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In this paper we examine the composition and interactional deployment of suspended assessments in ordinary German conversation. We define suspended assessments as lexicosyntactically incomplete assessing TCUs that share a distinct cluster of prosodic-phonetic features which auditorily makes them come off as 'left hanging' rather than cut-off (e.g., Schegloff/Jefferson/Sacks 1977; Jasperson 2002) or trailing-off (e.g., Local/Kelly 1986; Walker 2012). Using CA/IL methodology (Couper-Kuhlen/Selting 2018) and drawing on a large body of video-recorded face-to-face conversations, we highlight the verbal, vocal and bodily-visual resources participants use to render such unfinished assessing TCUs recognizably incomplete and identify six recurrent usage types. Overall, the suspension of assessing TCUs appears to either serve as a practice for circumventing the production of assessments that are interactionally inapposite, or as a practice for coping with local contingencies that render the very doing of an assessment problematic for the speaker. Data are in German with English translations.
Die Rolle der antizipatorischen Verstehensdokumentation erweist sich in den Interviews aus dem Israelkorpus m. E. als besonders wichtig. Es wird von der Tatsache ausgegangen, dass es sich bei den Informanten um Personen mit besonders delikaten biographischen Hintergründen handele. Die Interviewerinnen müssen demzufolge mit der starken emotionalen Belastung rechnen, der die Interviewten während der Rekonstruktion ihrer Lebensgeschichte ausgesetzt sind. Ein sehr direkter Frage-Antwort-Stil könnte wegen dieser emotionalen Belastung als unangenehm empfunden werden. Der Einsatz von Verfahren antizipatorischer Verstehensdokumentation weist stattdessen m. E. eindeutig darauf hin, wie sich die Interviewerinnen offensichtlich um Empathie bemühen und im Sinne einer intersubjektiven Inreraktionskonstitution mit den Interviewten kooperieren. Ziel dieses Beitrages ist es zu zeigen, wie solche Verfahren der antizipatorischen Verstehensdokumentation durch den systematischen Einsatz der Konnektoren und, also, dann realisiert werden können.
This paper focuses on so called syntactic projection phenomena in the German language. This term from the German Gesprächsforschung is used to define the fact that an utterance or part of it foreshadows another one. This paper aims at pointing out how such projection phenomena are consciously exploited for rhethorical purposes. This will be observed on the basis of excerpts from the Stuttgart 21 mediation talks. The linguistic analysis carried out in this paper will focus on syntactic projection phenomena involving the use of causal adverbial connectives deshalb and deswegen.
Lexikalische Diskurspartikeln wie ‚gut‘, ‚schön‘, ‚genau‘, ‚richtig‘, ‚klar‘ etc. mit Äquivalenten in anderen Wortklassen (z.B. als Adjektive) und einem inhärenten semantischen Gehalt sind ein häufiges Phänomen in der gesprochenen Sprache. In ihrem vielfältigen, feinnuancierten Gebrauch tragen sie maßgeblich zur Organisation von Gesprächen bei. Der Fokus dieser empirischen interaktionslinguistischen Untersuchung liegt auf der detaillierten Beschreibung des Formen- und Funktionsspektrums sowie der Verwendungspraktiken von ‚gut‘ und ‚schön‘. Dabei werden funktionale, sequenzielle, prosodische und kombinatorische Regelhaftigkeiten aufgezeigt sowie das Verhältnis zwischen ‚gut/schön‘ und ihren Pendants als Adjektiven diskutiert. Die Verwendungsmerkmale und -bereiche der Diskurspartikeln werden zudem mit prädikativen Formen mit ‚gut/schön‘ verglichen, um die Spezifika und Leistungsfähigkeit von lexikalischen Diskurspartikeln aufzuzeigen und die Formate im Hinblick auf Pragmatikalisierung zu diskutieren.
This article investigates mundane photo taking practices with personal mobile devices in the co-presence of others, as well as “divergent” self-initiated smartphone use, thereby exploring the impact of everyday technologies on social interaction. Utilizing multimodal conversation analysis, we examined sequences in which young adults take pictures of food and drinks in restaurants and cafés. Although everyday interactions are abundant in opportunities for accomplishing food photography as a side activity, our data show that taking pictures is also often prioritized over other activities. Through a detailed sequential analysis of video recordings and dynamic screen captures of mobile devices, we illustrate how photographers orient to the momentary opportunities for and relevance of photo taking, that is, how they systematically organize their photographing with respect to the ongoing social encounter and the (projected) changes in the material environment. We investigate how the participants multimodally negotiate the “mainness” and “sideness” (Mondada, 2014) of situated food photography and describe some particular features of participants’ conduct in moments of mundane multiactivity.
