgewählter Variablen. Eine umfassende Beschreibung eines Variationsphänomens beinhaltet zudem die Ermittlung und Gewichtung der Faktoren, die die Distribution der Variantensteuern. In diesem Zusammenhang werden Hypothesen aus der einschlägigen Forschungsliteratur unter Verwendung moderner statistischer Verfahren überprüft. Darüber hinaus enthalten die vorliegenden Studien eine explorative Komponente, die sich mit der Aufdeckung neuer Muster, Regularitäten und linguistischer Zusammenhänge befasst. Dabei werden verschiedene korpuslinguistische und statistische Ansätze und Verfahren erprobt und evaluiert.
Das Phänomen der Paronymie hat bisher weder aus Sicht der Korpuslinguistik noch aus Sicht der kognitiven Linguistik große Beachtung gefunden. Bisherige Untersuchungen und erste Definitionsversuche stützten sich nicht auf empirische Analysen, sondern auf ein differenziertes strukturalistisches Modell, das, wenn nicht ausschließlich so doch primär, mit morphologischen Kriterien operiert (vgl. Läzärescu 1999). Sprachgebrauchsbasierte Befunde blieben bislang hingegen unberücksichtigt. Hier setzt dieser Artikel an: Er skizziert aus korpusbasierter und sprachgebrauchsorientierter Perspektive erste Ergebnisse zur Bestimmung und Unterscheidung von Arten der Paronymie hinsichtlich ihrer kommunikativen Funktion, ihrer Diskurszugehörigkeit sowie ihrer semantischen Eigenschaften. Ausgangspunkt ist eine kurze Darstellung des einzigen bisher vorliegenden Klassifikationsmodells von Läzärescu. Anschließend werden unterschiedliche Typen von Paronymen vorgestellt, die im Zuge der empirischen Analysen herausgearbeitet werden konnten. Der Beitrag plädiert für eine differenzierte Betrachtung des komplexen Phänomens, denn die eindimensionale, morphologisch motivierte Klassifikation wird dem Untersuchungsgegenstand nicht gerecht, da zudem sprachgebrauchs- sowie kognitiv-orientierte Parameter für eine Definition bzw. Typologisierung herangezogen werden müssen.
Das Archiv für Gesprochenes Deutsch (AGD, Stift/Schmidt 2014) am Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache ist ein Forschungsdatenzentrum für Korpora des gesprochenen Deutsch. Gegründet als Deutsches Spracharchiv (DSAv) im Jahre 1932 hat es über Eigenprojekte, Kooperationen und Übernahmen von Daten aus abgeschlossenen Forschungsprojekten einen Bestand von bald 100 Variations-, Interview- und Gesprächskorpora aufgebaut, die u. a. dialektalen Sprachgebrauch, mündliche Kommunikationsformen oder die Sprachverwendung bestimmter Sprechertypen oder zu bestimmten Themen dokumentieren. Heute ist dieser Bestand fast vollständig digitalisiert und wird zu einem großen Teil der wissenschaftlichen Gemeinschaft über die Datenbank für Gesprochenes Deutsch (DGD) im Internet zur Nutzung in Forschung und Lehre angeboten.
Diachrone Wortschatzveränderungen werden in der Regel exemplarisch anhand bestimmter Phänomene oder Phänomenbereiche untersucht. Wir widmen uns der Frage, ob und wie Wandelprozesse auch auf globaler Ebene, also ohne sich auf bestimmte Wortschatzausschnitte festzulegen, messbar sind. Zur Untersuchung dieser Frage nutzen wir das Spiegel-Korpus, in dem alle Ausgaben der Wochenzeitschrift seit 1947 enthalten sind. Dabei gehen wir auf grundlegende Herausforderungen ein, die es dabei zu lösen gilt, wie die Verteilung sprachlicher Daten und die Folgen unterschiedlicher Subkorpusgrößen, d.h. im konkreten Fall die variierende Größe des Spiegelkorpus über die Zeit hinweg. Wir stellen ein Verfahren vor, mit dem wir in der Lage sind, flankiert von einem „Lackmustest“ zur Überprüfung der Ergebnisse, Wortschatzwandelprozesse bis auf die Mikroebene, d.h. zwischen zwei Monaten oder gar Wochen, quantitativ nachzuvollziehen.
Der Beitrag stellt die wissenschaftlichen und methodologischen Herausforderungen für die Erstellung einer innovativen, korpusbasierten lexikografischen Ressource zur Lexik des gesprochenen Deutsch in der Interaktion vor und zeigt neue Wege für lexikografische Arbeiten auf. Neben allgemeinen Projektinformationen zu den Ausgangspunkten, der Datengrundlage, den Methoden, Zielen und dem konkreten Gegenstandsbereich werden ausgewählte Ergebnisse von zwei projektbezogenen empirischen Studien zu Erwartungshaltungen an eine lexikografische Ressource des gesprochenen Deutsch präsentiert. Für korpusbasierte quantitative Informationen werden die Möglichkeiten eines Tools, welches im Rahmen des Projekts entwickelt wurde, aufgezeigt. Außerdem wird ein Einblick in die konzeptionellen und methodologischen Überlegungen zur Mikrostruktur der geplanten Ressource gegeben.
