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Seit 1996 ist das Amtliche Regelwerk zur deutschen Rechtschreibung (einschließlich Amtlichem Wörterverzeichnis) gültig. Es regelt die Orthografie für Behörden und Schulen in Deutschland sowie in den sechs weiteren Mitgliedsländern des Rats für deutsche Rechtschreibung. Für die Wörterbuchverlage bzw. alle Wörterbuchprojekte gilt es, dieses hoch abstrakte Regelwerk einerseits auf alle Einträge in den A–Z-Teilen der Wörterbücher anzuwenden und andererseits ggf. das Regelwerk selbst zu „übersetzen“ und es damit einer breiten Öffentlichkeit zugänglich zu machen.
Die Anforderungen an gegenwartssprachliche Wörterbücher beinhalten, bei der Aufbereitung der lexikalischen Informationen in Stichwortartikeln die lemmabezogenen Korrektschreibungen adäquat zu berücksichtigen. Die dazugehörigen Arbeitsgänge in der Redaktion des Digitalen Wörterbuchs der deutschen Sprache (DWDS) reichen von der Ansetzung der Nennformen in allen ggf. zulässigen orthographischen Varianten über die Anlage von Verweisen auf die einschlägige Bezugsnorm bis zur Dokumentation ausgewählter Korpusbelege mit gebrauchsfrequenten Abweichungs- und Falschschreibungen. Als besondere Herausforderungen für die lexikographische Praxis erweisen sich regelmäßig Lücken und Interpretationsspielräume in der amtlichen Regelung sowie die bei Belegrecherchen in den DWDS-Textquellen zutage tretenden Diskrepanzen zwischen orthographischer Norm und Schreibusus.
Das KOLLokationsLEXikon Deutsch als Fremdsprache (KOLLEX DAF) ist ein
- korpusgestütztes Kollokationswörterbuch, da es typische Wortverbindungen, sog. Kollokationen und häufige Wortkombinationen nach bestimmten Kategorien mit ihren ungarischen Äquivalenten auflistet (Stichwort mit SUBSTANTIVEN, ADJEKTIVEN, VERBEN und ADVERBIEN bzw. in KOMBINATIONEN),
- syntagmatisches Lernerwörterbuch, da es außer Kollokationen auch die Valenz der Stichwörter und die der Kollokationen und Wortkombinationen angibt, ergänzt mit pragmatischen und morphosyntaktischen Verwendungsbeschränkungen sowie ggf. mit einem Symbol für mögliche Fehlerquellen,
- benutzerfreundliches Produktionswörterbuch, da es alle deutschen Wortverbindungen in blauer Farbe und in klar strukturierten Wörterbuchartikeln mit einem Übersichtsblock zu den Bedeutungen des Stichwortes auflistet, aber auch die Sprachrezeption mit einem umfangreichen Register unterstützt.
This paper focuses on the treatment of culture bound lexical items in a novel type of online learner’s dictionary model, the Phrase Based Active Dictionary (PAD). A PAD has a strong phraseological orientation: each meaning of a word is exclusively defined in a typical phraseological context. After introducing the relevant theory of realia in translation studies, we develop a broader notion of culture specific lexical items which is more apt to serve the purposes of learner’s lexicography and thus to satisfy the needs of a larger and often undefined target group. We discuss the treatment of such words and expressions in common English learner’s dictionaries and then present various excerpts from PAD entries in English, German, and Italian which display different strategies for coping with cultural contents in the lexicon. Our aim is to demonstrate that the phraseological approach at the core of the PAD model turns out to be extremely important to convey cultural knowledge in a suitable way for users to fully grasp cultural implications in language.
In foreign language teaching the use of dictionaries, especially bilingual, has always been related to the hypotheses concerning the relationship between the native language (L1) and second language acquisition method. If the bilingual dictionary was an obvious tool in the grammar-translation method, it was banned from the classroom in the direct, audiolingual and audiovisual methods. Also in the communicative method, foreign language learners are discouraged from using a dictionary. Its use should not obstruct the goals of communicatively oriented foreign language learning – a view still held by many foreign language teachers. Nevertheless, the reality has been different: Foreign language learners have always used dictionaries, even if they no longer possess a print dictionary and mainly use online resources and applications. Dictionaries and online resources will continue to play an important role in the future. In the Council of Europe’s language policy, with its emphasis on multilingualism and lifelong learning, the adequate use of reference tools as a strategic skill is highlighted. In several European countries, educational guidelines refer to the use of dictionaries in the context of media literacy, both in mother tongue and foreign language teaching. Not only is their adequate use important, but so too is the comparison, assessment and evaluation of the information presented, in order to develop Language Awareness and Language Learning Awareness. This is good news. However, does this mean that dictionaries are actually used in class? What role do dictionaries play in foreign language teaching in schools and universities? Are foreign language learners in the digital era really competent users? And how competent are their teachers? Are they familiar with the current (online) dictionary landscape? Can they support their students? After a more in-depth study of the status quo of dictionary use by foreign language learners and teachers and the gap between their needs and the reality, this contribution discusses the challenges facing lexicographers and meta-lexicographers and what educational policy measures are necessary to make their efforts worthwhile in turning foreign language learners – and their teachers – into competent users in a multilingual and digital world.