The ubiquity of smartphones has been recognised within conversation analysis as having an impact on conversational structures and on the participants’ interactional involvement. However, most of the previous studies have relied exclusively on video recordings of overall encounters and have not systematically considered what is taking place on the device. Due to the personal nature of smartphones and their small displays, onscreen activities are of limited visibility and are thus potentially opaque for both the co-present participants (“participant opacity”) and the researchers (“analytical opacity”). While opacity can be an inherent feature of smartphones in general, analytical opacity might not be desirable for research purposes. This chapter discusses how a recording set-up consisting of static cameras, wearable cameras and dynamic screen captures allowed us to address the analytical opacity of mobile devices. Excerpts from multi-source video data of everyday encounters will illustrate how the combination of multiple perspectives can increase the visibility of interactional phenomena, reveal new analytical objects and improve analytical granularity. More specifically, these examples will emphasise the analytical advantages and challenges of a combined recording set-up with regard to smartphone use as multiactivity, the role of the affordances of the mobile device, and the prototypicality and “naturalness” of the recorded practices.
Playing videogames is a popular social activity; people play videogames in different places, on different media, in different situations, alone or with partners, online or offline. Unsurprisingly, they thereby share space (physically or virtually) with other playing or non-playing people. The special issue investigates through different contexts and settings how non-players become participants of the gaming interaction and how players and non-players co-construct presence. The introduction provides a problem-related context for the individual contributions and then briefly presents them.
This paper investigates situations in French videogame interactions where non-players who share the same physical space as players, participate in the gaming activities as spectators. Through a detailed multimodal and sequential analysis, we show that being a spectator is a local achievement of all co-present participants - players and non-players.
The term “pivot” usually refers to two overlapping syntactic units such that the completion of the first unit simultaneously launches the second. In addition, pivots are generally said to be characterized by the smooth prosodic integration of their syntactic parts. This prosodic integration is typically achieved by prosodic-phonetic matching of the pivot components. As research on such turns in a range of languages has illustrated, speakers routinely deploy pivots so as to be able to continue past a point of possible turn completion, in the service of implementing some additional or revised action. This article seeks to build on, and complement, earlier research by exploring two issues in more detail as follows: (1) what exactly do pivotal turn extensions accomplish on the action dimension, and (2) what role does prosodic-phonetic packaging play in this? We will show that pivot constructions not only exhibit various degrees of prosodic-phonetic (non-)integration, i.e., differently strong cesuras, but that they can be ordered on a continuum, and that this cline maps onto the relationship of the actions accomplished by the components of the pivot construction. While tighter prosodic-phonetic integration, i.e., weak(er) cesuring, co-occurs with post-pivot actions whose relationship to that of the pre-pivot tends to be rather retrospective in character, looser prosodic-phonetic integration, i.e., strong(er) cesuring, is associated with a more prospective orientation of the post-pivot’s action. These observations also raise more general questions with regard to the analysis of action.
When humans have a conversation with one-another, they generally take turns speaking one after the other without overlapping each others talk or leaving silence between turns for long stretches of time. Previous research has shown that conversation is a structured practice following rules that help interlocutors to manage the flow of conversation interactively. While at the beginning of a conversation it remains open who will speak when about what and for how long, interlocutors regulate the flow of conversation as it unfolds. One basic set of rules that interlocutors operate with governs the allocation of speaking turns, with the central rule stating that whoever starts speaking first at a point in time when speaker change becomes relevant has the rights and obligations to produce the next turn. The organization of turn allocation, therefore, is one reason for conversational turn taking to be so remarkably fast, with the beginnings of turns most often being quite accurately aligned with the ends of the previous turns. Observations of this outstanding speed of turn taking gave rise to a number of questions concerning language processing in conversational situations. The studies presented in this thesis investigate some of these questions from the perspective of the current listener preparing to be the next speaker who will respond to the current turn.
The study presented in Chapter 2 investigates when next speakers begin to plan their own turn with respect to two points in time, (i) the moment when the incoming turn’s message becomes clear enough to make response planning possible and (ii) the moment when the incoming turn terminates. Results of previous studies were inconclusive about the timing of language planning in conversation, with evidence in favour of both late and early response planning. Furthermore, previous studies presented both evidence as well as counter evidence indicating that response planning depends or does not depend on an accurate prediction of the timing of the incoming turn’s end. The study presented here makes use of a novel experimental paradigm which includes a dialogic task that participants need to fulfil in response to critical utterances by a confederate. These critical utterances were structured, on the one hand, so that their message became clear either only at the end of the turn or before the end of the turn, and, on the other hand, so that it was either predictable or not predictable when exactly the turn would end. Participant’s eye-movements as well as their response latencies indicated that they always planned their next turn as early as possible, irrespective of the predictability of the incoming turn’s end. The presented results provide evidence in favour of models of turn taking that predict speech planning to happen in overlap with the incoming turn.
