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This paper discusses the semi-formal language of mathematics and presents the Naproche CNL, a controlled natural language for mathematical authoring. Proof Representation Structures, an adaptation of Discourse Representation Structures, are used to represent the semantics of texts written in the Naproche CNL. We discuss how the Naproche CNL can be used in formal mathematics, and present our prototypical Naproche system, a computer program for parsing texts in the Naproche CNL and checking the proofs in them for logical correctness.
Knowledge in textual form is always presented as visually and hierarchically structured units of text, which is particularly true in the case of academic texts. One research hypothesis of the ongoing project Knowledge ordering in texts - text structure and structure visualisations as sources of natural ontologies1 is that the textual structure of academic texts effectively mirrors essential parts of the knowledge structure that is built up in the text. The structuring of a modern dissertation thesis (e.g. in the form of an automatically generated table of contents - toes), for example, represents a compromise between requirements of the text type and the methodological and conceptual structure of its subject-matter. The aim of the project is to examine how visual-hierarchical structuring systems are constructed, how knowledge structures are encoded in them, and how they can be exploited to automatically derive ontological knowledge for navigation, archiving, or search tasks. The idea to extract domain concepts and semantic relations mainly from the structural and linguistic information gathered from tables of contents represents a novel approach to ontology learning.
This paper provides a new generation of a markup language by introducing the Freestyle Markup Language (FML). Demands placed on the language are elaborated, considering current standards and discussions. Conception, a grammatical definition, a corresponding object graph and the bi-directional unambiguous transformation between these two congruent representation forms are set up. The result of this paper is a fundamental definition of a completely new markup language, consolidating many deficiency-discourses and experiences into one particular implementation concept, encouraging the evolution of markup.
This paper shows how corpora and related tools can be used to analyse and present significant colligational patterns lexicographically. In German, patterns such as das nötige Wissen vermitteln and sein Wissen unter Beweis stellen play a vital role when learning the language, as they exhibit relevant idiomatic usage and lexical and syntactic rules of combination. Each item has specific semantic and grammatical functions and particular preferences with respect to position and distribution. An analysis of adjectives, for example, identifies preferences in adverbial, attributive, or predicative functions.
Traditionally, corpus analyses of syntagmatic constructions have not been conducted for lexicographic purposes. This paper shows how to utilise corpora to extract and examine typical syntagms and how the results of such an analysis are documented systematically in ELEXIKO, a large-scale corpus-based Internet reference work of German. It also demonstrates how this dictionary accounts for the lexical and grammatical interplay between units in a syntagm and how authentic corpus material and complementary prose-style usage notes are a useful guide to text production or reception.
This paper describes the efforts in the field of sustainability of the Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS) in Mannheim with respect to DEREKO (Deutsches Referenzkorpus) the Archive of General Reference Corpora of Contemporary Written German. With focus on re-usability and sustainability, we discuss its history and our future plans. We describe legal challenges related to the creation of a large and sustainable resource; sketch out the pipeline used to convert raw texts to the final corpus format and outline migration plans to TEI P5. Due to the fact, that the current version of the corpus management and query system is pushed towards its limits, we discuss the requirements for a new version which will be able to handle current and future DEREKO releases. Furthermore, we outline the institute’s plans in the field of digital preservation.
The Online-Wortschatz-Informationssystem Deutsch (OWID Online German Lexical Information System) is a lexicographic Internet portal for various electronic dictionary resources that are being compiled at the Institute for the German Language (Institut für Deutsche Sprache, IDS). The main emphasis of OWID is on academic lexicographic resources of contemporary German. Presently, the following dictionaries are included in OWID: a dictionary of contemporary German called elexiko, a dictionary of neologisms, a small dictionary of collocations, and a discourse dictionary covering the lexemes that establish the discourse about “guilt” in the early post-war era 1945-1955. In the near future (2010/2011), several additional dictionaries will be published in OWID: a Textbook of German Communication Verbs, a Valency Dictionary of German Verbs, two further discourse dictionaries – one about the “democracy” discourse around 1968, the other covering the keywords of the German reunification 1989/1990. Moreover, 300 entries from a corpus-based project on proverbs will be integrated into OWID. Thereby, OWID is a constantly growing resource for academic lexicographic work of the German language.
Altogether, OWID is a special kind of dictionary portal owing to its content and its design, namely the integration of the various dictionaries, the access possibilities and the presentation features. With OWID, we try to establish a dictionary net where the different resources are jointly accessible not only by headwords, but also on the microstructural level. Prerequisite for these common access- and navigation-possibilities across the various dictionaries is the same concept for the lexicographic data model which we put into practice in OWID. Data from all dictionaries in OWID are structured according to a tailor-made, fine-granular, XML-based data model. In this data model, similar content is modelled similarly, dictionary related differences are preserved.
The main tasks for the future are to enhance OWID with further dictionary resources, to improve the inner access structures so that they exhaust the possibilities of the data model, and to customize the layout of the dictionaries as well as the search options according to the user’s needs
This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the combination of automated information and lexicographically interpreted information in online dictionaries, namely elexiko, a hypertext dictionary and lexical data information system of contemporary German (http://www.owid.de/ elexiko_/index.html), and DWDS, a digital dictionary of 20,h century German (http://www.dwds.de). Examples of automatically derived information (e.g. automatically extracted citations from the underlying corpus, lists on paradigmatic relations) and lexicographically compiled information (e.g. information on paradigmatic partners) are provided and evaluated, reflecting on the need to develop guidelines as to how computerised information and lexicographically interpreted information may be combined profitably in online reference works.