Many European languages have undergone considerable changes in orthography over the last 150 years. This hampers the application of modern computer-based analysers to older text, and hence computer-based annotation and studies of text collections spanning a long period. As a step towards a functional analyser for Norwegian texts (Nynorsk standard) from the 19th century, funding was granted in 2020 for creating a full form generator for all inflected forms of headwords found in Ivar Aasen’s dictionary published in 1873 (Aasen 1873) and his grammar from 1864 (Aasen 1864). Creating this word bank led to new insight in Aasen (1873), its structure, internal organisation, and ambition level as well as its link to Aasen (1864). As a test, the full form list generated from this new word bank was used to analyse the word inventory of texts by Aa. O. Vinje, written in the period 1850–1870. The Vinje texts were also analysed using a full form list of modern standard Norwegian, to study the differences in applicability and see how Vinje’s language relates to the written standard of modern Norwegian.
The focus of this paper will be on lexical information systems and the framework guidelines for the definition of the curricula within the educational system of the Autonomous Province of Bolzano/ Bozen (Italy). In Italy, the competences to be achieved at different school levels are published in the form of general guidelines. On this basis each school has to specify the general competency goals and to spell them out in a concrete curriculum. In this paper I will examine to what extent lexical information systems are represented in the framework guidelines within the German and the Italian educational system of the Autonomous Province, these being separate systems. In a second step, I will check the representations of the resources against the “Villa Vigoni Theses on Lexicography“. Finally, I will discuss the results and give an outlook for further research.
There is a growing interest in pedagogical lexicography, and more specifically in the study of dictionary users’ abilities and strategies (Prichard 2008; Gavriilidou 2010, 2011; Gavriilidou/Mavrommatidou/Markos 2020; Gavriilidou/Konstantinidou 2021; Chatjipapa et al. 2020). Τhe purpose of this presentation is to investigate dictionary use strategy and the effect of an explicit and integrated dictionary awareness intervention program on upper elementary pupils’ dictionary use strategies according to gender and type of school. A total of 150 students from mainstream and intercultural schools, aged 10–12 years old, participated in the study. Data were collected before and after the intervention through the Strategy Inventory for Dictionary Use (SIDU) (Gavriilidou 2013). The results showed a significant effect of the intervention program on Dictionary Use Strategies employed by the experimental group and support the claim that increased dictionary use can be the outcome of explicit strategy instruction. In addition, the effective application of the program suggests that a direct and clear presentation of DUS is likely to be more successful than an implicit presentation. The present study contributes to the discussion concerning both the ‘teachability’ of dictionary use strategies and skills and the effective forms of intervention programs raising dictionary use awareness and culture.
One central goal of the project ‘Zentrum für digitale Lexikographie der deutschen Sprache’ (Center for digital lexicography for the German Language, www.zdl.org) is to provide a corpus-based lexicographic component of common German multi-word expressions (MWE), including idioms, for DWDS (www.dwds.de), a general language dictionary of contemporary German. As a central challenge of this task, we have identified an adequate lexicographic representation of such common properties of MWE as variation and modification. To document the variation, we have developed a special entry-clustering model, which we call hub-node entry. This model comprises a core hub entry headed by a short nuclear form of the MWE and several node entries, which represent the most common variants in their full lexical forms.
Inspired by GWLN 3, we take a look at the new words, meanings, and expressions that have been created during or promoted by the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic provides a rare opportunity to follow the rise, spread, and integration of words and expressions in a language that may serve as an illustration of how linguistic innovation in general works. Relevant words were selected from various lists, notably monthly and annual lists of prominent words attested in the corpus of The Danish Dictionary. Analysis of these lists gives an insight into the number of words that stand out month by month and what kinds of words are involved, both in terms of morphological type and of semantic category, with special attention given to neologisms. Finally, we discuss the criteria for selecting which words to include in the dictionary. With this study, Danish is added to the list of languages covered in the GWLN series on
COVID-19 neologisms.