Having established that next speakers begin to plan their turn in overlap, the study presented in Chapter 3 goes more into detail investigating to which depth language planning progresses while the incoming turn is still unfolding. To this end, a number of psycholinguistic paradigms were combined. In the study’s main experiment, participants had to fulfil a switch-task in which they switched from picture naming in response to an auditorily presented question to making a lexical decision. By manipulating the relatedness of the word for lexical decision with the picture that was prepared to be named before the task-switch it was possible to draw inferences on which processing stages were entered during the speech production process in overlap with the incoming turn. Participants’ behavioural responses in the lexical decision task revealed that they entered the stage of phonological encoding while the incoming turn was still unfolding, showing that planning in overlap is not limited to conceptual preparation but includes all sub-processes of formulation.
Given that speech production regularly enters the stages of formulation in overlap with the incoming turn, as shown in Chapters 2 and 3, the question arises whether planning the next turn in overlap is cognitively more demanding than during the gap between turns. This question is approached in the study presented in Chapter 4 by measuring pupillometric responses of participants in a dialogic task. An increase in pupil diameter during a cognitive task is indicative of increased processing load, and pupillometric responses to planning in overlap with the incoming turn were found to be greater than responses to planning in the gap between turns. These results show that planning in overlap is more demanding than planning during the gap, even though it is highly practiced by speakers.
After Chapters 2 to 4 investigated the timing and mechanisms of speech planning in conversation, Chapter 5 turns towards the timing of articulation of a planned turn, asking the question what sources of information next speakers use to time the articulation of a planned utterance to start closely after the incoming turn comes to an end. In this Chapter’s study, participants taking turns with a confederate responded to utterances containing or not containing different cues to the location of the incoming turn’s end. Participants made use of lexical and turn-final intonational cues, but not of turn-initial intonational cues, responding faster when the relevant cues were present than when they were not present. These results show that the timing of turn initiation in next speakers depends on the recognition of the incoming turn’s point of completion and not merely on the progress in planning the next turn.
All evidence presented in Chapters 2 to 5 is summed up and bundled together in a cognitive model of turn taking, which is being presented in Chapter 6. This model assumes, centrally, that the planning of a turn and the timing of its articulation are separate cognitive processes that run in parallel in any next speaker during conversation. Planning generally starts as early as possible, often in overlap with the incoming turn, while the timing of articulation depends on the next speaker’s level of certainty that speaker change has become relevant at a particular moment, with a number of cues to the end of the incoming turn leading to an increase of certainty. Next turns are assumed to often be planned down to fully formulated utterance plans including their phonological form as early as possible on the basis of anticipations of the incoming turn’s message, which are created with the help of the general and situational knowledge about the world, the current speaker and her intentions, as well as the input that has been received so far. The level of certainty that speaker change becomes relevant rises or decreases as lexico-syntactic, prosodic, and pragmatic projections about the development of the current turn are fulfilled or not fulfilled. As the incoming turn progresses towards its end as was projected by the current listener, he becomes certain that speaker change becomes relevant and will initiate articulation of the prepared next turn. Viewing these two processes, planning a next turn and timing of its articulation, as separate makes it possible to explain the observable fast timing of turn taking while still modelling the allocation of turns as interactionally managed by interlocutors — a considerable advantage of the presented model compared to more traditional perspectives on turn taking and conversation.
We present a collection of (currently) about 5.500 commands directed to voice-controlled virtual assistants (VAs) by sixteen initial users of a VA system in their homes. The collection comprises recordings captured by the VA itself and with a conditional voice recorder (CVR) selectively capturing recordings including the VA-directed commands plus some surrounding context. Next to a description of the collection, we present initial findings on the patterns of use of the VA systems during the first weeks after installation, including usage timing, the development of usage frequency, distributions of sentence structures across commands, and (the development of) command success rates. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the applied collection-specific recording approach and describe potential research questions that can be investigated in the future, based on the collection, as well as the merit of combining quantitative corpus linguistic approaches with qualitative in-depth analyses of single cases.
To ensure short gaps between turns in conversation, next speakers regularly start planning their utterance in overlap with the incoming turn. Three experiments investigate which stages of utterance planning are executed in overlap. E1 establishes effects of associative and phonological relatedness of pictures and words in a switch-task from picture naming to lexical decision. E2 focuses on effects of phonological relatedness and investigates potential shifts in the time-course of production planning during background speech. E3 required participants to verbally answer questions as a base task. In critical trials, however, participants switched to visual lexical decision just after they began planning their answer. The task-switch was time-locked to participants' gaze for response planning. Results show that word form encoding is done as early as possible and not postponed until the end of the incoming turn. Hence, planning a response during the incoming turn is executed at least until word form activation.