Neues von KorAP
(2019)
A large database is a desirable basis for multimodal analysis. The development of more elaborate methods, data banks, and tools for a stronger empirical grounding of multimodal analysis is a prevailing topic within multimodality. Prereq- uisite for this are corpora for multimodal data. Our contribution aims at developing a proposal for gathering and building multimodal corpora of audio-visual social media data, predominantly YouTube data.Our contribution has two parts: First we outline a participation framework which is able to represent the complexity of YouTube communication. To this end we ‘dissect’ the different communicative and multimodal layers YouTube consists of. Besides the Video performance YouTube also integrates comments, social media operators, commercials, and announcements for further YouTube Videos. The data consists of various media and modes and is interactively engaged in various discourses. Hence, it is rather difficult to decide what can be considered as a basic communicative unit (or a ‘turn’) and how it can be mapped. Another decision to be made is which elements are of higher priority than others, thus have to be integrated in an adequate transcription format. We illustrate our conceptual considerations on the example of so-called L e t’s Plays, which are supposed to present and comment Computer gaming processes.The second part is devoted to corpus building. Most previous studies either worked with ad hoc data samples or outlined data mining and data sampling strategies. Our main aim is to delineate in a systematic way and based on the conceptual outline in the first part necessary elements which should be part of a YouTube corpus. To this end we describe in a first Step which components (e.g., the Video itself, the comments, the metadata, etc.) should be captured. ln a second Step we outline why and which relations (e.g., screen appearances, hypertextual struc- tures, etc.) are worth to get part of the corpus. In sum, our contribution aims at outlining a proposal for gathering and systematizing multimodal data, specifically audio-visual social media data, in a corpus derived from a conceptual modeling of important communicative processes of the research object itself.
Im Jahr 2015 ist die 7. Auflage des Duden-Aussprachewörterbuchs erschienen, für deren Bearbeitung erstmals die MitarbeiterInnen des IDS Projekts „Gesprochenes Deutsch“ verantwortlich zeichneten. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die konzeptionellen und inhaltlichen Veränderungen beschrieben, die in der Neuauflage umgesetzt wurden. Sie lassen sich im Wesentlichen unter dem Motto „Hinwendung zur Deskriptivität“ zusammenfassen. Neben den üblichen lexikografischen Prozeduren wie der Streichung veralteter Lemmata und der Erweiterung des Lemmabestands um bisher nicht dokumentierte Wörter sind zunächst im Einleitungsteil Kapitel ergänzt, vollständig überarbeitet oder völlig neu erstellt worden. Systematische Veränderungen wurden bei verschiedenen Transkriptionskonventionen vorgenommen (z.B. bei der Notation der Diphthonge). Die wesentlichste Neuerung ist jedoch die Einbeziehung von empirischen Daten zum deutschen Gebrauchsstandard vor allem aus dem Projektkorpus „Deutsch heute“, die es ermöglicht haben, fundierte Angaben zur regionalen Verbreitung von Aussprachevarianten zu machen.
Einleitung
(2019)
In Adjektivreihungen ohne Determinierer ('in neuem korpuslinguistisch-em/-en Licht') und in Fügungen aus Pronominaladjektiv und attributivem Adjektiv ('mancher ausbildend-er/-e Betrieb') treten Schwankungen zwischen Parallel- und Wechselflexion auf, die von einem komplexen Zusammenspiel verschiedener grammatischer und außergrammatischer Faktoren beeinflusst werden. Auf der Basis einer explorativen Korpusstudie werden im vorliegenden Beitrag zunächst einschlägige Einflussgrößen identifiziert und deren Effektstärken geschätzt. Im Anschluss wird gezeigt, dass entgegen bisherigen Annahmen nach Pronominaladjektiven keine allgemeine Tendenz zur schwachen Flexion vorliegt, sondern mit Ausnahme des Kontextes Dat. Sg. Mask./Neutr. diachron eine Ausbreitung der Parallelflexion (stark/stark) beobachtbar ist.
Der Beitrag beschreibt ein mehrfach annotiertes Korpus deutschsprachiger Songtexte als Datenbasis für interdisziplinäre Untersuchungsszenarien. Die Ressource erlaubt empirisch begründete Analysen sprachlicher Phänomene, systemischstruktureller Wechselbeziehungen und Tendenzen in den Texten moderner Popmusik. Vorgestellt werden Design und Annotationen des in thematische und autorenspezifische Archive stratifizierten Korpus sowie deskriptive Statistiken am Beispiel des Udo-Lindenberg-Archivs.