So far, Sepedi negations have been considered more from the point of view of lexicographical treatment. Theoretical works on Sepedi have been used for this purpose, setting as an objective a neat description of these negations in a (paper) dictionary. This paper is from a different perspective: instead of theoretical works, corpus linguistic methods are used: (1) a Sepedi corpus is examined on the basis of existing descriptions of the occurrences of a relevant verb, looking at its negated forms from a purely prescriptive point of view; (2) a "corpus-driven" strategy is employed, looking only for sequences of negation particles (or morphemes) in order to list occurring constructions, without taking into account the verbs occurring in them, apart from their endings. The approach in (2) is only intended to show a possible methodology to extend existing theories on occurring negations. We would also like to try to help lexicographers to establish a frequency-based order of entries of possible negation forms in their dictionaries by showing them the number of respective occurrences. As with all corpus linguistic work, however, we must regard corpus evidence not as representative, but as tendencies of language use that can be detected and described. This is especially true for Sepedi, for which only few and small corpora exist. This paper also describes the resources and tools used to create the necessary corpus and also how it was annotated with part of speech and lemmas. Exploring the quality of available Sepedi part-of-speech taggers concerning verbs, negation morphemes and subject concords may be a positive side result.
Lexical data API
(2022)
This API provides data from various dictionary resources of K Dictionaries across 50 languages. It is used by language service providers, app developers, and researchers, and returns data as JSON documents. A basic search result consists of an object containing partial lexical information on entries that match the search criteria, but further in-depth information is also available. Basic search parameters include the source resource, source language, and text (lemma), and the entries are returned as objects within the results array. It is possible to look for words with specific syntactic criteria, specifying the part of speech, grammatical number, gender and subcategorization, monosemous or polysemous entries. When searching by parameters, each entry result contains a unique entry ID, and each sense has its own unique sense ID. Using these IDs, it is possible to obtain more data – such as syntactic and semantic information, multiword expressions, examples of usage, translations, etc. – of a single entry or sense. The software demonstration includes a brief overview of the API with practical examples of its operation.
Almanca tuhfe / Deutsches Geschenk (1916) oder: Wie schreibt man deutsch mit arabischen Buchstaben?
(2022)
Versified dictionaries are bilingual/multilingual glossaries written in verse form to teach essential words in any foreign language. In Islamic culture, versified dictionaries were produced to teach the Arabic language to the young generations of Muslim communities not native in Arabic. In the course of time, many bilingual/multilingual versified dictionaries were written in different languages throughout the Islamic world. The focus of this study is on the Turkish-German versified dictionary titled Almanca Tuhfe / Deutsches Geschenk [German Gift], published by Dr. Sherefeddin Pasha in Istanbul in 1916. This dictionary is the only dictionary in verse ever written combining these two languages. Moreover the dictionary is one of the few texts containing German words written in Arabic letters (applying Ottoman spelling conventions). The study concentrates on the way German words are spelled and tries to find out, whether Sherefeddin Pasha applied something like fixed rules to write the German lexemes.
Lexicographers working with minority languages face many challenges. When the language in question is also a sign language, circumstances specific to the visual-spatial modality have to be taken into consideration as well. In this paper, we aim to show and discuss which challenges we encounter while compiling the Digitales Wörterbuch der Deutschen Gebärdensprache (DW-DGS), the first corpus-based dictionary of German Sign Language (DGS). Some parallel the challenges minority language lexicographers of spoken languages encounter, e. g. few resources, no written tradition, and having to create one dictionary for all potential user groups, while others are specific to sign languages, e. g. representation of visual-spatial language and creating access structures for the dictionary.
This article aims to show the influence of doctrines in the medical lexicographers choices, with the Capuron-Nysten-Littré lineage as a case study. Indeed, the Dictionnaire de médecine has been crossed by several schools of thought such as spiritualism and positivism. While lexical continuity may seem self-evident due to the nature of the work, thus reducing the reprint to a simple lexical increase, this process introduces neologisms and deletions, all can be considered in their effects by using text statistics and factorial analysis.
The aim of this work is to describe criteria used in the process of inclusion and treatment of neologisms in dictionaries of Spanish within the framework of pandemic instability. Our starting point will be data obtained by the Antenas Neológicas Network (https://www.upf.edu/web/antenas), whose representation in three different lexicographic tools will be analyzed with the purpose of identifying problems in the methodology used to dictionarize – that is, how and what words were selected to be included in dictionaries and how they were represented in their entries – neologisms during the COVID-19 pandemic (sources and corpora of analysis, selection criteria, types of definition, among other aspects). Two of them are monolingual and COVID-19 lexical units were included as part of their updates: the Antenario, a dictionary of neologisms of Spanish varieties, and the Diccionario de la Lengua Española [DLE], a dictionary of general Spanish, published by the Real Academia Española [RAE], Spanish Royal Academy). The other is a bilingual unidirectional English-Spanish dictionary first published as a glossary, Diccionario de COVID-19 EN-ES [TREMEDICA], entirely made up of neological and non-neological lexical units related to the virus and the pandemic. Thus, the target lexis was either included in existing works or makes up the whole of a new tool located in a portal together with other lexicographic tools. Unlike other collections of COVID-19 vocabulary that kept cropping up as the pandemic unfolded, all three have been designed and written according to well-established lexicographic practices.