In conversation, turn-taking is usually fluid, with next speakers taking their turn right after the end of the previous turn. Most, but not all, previous studies show that next speakers start to plan their turn early, if possible already during the incoming turn. The present study makes use of the list-completion paradigm (Barthel et al., 2016), analyzing speech onset latencies and eye-movements of participants in a task-oriented dialogue with a confederate. The measures are used to disentangle the contributions to the timing of turn-taking of early planning of content on the one hand and initiation of articulation as a reaction to the upcoming turn-end on the other hand. Participants named objects visible on their computer screen in response to utterances that did, or did not, contain lexical and prosodic cues to the end of the incoming turn. In the presence of an early lexical cue, participants showed earlier gaze shifts toward the target objects and responded faster than in its absence, whereas the presence of a late intonational cue only led to faster response times and did not affect the timing of participants' eye movements. The results show that with a combination of eye-movement and turn-transition time measures it is possible to tease apart the effects of early planning and response initiation on turn timing. They are consistent with models of turn-taking that assume that next speakers (a) start planning their response as soon as the incoming turn's message can be understood and (b) monitor the incoming turn for cues to turn-completion so as to initiate their response when turn-transition becomes relevant.
Speech planning is a sophisticated process. In dialog, it regularly starts in overlap with an incoming turn by a conversation partner. We show that planning spoken responses in overlap with incoming turns is associated with higher processing load than planning in silence. In a dialogic experiment, participants took turns with a confederate describing lists of objects. The confederate’s utterances (to which participants responded) were pre-recorded and varied in whether they ended in a verb or an object noun and whether this ending was predictable or not. We found that response planning in overlap with sentence-final verbs evokes larger task-evoked pupillary responses, while end predictability had no effect. This finding indicates that planning in overlap leads to higher processing load for next speakers in dialog and that next speakers do not proactively modulate the time course of their response planning based on their predictions of turn endings. The turn-taking system exerts pressure on the language processing system by pushing speakers to plan in overlap despite the ensuing increase in processing load.
In conversation, interlocutors rarely leave long gaps between turns, suggesting that next speakers begin to plan their turns while listening to the previous speaker. The present experiment used analyses of speech onset latencies and eye-movements in a task-oriented dialogue paradigm to investigate when speakers start planning their responses. German speakers heard a confederate describe sets of objects in utterances that either ended in a noun [e.g., Ich habe eine Tür und ein Fahrrad (“I have a door and a bicycle”)] or a verb form [e.g., Ich habe eine Tür und ein Fahrrad besorgt (“I have gotten a door and a bicycle”)], while the presence or absence of the final verb either was or was not predictable from the preceding sentence structure. In response, participants had to name any unnamed objects they could see in their own displays with utterances such as Ich habe ein Ei (“I have an egg”). The results show that speakers begin to plan their turns as soon as sufficient information is available to do so, irrespective of further incoming words.
In this chapter, a conversation-analytic approach is used to study medical recommendations as an essential part of medical advice. Tlte analyses are based on renal treatment planning conversations in which physicians inform patients about an upcoming dialysis therapy. The data reveals that medical recommendations are marked throughout by their strikingly tentative and relativistic phrasing in which the conflict between physicians duty of care and the patient’s autonomy is obvious. The observed discrepancy between what should be said and what patients and physicians want to be said - and heard - not only gives reason to challenge the ethical and legal requirements concerning medical recommendations and their implications for medical practice, but also to rethink the current models of decision-making in medical communication.
Aus der linguistischen Gesprächs- und Diskursanalyse heraus hat sich in den letzten 10 Jahren eine Angewandte Diskursforschung entwickelt, die das sprachlichkommunikative Handeln in unterschiedlichen gesellschaftlichen Praxisfeldern und Institutionen empirisch untersucht und dabei ausdrücklich auf die Anwendung ihrer Ergebnisse in dieser Praxis abzielt. In dem Beitrag zeigen wir, welche Fragestellungen und Ziele diese Forschungsrichtung verfolgt (Kap. 2), und benennen exemplarisch einige anwendungsrelevante inhaltliche Ergebnisse zu den Bereichen Schule, Medizin und Wirtschaft (Kap. 3). Anschließend stellen wir methodische Überlegungen für die Angewandte Diskursforschung dar und formulieren Prinzipien der Komplexität, der Problemorientierung, der Aktantenorientierung und der normativen Orientierung (Kap. 4). Wie solche Ergebnisse für die Aus- und Fortbildung didaktisch aufbereitet und in die Praxis rückvermittelt werden können und welche Perspektiven wir für die Weiterentwicklung der Zusammenarbeit zwischen Linguistik und Praxis sehen, diskutieren wir am Schluss des Beitrags (Kap. 5 und 6).
Response particles manage intersubjectivity. This conversation analytic study describes German eben (“exactly”). With eben, speaker A locally agrees with the immediately prior turn of B (the “confirmable”) and establishes a second indexical link: A relates B’s confirmable to a position A herself had already displayed (the “anchor”). Through claiming temporal priority, eben speakers treat a just-formulated position as self-evident and mark independence. Further evidence for the three-part structure “anchor-confirmable-eben” that eben sets in motion retrospectively comes from instances where eben speakers supply a missing/opaque anchor via a postpositioned display of independent access. Data are in German with English translation.