In this paper, we present our work-inprogress to automatically identify free indirect representation (FI), a type of thought representation used in literary texts. With a deep learning approach using contextual string embeddings, we achieve f1 scores between 0.45 and 0.5 (sentence-based evaluation for the FI category) on two very different German corpora, a clear improvement on earlier attempts for this task. We show how consistently marked direct speech can help in this task. In our evaluation, we also consider human inter-annotator scores and thus address measures of certainty for this difficult phenomenon.
Introduction
(2019)
This contribution presents a quantitative approach to speech, thought and writing representation (ST&WR) and steps towards its automatic detection. Automatic detection is necessary for studying ST&WR in a large number of texts and thus identifying developments in form and usage over time and in different types of texts. The contribution summarizes results of a pilot study: First, it describes the manual annotation of a corpus of short narrative texts in relation to linguistic descriptions of ST&WR. Then, two different techniques of automatic detection – a rule-based and a machine learning approach – are described and compared. Evaluation of the results shows success with automatic detection, especially for direct and indirect ST&WR.
Argumentstrukturmuster. Ein elektronisches Handbuch zu verbalen Argumentstrukturen im Deutschen
(2019)
Valency-based and construction-based approaches to argument structure have been competing for quite a while. However, while valency-based approaches are backed up by numerous valency dictionaries as comprehensive descriptive resources, nothing comparable exists for construction-based approaches. The paper at hand describes the foundations of an ongoing project at the Institut für Deutsche Sprache in Mannheim. Aim of the project is the compilation of an online available description of a net of German argument structure patterns. The main purpose of this resource is to provide an empirical basis for an evaluation of the adequacy of valency- versus construction-based theories of argument structure. The paper at hand addresses the theoretical background, in particular the concepts of pattern and argument structure, and the corpus-based method of the project. Furthermore, it describes the coverage of the resource, the microstructure of the articles, and the macrostructure which is conceived of as a net of argument structure patterns based on family resemblance.
Die Vermittlung von Fachsprache gewinnt in der heutigen europäischen Gesellschaft, die von 'Bewegungen' unterschiedlicher Art charakterisiert ist, immer mehr an Relevanz, aber die Lernergruppen werden immer differenzierter und die Lehrenden, die meist keine Experten auf dem Fachgebiet sind, haben Schwierigkeiten lernergerechte Kurse zu gestalten, da die Möglichkeiten zur Aus- oder Fortbildung selten sind. Fragen, die offen stehen oder nur teilweise beantwortet wurden, gibt es noch viele und eine einheitliche Antwort ist nicht immer möglich, aber wir möchten trotzdem versuchen, anstatt von Problemfällen auch Experimente und Lösungen vorzustellen. Wir möchten zeigen, wie und mit welchen Mitteln und Werkzeugen Fachsprachen beschrieben werden können und welche Auswirkungen dies im Unterricht haben kann. Nach einem Überblick über die unterschiedlichen Definitionsmöglichkeiten von 'Fachsprache', zeigen wir, welche Auswirkungen die unterschiedlichen Schwerpunkte in der Lehre haben können. Abschließend werden wir ein kleines korpuslinguistisches Experiment vorstellen (Korpus mit den Aufsätzen zum Themenschwerpunkt 'Fachsprache' ZIF 2019-1), um mögliche Anregungen zur Benutzung von Korpora zu geben, da sich Korpora in allen Phasen des Unterrichts (vor, während und danach) sowohl für Lehrende als auch für Lernende positiv auswirken können.
Persuasionsstrategien in deutschen rechtsorientierten Zeitungen. Eine korpuslinguistische Studie
(2019)
Corpus Linguistics has often proved fruitful to examine different types of discourses, also the one of refugees. Aim of the paper is to show how language usage patterns can be focused on with the help of techniques grounded in Corpus Linguistics, giving information about themes and topoi. After showing what type of words (keywords, collocations) and what type of phenomena will be considered (topoi, metaphors and frames) in the article, the focus will shift on the methodology and the adopted criteria. After presenting the primary corpus (articles from right-oriented newspapers) and the comparison corpus (articles from 'Die Zeit') the main results of the analysis are presented and reflected on.
Gegenstand ist eine vergleichende empirische Korpusstudie zur Bedeutung des Ausdrucks geschäftsmäßig im (bundesdeutschen) Gemeinsprach- und juristischen Fachsprachgebrauch. Die Studie illustriert an einem aktuellen Fall strittiger Wortdeutung (hier zu § 217 StGB) die Möglichkeiten computergestützter Sprachgebrauchsanalyse für die Auslegung vor Gericht und die Normtextprognose in der Rechtsetzung.