Our working hypothesis is that the need to record and define words which were recently created impacts the criteria for inclusion and treatment of neologisms in dictionaries about Spanish, including a certain degree of overlap of some features which are traditionally thought to be specific to each type of dictionary.
The syntagma gel hidroalcohólico ‘hydroalcoholic gel’ or the noun hidroalcohol ‘hydroalcohol’ cannot be found in Diccionario de la lengua española (DLE) of the Real Academia Española (‘Royal Spanish Academy’) or other general reference dictionaries of the Spanish language. This is so despite the fact that, for well over a year and to this very day, we have not been able to do anything without first sanitising our hands with this product. It is one of the many neologisms that the COVID-19 pandemic has brought us, and these have become commonly used words that dictionaries should consider as candidates for future updates.
By looking at the dictionarisability of these neologisms, in this work we try to set their boundaries on the continuum along which they fall. “Dictionarisability” means, in our context, the greater or lesser interest of these unities regarding the updating of general language dictionaries. At both ends of this continuum, there are surprising nonce words, as well as neologisms that have recently lost their status as such because they have now been incorporated into the dictionary. To identify different groups on the continuum of pandemic neologisms, we take into account the criteria proposed in the current literature and, by so doing, we are able to assess the extent to which they are discriminatory. This will allow us to address the neological process and to reflect on the various stages of it, from the time a neologism is born until the moment it ceases to be one because it has been dictionarised. Before that, however, we present the framework of our study and refer to the mechanisms available for detecting neologisms in general and pandemic neologisms in particular.
In the present contribution, I investigate if and how the English and French editions of the Wiktionary collaborative dictionary can be used as a corpus for real time neology watch. This option is envisaged as a stopgap, when no satisfactory corpus is available. Wiktionary can also prove useful in addition to standard corpus analysis, to minimize the risk of overlooking new coinages and new senses. Since the collaborative dictionary’s quest for exhaustiveness makes the manual inspection of the new additions unreasonable (more than 31,000 English lemmas and 11,000 French lemmas entered the nomenclature in 2020), identifying the possibly relevant headwords is an issue. The solution proposed here is to use Wiktionary revision history to detect the (new or existing) entries that received the greatest number of modifications. The underlying hypothesis is that the most heavily edited pages can help identify the vocabulary related to “hot topics”, assuming that, in 2020, the pandemic-related vocabulary ranks high. I used two measures introduced by Lih (2004), whose aim was to estimate the quality of Wikipedia articles: the so-called rigour (number of edits per page) and diversity (number of unique contributors per page). In the present study, I propose to adapt the rigour and diversity metrics to Wiktionary in order to identify the pages that generated a particular stir, rather than to estimate the quality of the articles. I do not subscribe to the idea that – in Wiktionary – more revisions necessarily produce quality articles (more revisions often produce complete articles). I therefore adopt Lih’s notion of diversity to refer to the number of distinct contributors, but leave out the name rigour when it comes to the number of revisions. Wolfer and Müller-Spitzer (2016) used the two metrics to describe the dynamics of the German and English editions of Wiktionary. One of their findings was that the number of edits per page is correlated with corpus word frequencies. The variation in number of page edits should therefore reflect to some extent the variation of corpus word frequencies. Renouf (2013) established a relationship between the fluctuation of word frequencies in a diachronic corpus and various neological processes. In particular, she illustrated how specific events generate sudden frequency spikes for words previously unseen in the corpus. For instance, Eyjafjallajökull, the – existing – name of an Icelandic glacier, appeared in the corpus when the underlying volcano erupted in 2010 and disrupted air traffic in Europe. In order to check if the same phenomenon occurs when using Wiktionary edits instead of corpus frequencies, I manually annotated the most frequently revised entries (according to various ranking scores) with the binary tag: “related to Covid-19” (yes/no). The annotations were then used to test the ability of various configurations to detect relevant headwords from the English and French Wiktionary, namely Covid-19 neologisms and related existing words that deserve updates.
While adjusting to the COVID-19 pandemic, people around the world started to talk about the “new normal” way of life, and they conveyed feelings and thoughts on the topic through social networks and traditional communication channels resorting to a set of specific linguistic strategies, such as metaphors and neologisms. The vocabulary in different domains and in everyday speech was expanded to accommodate a complex social, cultural, and professional phenomenon of changes. Therefore, this new life gave birth to a new language – the “coronaspeak”. According to Thorne (2020), the “coronaspeak” has three stages: first, it emerged in the way medical aspects were communicated in everyday language; secondly, it occurred when speakers verbalized the experiences they had undergone and “invented their own terms”; finally, this “new” way of speaking emerged in the government and authorities’ jargon, to ensure that the new rules and policies were understood, and that population adopted socially responsible behaviours.