OKAY originates from English, but it is increasingly used across languages. This chapter presents data from 13 languages, illustrating the spectrum of possible uses of OKAY in responding and claiming understanding in contexts of informings. Drawing on a wide range of interaction types from both informal and institutional contexts, including those crucially involving embodied practices, we show how OKAY can be used to (i) claim sufficient understanding, (ii) mark understanding of the prior informing as preliminary or not complete, and (iii) index discrepancy of expectation.
The development of tools for computer-assisted transcription and analysis of extensive speech corpora is one main issue at the Institute of German Language (IDS) and the Institute of Natural Language Processing (IMS). Corpora of natural spoken dialogue have been transcribed, and the analogue recordings of these discourses are digitized. An automatic segmentation system is employed which is based on Hidden Markov Models. The orthographic representation of the speech signal is transformed into a phonetic representation, the phonetic transcription is transformed into a system-internal representation, and the time alignment between text and speech signal follows. In this article, we also describe the retrieval software Cosmas II and its special features for searching discourse transcripts and playing time aligned passages.
Mit den Methoden der Interaktionalen Linguistik und der Konversationsanalyse untersucht die vorliegende Arbeit syntaktische Ko-Konstruktionen im gesprochenen Deutsch, wobei der Fokus auf Vervollständigungen eines zweiten Sprechers vor einem möglichen syntaktischen Abschlusspunkt liegt. Auf der Basis von 199 Ko-Konstruktionen aus informellen Interviews und Tischgesprächen leistet die Arbeit eine erste umfassende Analyse der gemeinsamen Konstruktion einer syntaktischen Gestalt durch zwei Sprecher im Deutschen.
Die Struktur der Ko-Konstruktionen wird in einem ersten Schritt über die Basisoperationen der Online-Syntax, Projektion und Retraktion, beschrieben. Im Fokus steht hier die Frage, an welchen Projektionen sich der zweite Sprecher orientiert, wobei sowohl syntaktische und prosodische als auch semanto-pragmatische Aspekte in die Analyse miteinbezogen werden. In einem zweiten Schritt wird die zeitliche und sequenzielle Organisation der Ko-Konstruktionen detailliert herausgearbeitet. Ein Schwerpunkt liegt hier auf einer genauen Darstellung und Analyse der verschiedenen Handlungsoptionen des ersten Sprechers nach der ko-konstruierten Vervollständigung.
Kommunikation gewinnt in allen gesellschaftlichen Bereichen eine immer größere Bedeutung. Auf den Begriff gebracht wird dies mit dem Stichwort der ›Versprachlichung der Gesellschaft‹. Auch in der Wirtschaft wächst das Bewusstsein dafür, dass die Produktion von Waren und das Erbringen von Dienstleistungen mit vielfältigen kommunikativen Prozessen verbunden sind und dass der Anteil von Kommunikation im Rahmen wirtschaftlicher Leistungen immer größer wird. Kommunikation hat sich zu einer zentralen Produktivkraft entwickelt, und entsprechend wird Kommunikationsfähigkeit für Management und Mitarbeiter auf allen Ebenen zunehmend zur Schlüsselqualifikation. Die Sprachwissenschaft, zu deren Gegenstand die Analyse von Kommunikationsprozessen und die Verbesserung von Kommunikationsfähigkeit gehört, hat lange Zeit die Wirtschafts- und Unternehmenskommunikation ignoriert und dieses Gebiet Psychologen, Betriebswirtschaftlern und Kommunikationstrainern überlassen. Erst mit der neuen Forschungsrichtung der Gesprächsanalyse, die Strukturen und Probleme von Gesprächen aus allen Bereichen der Gesellschaft untersucht, ist auch die Wirtschaft wieder ins Blickfeld der Sprachwissenschaft gerückt. Sehr schnell war dabei klar, dass man keine Aussagen über die Wirtschaftskommunikation machen kann (und dass es auch keine Fachsprache der Wirtschaft gibt) – dazu sind Wirtschaft und Unternehmen zu vielgestaltig –, sondern dass einzelne Gesprächsformen untersucht werden müssen, die unternehmensübergreifend vorkommen.
Kommunikation gewinnt in allen gesellschaftlichen Bereichen eine immer größere Bedeutung. Auf den Begriff gebracht wird dies mit dem Stichwort der ›Versprachlichung der Gesellschaft‹. Auch in der Wirtschaft wächst das Bewusstsein dafür, dass die Produktion von Waren und das Erbringen von Dienstleistungen mit vielfältigen kommunikativen Prozessen verbunden sind und dass der Anteil von Kommunikation im Rahmen wirtschaftlicher Leistungen immer größer wird. Kommunikation hat sich zu einer zentralen Produktivkraft entwickelt, und entsprechend wird Kommunikationsfähigkeit für Management und Mitarbeiter auf allen Ebenen zunehmend zur Schlüsselqualifikation. Die Sprachwissenschaft, zu deren Gegenstand die Analyse von Kommunikationsprozessen und die Verbesserung von Kommunikationsfähigkeit gehört, hat lange Zeit die Wirtschafts- und Unternehmenskommunikation ignoriert und dieses Gebiet Psychologen, Betriebswirtschaftlern und Kommunikationstrainern überlassen. Erst mit der neuen Forschungsrichtung der Gesprächsanalyse, die Strukturen und Probleme von Gesprächen aus allen Bereichen der Gesellschaft untersucht, ist auch die Wirtschaft wieder ins Blickfeld der Sprachwissenschaft gerückt. Sehr schnell war dabei klar, dass man keine Aussagen über die Wirtschaftskommunikation machen kann (und dass es auch keine Fachsprache der Wirtschaft gibt) – dazu sind Wirtschaft und Unternehmen zu vielgestaltig –, sondern dass einzelne Gesprächsformen untersucht werden müssen, die unternehmensübergreifend vorkommen.
Es wurden Interviews mit hauptberuflichen KommunikationstrainerInnen geführt, um herauszufinden, inwieweit diese sprachwissenschaftliche Theorien, Methoden und Ergebnisse kennen und für ihre Trainings nutzen, wie sie das Verhältnis von Theorie und Praxis der Kommunikation sehen und welche Methoden der Diagnose von Kommunikationsproblemen, Veränderung und Evaluation sie einsetzen. Wie die Befragung zeigt, ist die Distanz zwischen Trainingspraxis und Sprachwissenschaft noch immer sehr groß und haben nur wenige Theorien und Ergebnisse in den Trainingsbereich Eingang gefunden. Die diskursanalytischen Methoden zur Analyse kommunikativer Probleme werden hier bislang kaum genutzt. Eine Konsequenz daraus sollte u.E. sein, daß die Linguistik für eine Kooperation in aktiver Weise attraktive und auf die Adressaten zugeschnittene Angebote machen muß.
Es wurden Interviews mit hauptberuflichen Kommunikationstrainerinnen geführt, um herauszufinden, inwieweit diese sprachwissenschaftliche Theorien, Methoden und Ergebnisse kennen und für ihre Trainings nutzen, wie sie das Verhältnis von Theorie und Praxis der Kommunikation sehen und welche Methoden der Diagnose von Kommunikationsproblemen, Veränderung und Evaluation sie einsetzen. Wie die Befragung zeigt, ist die Distanz zwischen Trainingspraxis und Sprachwissenschaft noch immer sehr groß und haben nur wenige Theorien und Ergebnisse in den Trainingsbereich Eingang gefunden, Die diskursanalytischen Methoden zur Analyse kommunikativer Probleme werden hier bislang kaum genutzt. Eine Konsequenz daraus sollte u.E. sein, daß die Linguistik für eine Kooperation in aktiver Weise attraktive und auf die Adressaten zugeschnittene Angebote machen muß.
Einführung in die Bände
(2002)
Einführung in die Bände
(2002)
Einführung in die Bände
(1999)
Am 13. und 14. Mai 2022 trafen sich 26 Nachwuchswissenschaftler:innen zum 5. Treffen des Netzwerks für Doktorand:innen der Gesprächsforschung (DokGF). Die Gründung dieses Netzwerk ist auf die Initiative von Elena Becker (Halle) und Maximilian Krug (Duisburg-Essen) im Herbst 2019 zurückzuführen (vgl. Torres Cajo/Franzen 2019). Auch dieses Mal fand die Veranstaltung online statt. Das DokGF-Treffen wurde von Teresa Schirmes (Bochum), Henning Vahlenkamp (Bremen) und Svenja Heuser (Luxembourg) organisiert und moderiert. Es bot den Teilnehmer:innen die Möglichkeit sich kennenzulernen, zu vernetzen und sich über aktuelle methodische, theoretische und empirische Themen der deutschsprachigen Gesprächsforschung auszutauschen. Ebenso standen allgemeine Belange und die Selbstorganisation während der Promotion auf der Agenda. Als Keynote-Speaker waren Arnulf Deppermann (Mannheim) und Martin Hartung (Göttingen) eingeladen.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird mit ethnografischen, gesprächsanalytischen und gesprächsrhetorischen Methoden der kommunikative Sozialstil der "emanzipatorischen Migranten" untersucht. Ein wesentliches Kennzeichen dieses Milieus von Migranten der zweiten Generation ist, dass seine Akteure offensiv und provokativ mit Rassismen umgehen und sich nicht ethnisch (als "Türken", "Italiener", "Griechen" etc.) definieren. Des Weiteren betrachten sie - neben der dominanten Verwendung des Deutschen als gruppeninterner Kommunikationssprache - (deutschtürkisches) Code-switching und Code-mixing als wichtigen Ausdruck ihrer migrantischen Identität.