In this paper, we will focus on the second stage, because we intend to take stock of how speakers communicate and verbalize this new way of living, particularly on social networks, for example. Alongside, we are interested in the context in which the neologism – be it a new word, a new meaning, or a new use – emerged, is used, and understood, through the observation of the occurrence of the new word(s) either on social networks or through dissemination texts (press) to confront it with the ones that Portuguese digital dictionaries have attested so far. Different criteria regarding the insertion of new units, the inclusion date, and the lexicographic description of the entries in the dictionaries will be debated.
This paper focuses on standardological and lexicographical aspects of Coronavirus-related neologisms in Croatian. The presented results are based on corpus analysis. The initial corpus for this analysis consists of terms collected for the Glossary of Coronavirus. This corpus has been supplemented by terms we collected on the Internet and from the media. The General Croatian corpora: Croatian Web Corpus – hrWaC (cf. Ljubešić/Klubička 2016) and Croatian Language Repository (cf. Brozović Rončević/Ćavar 2008: 173–186) were also used, but since they do not include neologisms that entered the language after 2013, they could be used only to check terms in the language before that time. From October 2021, a specialized Corona corpus compiled by Štrkalj Despot and Ostroški Anić (2021) became publicly available on request. The data from these corpora are analyzed by Sketch Engine (cf. Kilgarriff et al. 2004: 105–116), a corpus query system loaded with the corpora, enabling the display of lexeme context through concordances and (differential) word sketches and the extraction of keywords (terms) and N-grams. The most common collocations are sorted into syntactic categories. For English equivalents, in addition to the sources found on the Internet, enTenTen2020 corpus was consulted. In the second part of the paper, we analyze and compare the presentation of Coronavirus terminology in the descriptive Glossary of Coronavirus and the normative Croatian Web Dictionary – Mrežnik.
This article has a double objective. First, it seeks to offer an initial approach, with critical notes, to the group of pandemic-related neologisms incorporated into the DLE in the year 2020. To that end, the trends in the academic dictionary’s incorporation of neologisms will be reviewed, focusing in particular on specialized language neologisms. Second, the article presents the design of a research study that allows for the examination of any new words beginning with CORONA- added to the DLE and the DHLE. An assessment will be made of the particularities of the DLE and the DHLE regarding the incorporation of the new words, as well as the degree of correspondence or complementarity between the two works in this sense. This will show the complementary roles that the DLE and the DHLE are currently acquiring. In this sense, the new additions open up a debate on the treatment of neologisms in academic lexicography, in a particularly unique scenario.
This paper presents the main issues connected with the creation of a trilingual Hungarian-Italian-English dictionary of the COVID-19 pandemic using Lexonomy. My aim is not only to create a coronacorpus (in Hungarian, I propose my own corona-neologism or ‘coroneologism’: koronakorpusz) and a dictionary of equivalents, but also to understand how the different waves and phases of the COVID-19 pandemic are changing the Hungarian language, detect the Corona-, COVID-, pandemic-, virus-, mask-, quarantine-, and vaccine-related neologisms, and offer an overview of the most frequent or linguistically interesting Hungarian neologisms and multiword units related to COVID-19.
Within the scope of the project "Study and dissemination of COVID-19 terminology", the study reported here aims to detect, analyse and discuss the characteristics of COVID-19 terminology, in particular the role of the adjective novo [new] in this terminology, the high recurrence of terms in the plural and the resemantization of some of the terminological units used. The present paper also discusses how these characteristics influenced the choices that have guided the creation of the proposed dictionary. This paper presents, therefore, the results of the analyses of these aspects, starting with a discussion of the relation between terminology and neology and arriving at the characteristic aspects of the macrostructural and microstructural choices about which some considerations were made.
In this paper, the author studies the role of the dictionary in the first language acquisition, highlighting its didactic value. Based on two Romanian lexicographical works of the 19th century, Lexiconul de la Buda (Buda, 1825) [the Lexicon of Buda] et Vocabularu romano-francesu (Bucarest, 1870) [the Romanian-French Vocabulary], the author analyses the normative information recorded in the articles in order to observe which level of language (i. e. phonetical, morphological, syntactical and lexical) is concerned. Such an approach allows to distinguish between the possible changings both at the level of the perception or at the grammatical, lexical and semantical description, i. e. the settlement of the word in the first language, and at a technical level, i. e. the making of article and of dictionary.