Da Potenziale und Konturen von Stilen erst im Kontrast eindeutig hervortreten, werden diese Befunde mit der kommunikativen Praxis einer anderen Sozialwelt von Migranten der zweiten Generation verglichen, derjenigen der "akademischen Europatürken". Hierbei zeigt sich, dass dieses sich ethnisch und als "Elite" der türkischen Migranten definierende Milieu moderat auf Diskriminierungen reagiert und deutsch-türkische Sprachvariation als Ausdruck von "Halbsprachigkeit" ablehnt.
Deutschlandtürkisch?
(2004)
Migration führt zu Zwei- und Mehrsprachigkeit. Ein Ausdruck dieser Sprachkontaktsituation sind Phänomene wie Codeswitching oder Codemixing, die weltweit, wie auch im kommunikativen Haushalt der türkischen Migranten in Europa, zu beobachten sind.1 Eine andere Folge dieses Prozesses sind Auffälligkeiten, die sich im Laufe der Zeit auf verschiedenen Ebenen der Diasporasprachen zeigen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag beschäftigen wir uns mit der Frage nach solchen Besonderheiten und ihren Ursachen im Türkischen der Migranten in Deutschland. Hierzu analysieren wir mündliche Alltagskonversationen von zwei Gruppen. Unsere Analyse von gesprochener Sprache wirft in diesem Zusammenhang einige zentrale methodologische Fragen bezüglich der untersuchten Daten und der Analyseperspektive auf, die wir zunächst in Auseinandersetzung mit der Forschungsliteratur erörtern.
As part of our project "German at Work: The Linguistic and Communicative Integration of Refugees" at the Leibniz-Institute for the German Language (Mannheim, Germany), we are conducting several ethnographic field studies to investigate the integration process of refugees into various professional fields. The guiding questions are which linguistic and communicative problems arise in workplace interactions between refugees and their colleagues and with which communicative practices the participants ensure mutual understanding. In the present article, we further focus on the question whether and how the professional trainers use the work interactions as opportunities for language mediation and which practices they use.
Der Beitrag präsentiert Ergebnisse des Projekts „Deutsch im Beruf: Die sprachlich-kommunikative Integration der Flüchtlinge“, das am Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS) durchgeführt wird. Im ersten Teil wird auf die zweistufige Sprachstandserhebung in den allgemeinen Integrationskursen eingegangen, die zusammen mit dem Goethe-Institut umgesetzt wurde. Bei der ersten Erhebung zu Beginn der Kurse wurden mit einer Tabletumfrage die Sozialdaten und Sprachenbiografien der Teilnehmenden erhoben. Bei der zweiten Erhebung am Ende der gleichen Kurse ging es darum, mit Hilfe der Analyse von Sprachaufnahmen das erreichte mündliche Kompetenzniveau der Teilnehmenden zu ermitteln. Im zweiten Teil des Beitrags stellen wir Ergebnisse unserer ethnografisch-gesprächsanalytischen Feldstudien vor, die wir in verschiedenen Arbeitskontexten wie Qualifizierungsmaßnahmen, duale Berufsausbildung und betriebliche Praktika durchgeführt haben. In Bezug auf die zentralen Fragen zu gegenseitiger Verständigung und der Sprachvermittlung am Arbeitsplatz konnten wir im Rahmen unserer Ethnografien drei prototypische Praktiken feststellen, auf die wir näher eingehen: a) „kaum Verständnissicherung und Sprachvermittlung“, b) „ad-hoc Verständnissicherung und Sprachvermittlung“ und c) „systematische Verständnissicherung und Sprachvermittlung“. Des Weiteren fokussieren wir im letzten Teil des Beitrags die Ergebnisse unserer ethnografischen Langzeitstudie zu Betriebspraktika von studierenden Geflüchteten. Anhand der Untersuchung von Reparaturen zeigt sich hier die Entwicklung der interaktionalen Kompetenz eines L2-Sprechers, die mit einer zunehmenden kommunikativen Integration in Teamgesprächen einhergeht.
Die aus einer Doktorarbeit hervorgegangene, ausgesprochen reife Monographie von Julia Kaiser ist ein solides Stück linguistischer Arbeit. Die Lektüre spricht an, erweitert den Wissenshorizont und bereichert somit viele Linguisten – von den Epigonen des Strukturalismus über Anhänger der Dependenzoder Konstruktionsgrammatik bis hin zu den Vertretern der modernen Semantik. Im Fokus der Arbeit stehen „infinitivlose“ (= absolut verwendete) Modalverben (MV) im gesprochenen Deutsch. Im Einzelnen wird auf Vollverb-Verwendungen, Ellipsen, Analepsen, MV mit Richtungsbestimmungen und idiomatisierte absolute Verwendungen eingegangen.
We reflect on the affordances and challenges of interactional data in the analysis of long-term institutional change. To this end we draw on our studies of direct encounters between journalists and politicians in news interviews and presidential news conferences and in particular the use of question design as a window into the evolution of journalistic norms and press-state relations over time and the causal antecedents of such change. All analyses that incorporate a concern with environing contexts of interactional change impose certain burdens of empirical demonstration on the researcher. Here we consider three analytic issues that arise in the kind of historical-institutional analysis we have been pursuing: (a) controlling for the situational context, (b) pinpointing the locus of change, and (c) validating indicators of change. Data are in English.
This study examines head nods produced as embodied and silent answers to polar questions before a transition relevance place has been reached. It discusses the notion of “response” and the ways in which the literature conceptualizes head nods. The analysis of video recordings of ordinary and institutional multiparty interactions shows that answer-nods rely on mutual gaze and that affirmative head nods may co-occur with other facial expressions (e.g., eye blinks). By replying with a silent head nod, respondents may complete an unfolding adjacency pair without claiming speakership, thereby enabling the questioner to extend their turn-in-progress. Alternatively, respondents may expand their answer-nod with talk, in which case silent nodding may contribute to organizing the smooth transition of turns-at-talk. Head nods produced while a question is unfolding are described as a microsequential phenomenon that may affect the questioner’s turn-in-progress. Data are in French and Italian.
Conversation Analysis (CA) and Discursive Psychology (DP) reject the view that assumptions
about cognitive processes should be used to account for discursive phenomena. Instead, cognitive
issues are respecified as discursive phenomena. Discursive psychologists do this by
studying discursive practices of talking about mental phenomena and using mental predicates.
This approach is exemplified by a study of the use of constructions with German verstehen
(‘to understand’) in conversation. Some conversation analysts take another approach,
namely, inquiring into how participants display mental states in talk-in-interaction. This is
exemplified by a study of how grammatical constructions are used to display different types
of inferences drawn from a partner’s prior turn. It will be argued that the constructivist, antiessentialist
stance which CA and DP take with regard to cognition is a prosperous line of
research, which has much in its favor from a methodological point of view. However, it
can be shown that tacit assumptions about cognitive processes are still inevitable when
doing CA and DP. As a conclusion, the paper pleads for an enhanced awareness of how cognitive
processes come into play when analysing talk-in-interaction and it advocates the integration
of a more explicit cognitive perspective into research on talk-in-interaction.
Based on German speaking data from various activity types, the range of multimodal resources used to construct turn-beginnings is reviewed. It is claimed that participants in talk-in-interaction need to deal with four tasks in order to construct a turn which precisely fits the interactional moment of its production:
1. Achieve joint orientation: The accomplishment of the socio-spatial prerequisites necessary for producing a turn which is to become part of the participants’ common ground.
2. Display uptake: Next speaker needs to display his/her understanding of the interaction so far as the backdrop on which the production of the upcoming turn is based.
3. Deal with projections from prior talk: The speaker has to deal with projections which have been established by (the) previous turn(s) with respect to the upcoming turn.
4. Project properties of turn-in-progress: The speaker needs to orient the recipient to properties of the turn s/he is about to produce.
Turn-design thus can be seen to be informed by tasks related to the multimodal, embodied, and interactive contingencies of online-construction of turns. The four tasks are ordered in terms of prior tasks providing the prerequisite for accomplishing a later task.
This paper analyses one specific conversational practice of formulation
called ‘notionalization’. It consists in the transformation of a description by a prior
speaker into a categorization by the next speaker. Sequences of this kind are a
‘‘natural laboratory’’ for studying the differences between descriptions and categorizations
regarding their semantic, interactional, and rhetorical properties:
Descriptive/narrative versions are often vague and tentative, multi unit turns,
which are temporalized and episodic, offering a lot of contingent, situational,
and indexical detail.
Notionalizations turn them into condensed, abstract, timeless, and often
agentless categorizations expressed by a noun (phrase) within one turn
constructional unit (TCU).
Drawing on audio- and video-taped German data from various types of interaction,
the paper focuses on one particular practice of notionalization, the formulation
of purportedly common ground by TCUs prefaced with the connective also.
The paper discusses their turn-constructional and morphological properties, pointing
out affinities of notionalization with language for special purposes. Notionalizations
are used for reducing detail and for topical closure. They provide grounds for
emergent keywords, which can be reused to re-contextualize topical issues and
interactional histories efficiently. Notionalizations are powerful means for accomplishing
intersubjectivity while pursuing (sometimes one-sided) practical relevancies
at the same time. Their inevitably perspective design thus may lead to re-open
the issue they were deemed to settle. The paper closes with an outlook to other
practices of notionalization, pointing to dimensions of interactionally relevant
variation and commonalities.