Das ZDL-Regionalkorpus umfasst Zeitungsartikel aus Lokal- und Regionalressorts deutschsprachiger Tageszeitungen. Es dient als empirische Grundlage für die lexikografische Beschreibung der diatopischen Variation im Digitalen Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache (DWDS). Darüber hinaus steht es allen angemeldeten Nutzern der DWDS-Korpusplattform für die Recherche zur Verfügung. Die Abfrage kann auf bestimmte diatopische Areale oder diachrone Zeiträume beschränkt werden. Die Verteilung der Treffer über Areale und Zeiträume lässt sich in verschiedener Form darstellen; dabei werden neben absoluten Trefferzahlen auch normalisierte PPM-Werte ausgegeben.
Innerhalb der für das Paronymprojekt aufgestellten Stichwortliste lassen sich zahlreiche Wortbildungsmuster erkennen. Deren Übereinstimmung von theoretischer Wortbildung und praktischem Sprachgebrauch soll in diesem Beitrag anhand von zehn auf -freit-los endender Paronympaare untersucht werden. Es wird gezeigt, dass diese Wortbildungsgruppe in vielfacher Hinsicht in sich heterogen ist. So lässt sich weder eine Präferenz für eine Endung ausmachen, noch entsprechen die Endungen einer einheitlichen Bedeutung. Auch werden die Paronyme mal synonym, mal teil-synonym und mal semantisch gänzlich unabhängig voneinander verwendet. In diesem Beitrag wird anhand von konkreten Korpusbeispielen gezeigt, wie unterschiedlich sich die einzelnen, mit gleichen Endungen gebildeten Paronympaare kontextuell verhalten.
In this paper we present the results of a survey conducted among students of German Philology at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań in the years 2015–2017. The target group was composed of first-semester students from whom we collected data about their lexicographical competence at the start of the program. The results contain some interesting findings, e.g. students prefer online dictionaries, but the number of students using print dictionaries is comparable and we have also observed the rising number of students who use smartphone applications. The aim of the survey is to provide information for university instructors who teach German as a foreign language (DaF) and lexicography.
Nur ein paar Überlegungen und Beobachtungen zur Frage nach dem Umfang des deutschen Wortschatzes. Zahlenangaben aus Wörterbüchern und Korpusrecherchen werden referiert. Anhand von Beispielen veralteter, alternder, neuer Wörter und produktiver Wortbildungsmuster wird die prinzipielle Offenheit des Wortschatzes demonstriert.
Are borrowed neologisms accepted more slowly into the German language than German words resulting from the application of wrd formation rules? This study addresses this question by focusing on two possible indicators for the acceptance of neologisms: a) frequency development of 239 German neologisms from the 1990s (loanwords as well as new words resulting from the application of word formation rules) in the German reference corpus DEREKO and b) frequency development in the use of pragmatic markers (‘flags’, namely quotation marks and phrases such as sogenannt ‘so-called’) with these words. In the second part of the article, a psycholinguistic approach to evaluating the (psychological) status of different neologisms and non-words in an experimentally controlled study and plans to carry out interviews in a field test to collect speakers’ opinions on the acceptance of the analysed neologisms are outlined. Finally, implications for the lexicographic treatment of both types of neologisms are discussed.
Am 30. Mai dieses Jahres wird in der Universitätsbibliothek Basel eine kleine Ausstellung eröffnet anlässlich des 250. Todestages von Johann Jakob Spreng (24. 5. 1768), des ersten Professors der Germanistik (deutsche Poesie und Beredtsamkeit) an der Universität. Thema der Ausstellung ist die seit zwei Jahren in Gang befindliche erstmalige Edition des Allgemeinen deutschen Glossariums von J. J. Spreng, das bis vor kurzem in den Katakomben der Universitätsbibliothek zwar wohlbehütet, aber ungedruckt, über 250 Jahre von der Wissenschaft unentdeckt geblieben ist.
Eine Wörterbuchforschung für das Sprachenpaar Deutsch-Spanisch an der Schnittstelle zwischen Phraseologie und Konstruktionsgrammatik existiert bislang praktisch nicht. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es daher, einen Beitrag zur Schließung dieser Lücke zu leisten, und zwar am Beispiel der „Idiomatik Deutsch-Spanisch" (IDSP) (Schemann et al. 2013). Die Phraseologieforschung befasst sich zwar schon lange mit nicht-kompositionalen Konstruktionen (die heterogen benannt werden z.B. Satzmuster, Phraseoschablonen, Phrasem- Konstruktionen, Schemata), die empirische Fundierung ist aber eher noch unsystematisch und bezogen auf die Lexikografie eher noch im Anfang begriffen. Es wird zum einen gezeigt, welchen großen Stellenwert solchen Mustern in der „Idiomatik Deutsch-Spanisch" (ebd.) zukommt. Zum anderen wird ein Vorschlag unterbreitet, mit dem die im Wörterbuch verzeichneten Phraseme und Muster unter einer dem Aspekt verfestigter Muster und Schemata klassifiziert und gruppiert werden können.
Der folgende Beitrag befasst sich mit Phänomenen, die sich eher am Rande der festen Wortverbindungen befinden, aber eben dort, wo die (Pseudo-)Freiheit trügerisch ist und für manche Sprecher/Schreiber zum Handicap werden kann. Fremdsprachenlerner, die sich der Grenzen ihrer Freiheit bewusst sind und dann Wörterbücher heranziehen, stoßen nämlich bei der Suche nach Definitionen oder nach dem „passenden Wort" meistens auf Ungenauigkeiten oder Gleichsetzungen, die ihnen den Eindruck einer oft unübersichtlichen, arbiträren oder gar chaotischen Lage vermitteln und ihnen jedenfalls selten aus dem Labyrinth der Synonymie heraushelfen. Ich möchte hier an einigen adjektivischen Beispielen zeigen, wie dieses Labyrinth aussieht und für den Wörterbuchnutzer bald zum Teufelskreis wird, um dann auf einige Parameter der Adjektiv-Nomen-Verbindungen einzugehen. Meine Ausgangshypothese ist, dass im Zeitalter der großen Korpora Wörterbücher sich auch bei der Beschreibung der einzelnen Lexeme unbedingt auf den heutigen konkreten Gebrauch stützen sollen, d.h. dass sowohl die Präferenzen der Wortverbindungen bei der Bedeutungsbeschreibung als auch ihre Usualität bei den angeführten Beispielen zu berücksichtigen sind. Durch die Untersuchung einiger Problemfälle werden abschließend mögliche Auswege aufgezeigt.
Deutsches Fremdwörterbuch
(2016)
Die Beiträge des vorliegenden Bandes sind das Ergebnis eines interdisziplinären Workshops, der zum Abschluss des Projekts unter dem Titel „Varianz und Vielfalt interdisziplinär: Wörter und Strukturen“ im Dezember 2012 in Darmstadt stattfand. Dabei wurden Erkenntnisse und Erfahrungen aus der Untersuchung von „Wechselwirkungen zwischen linguistischen und bioinformatischen Verfahren, Methoden und Algorithmen für die Modellierung und Abbildung von Varianz in Sprache und Genomen“ zusammengefasst. Ein Schwerpunkt lag hierbei auf elektronischen Wörterbüchern, ihrer Heterogenität, der in ihnen dokumentierten Varianz sowie auf den Werkzeugen und Methoden, die zu ihrer Erschließung und Analyse dienen. Weitere sprachwissenschaftlich motivierte Themenbereiche umfassten z.B. die synchrone und diachrone Varianz, die quantitative Linguistik, Morphologie und Sprachwandelprozesse, Varianz in Wortfamilien wie auch die Erschließung von Varianz. Anschließend konnte das Phänomen der Varianz aus verschiedensten Perspektiven beleuchtet werden und ein Beitrag zur Konstituierung einer disziplinübergreifenden Abstraktionsebene geleistet werden. Der vorliegende Band enthält einige der Vorträge und führt heterogene Forschungsgegenstände zusammen, die zwischen Lexikografie, Computerlinguistik, (historischer) Sprachwissenschaft und den digitalen Geisteswissenschaften transzendieren.
Verbformen
(2016)
Wiktionary is increasingly gaining influence in a wide variety of linguistic fields such as NLP and lexicography, and has great potential to become a serious competitor for publisher-based and academic dictionaries. However, little is known about the "crowd" that is responsible for the content of Wiktionary. In this article, we want to shed some light on selected questions concerning large-scale cooperative work in online dictionaries. To this end, we use quantitative analyses of the complete edit history files of the English and German Wiktionary language editions. Concerning the distribution of revisions over users, we show that — compared to the overall user base — only very few authors are responsible for the vast majority of revisions in the two Wiktionary editions. In the next step, we compare this distribution to the distribution of revisions over all the articles. The articles are subsequently analysed in terms of rigour and diversity, typical revision patterns through time, and novelty (the time since the last revision). We close with an examination of the relationship between corpus frequencies of headwords in articles, the number of article visits, and the number of revisions made to articles.
Zweisprachige Neologismenwörterbücher, die den neuen Wortschatz der Ausgangssprache eines bestimmten Zeitraumes erfassen und Bedeutungserklärungen und/oder Äquivalente in der Zielsprache anbieten, können dem Deutschlerner beim Sprachenerwerb eine große Hilfe sein. Sie präsentieren den Wortschatz, der in zweisprachigen Gesamtwörterbüchern in der Regel noch nicht erfasst ist, und unterstützen damit den Lerner bei der Textrezeption. Auch für die Textproduktion sind sie geeignet, wenn der Darstellung von Bedeutung und Gebrauch angemessen Raum gegeben wird. Diese Möglichkeiten werden am Beispiel des Deutsch-russischen Neologismenwörterbuches erläutert. Das Wörterbuch umfasst den Zeitraum 1991 – 2010. Es ist mit seinen knapp 2000 Stichwörtern für den neuen Wortschatz im Deutschen primär als passives Wörterbuch angelegt, d.h. es richtet sich in erster Linie an deutschlernende bzw. -beherrschende russischsprachige Benutzer. Es bietet zwei Vorteile: Zum einen finden die Benutzer hier den neuen Wortschatz, den sie in allgemeinen zweisprachigen Wörterbüchern in der Regel vergeblich suchen. Zum anderen ist dem allgemein großen Informationsbedarf durch eine explizite Beschreibung Rechnung getragen, weil das Platzangebot hier aufgrund der – im Vergleich zu einem allgemeinsprachlichen Gesamtwörterbuch – geringeren Stichwortzahl relativ großzügig bemessen ist. Die Spezifika des Wortartikelaufbaus, die auch durch den besonderen Charakter des zweisprachigen Neologismenwörterbuches bestimmt sind, werden näher erläutert. Die Autoren haben die Erwartung, dass das zweisprachige Neologismenwörterbuch bei den Deutschlernern den Wunsch weckt, Neues im deutschen Wortschatz nachzuschlagen, und dass es dazu beiträgt, die interkulturelle Kompetenz zu fördern.
Der Beitrag fasst die Schritte einer Projektvorstellung und aktuelle Reflexionen über ein am Institut für Deutsche Sprache in Mannheim neues, korpusgestütztes Paronymwörterbuch zusammen. Zunächst wird der Begriff der Paronymie in einer Arbeitsdefinition eingegrenzt und es wird gezeigt, welche Lücke mit dem neuen Werk in der Wörterbuchlandschaft geschlossen wird. Im Anschluss werden ausgewählte methodische Aspekte sowie Fragen der Wortartikelinhalte und -präsentation skizziert.
Wörterverzeichnis
(2016)
In dem Beitrag wird das 2014 erschienene "Deutsch-russische Neologismenwörterbuch" vorgestellt, das besonders dem russischsprachigen Benutzer den neuen Wortschatz im Deutschen präsentiert, den er in Gesamtwörterbüchern meist vergeblich sucht. Auf einige Datentypen, d. h. Typen lexikografischer Informationen, wird genauer eingegangen, so auf die typischen Verwendungen der Stichwörter, auf die verschiedenartigen Verknüpfungen zwischen den Stichwörtern, auf die obligatorische Bedeutungserklärung und - ausführlich - auf die russischen Äquivalente.
Emissionsverben und Argumentstrukturmuster. Empirie und lexikographische Kodifizierung im DaF-Umfeld
(2016)
Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit einigen Emissionsverben (EV) und ihrer lexikographischen Kodifizierung. Anhand von empirischen Daten aus dem deutschen Referenzkorpus DEREKO sollen die unterschiedlichen Argumentstrukturmuster (ASTRM) und Argumentrealisierungsmuster (ARM) dieser Verben genauer untersucht und ihre entsprechende lexikographische Kodifizierung sowohl in zwei allgemeinsprachlichen Wörterbüchern (AWB) des Deutschen als auch in drei einsprachigen Lernerwörterbüchern (LWB) für DaF überprüft werden. Von Interesse sind im besonderen Maße die Fragen, ob die ausgewählten Wörterbücher (WB) den empirisch belegten Sprachgebrauch kodifizieren und welche der lexikographischen Funktionen (Sprachdokumentation, Sprachkonsultation u.a. für das Umfeld Deutsch als Fremdsprache) sie erfüllen.
Internetwörterbücher können viele Informationstypen auf neuartige Weise vereinigen und nutzeradaptiv präsentieren. Sie bilden in vernetzter Form als „Megawörterbücher“ große Wörterbuchportale und verschmelzen mit Korpora, multimedialen Erweiterungen und automatischen Sprachanalysetools zu Wortschatzinformationssystemen neuer Art. Es ist daher schwierig geworden, zwischen einen Wörterbuch einem Korpus, einem Atlas und einer Frequenzliste zu unterscheiden. Die Autoren versuchen, ein wenig Licht in das Dunkel der verschiedenen Typen von Wörterbüchern, Wörterbuchportalen und Wortschatzinformationssystemen zu bringen, und dabei auch zeigen, dass sich die Unordnung, die eine „Schlöraffe“ in die Klassifikation des Tierreichs bringt, am Ende durchaus auszahlen kann.