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Die aus einer Doktorarbeit hervorgegangene, ausgesprochen reife Monographie von Julia Kaiser ist ein solides Stück linguistischer Arbeit. Die Lektüre spricht an, erweitert den Wissenshorizont und bereichert somit viele Linguisten – von den Epigonen des Strukturalismus über Anhänger der Dependenzoder Konstruktionsgrammatik bis hin zu den Vertretern der modernen Semantik. Im Fokus der Arbeit stehen „infinitivlose“ (= absolut verwendete) Modalverben (MV) im gesprochenen Deutsch. Im Einzelnen wird auf Vollverb-Verwendungen, Ellipsen, Analepsen, MV mit Richtungsbestimmungen und idiomatisierte absolute Verwendungen eingegangen.
This paper focuses on so called syntactic projection phenomena in the German language. This term from the German Gesprächsforschung is used to define the fact that an utterance or part of it foreshadows another one. This paper aims at pointing out how such projection phenomena are consciously exploited for rhethorical purposes. This will be observed on the basis of excerpts from the Stuttgart 21 mediation talks. The linguistic analysis carried out in this paper will focus on syntactic projection phenomena involving the use of causal adverbial connectives deshalb and deswegen.
The recognizability of a stretch of conduct as social action depends on details of turn construction as well as the turn’s context. We examine details of turn construction as they enter into actions offering interpretations of prior talk. Such actions either initiate repair or formulate a conclusion from prior talk. We focus on how interpretation markers (das heißt [“that means”] vs. du meinst [“you mean”]) and interpretation formats (phrasal vs. clausal turn completions) each make their invariant contribution to specific interpreting practices. Interpretation marker and turn format go hand in hand, which leads to distinct patterns of interpreting practices: Das heißt+clause is especially apt for formulations, du meinst+phrase for repair. The results suggest that details of turn construction can systematically enter into the constitution of social action. Data are in German with English translation.
Linguistic relativists have traditionally asked 'how language influences thought', but conversation analysts and anthropological linguists have moved the focus from thought to social action. We argue that 'social action' should in this context not become simply a new dependent variable, because the formulation 'does language influence action' suggests that social action would already be meaningfully constituted prior to its local (verbal and multi-modal) accomplishment. We draw on work by the gestalt psychologist Karl Duncker to show that close attention to action-in-a-situation helps us ground empirical work on cross-cultural diversity in an appreciation of the invariances that make culture-specific elements of practice meaningful.
The goal of the current contribution is to discuss the specific change potential of requesting examples in the helping formats ‘psychotherapy’ and coaching’. Requesting examples are defined as retrospective requests from the therapist/coach to the patient/client to elaborate the latter’s directly preceding utterance via an exemplary concretization. To appropriately reflect upon past events and upon personal experiences is often considered a key for change given that such reflections allows patients/clients to develop alternative and new perspectives on their lives, their relationships, their selves etc. To work with examples or to present concrete experiences thus functions as a central change practice both in psychotherapy and in coaching. While this discursive practice entails an inherent change potential, we still have to empirically unfold the sequential, thematic and action theoretical design of requesting examples as well as their interaction-type specific change function(s). This has already been done in the context of therapy. We now widen the focus and contrast these findings with analyses of requesting examples in executive coaching. Thereby this contribution does not only provide in-depth insight into the change potential of requesting examples, but also adds to further differentiate therapy and coaching as regards their discursive and interactive layout.
The Power of LoF. Veränderung durch Lösungsorientierte Fragen im psychotherapeutischen Gespräch
(2019)
Solution-oriented questions conceptually implicate change: a problem or conflict is expected to be solved and the current status will also be changed. Interactionally this is based on structural features of communication: the fundamental sequentiality of verbal interaction, i.e. interrelated succession of utterances of at least two interlocutors, provides for and guarantees the production of intersubjectivity and therapeutic efficacy. Solution-oriented questions as a rhetorical practice serve to produce forward-looking awareness, expansion and reorganization of knowledge as well as an increased ability to act on the patient’s side. These processes become apparent not only locally in the immediate context of solution-oriented questions but also globally in the course of the interaction as a whole. The data for this research consist of psychodiagnostic interviews conducted according to the concept and manual of the Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnostics (OPD Task Force 2009).
Looking at gestures as a means for communication, they can serve conversational participants at several levels. As co-speech gestures, they can add information to the verbally expressed content and they can serve to manage turn-taking. In order to look closer at the interplay between these resources in face-to face conversation, we annotated hand gestures, syntactic completion points and the related turn-organisation, and measured the timing of gesture strokes and their lexical/phrasal referent. In a case study on German, we observe the trend that speakers vary less in gesturelexis on- and offsets when keeping the turn after syntactic completions than at speaker changes, backchannel or other locations of a conversation. This indicates that timing properties of non-verbal cues interact with verbal cues to manage turn-taking.
Kultur ist nicht nur zu einem Schlüsselbegriff der Geisteswissenschaften geworden, sondern wird auch entterminologisiert als Alltagsbegriff benutzt. In diesem Beitrag wird untersucht, wie der Ausdruck Kultur (einschließlich Derivationen und Komposita) in der mündlichen Interaktion verwendet wird. Auf Basis von 82 Instanzen im Korpus FOLK des IDS Mannheim wurde festgestellt, dass der Ausdruck von SprecherInnen in zumeist semiformellen bis formellen Interaktionstypen benutzt wird. Es findet sich ein breites Spektrum unterschiedlicher, teils ineinander übergehender Bedeutungen, welches dem der wissenschaftlichen Literatur der Kulturtheorie ähnlich ist. Dabei lassen sich jeweils relevante Kernbedeutungen identifizieren, mit denen mehr oder weniger vage assoziierte Bedeutungen verbunden sind. Kultur zeigt sich als kontroverser Begriff: Die Referenz von Kultur, die Wertung und seine Relevanz als Erklärungsressource sind häufig umstritten.
Pragmatik der Veränderung. Problem- und lösungsorientierte Kommunikation in helfenden Berufen
(2019)
Veränderung gilt als raison d’être helfender Berufe in Beratung, Psychotherapie, Coaching, Medizin oder Physiotherapie. Die helfenden Interaktionen in den genannten Berufen und die dadurch initiierten und realisierten Veränderungen werden in und durch das Gespräch zwischen den AgentInnen und den KlientInnen / PatientInnen hervorgebracht. Bei diesem Band handelt es sich um eine der ersten Publikationen, die Zugänge zur qualitativen linguistischen Veränderungsforschung in helfenden Berufen bündeln und systematisieren. Pragmatik der Veränderung analysiert und beschreibt das Ko-Konstruieren von Veränderung mikroanalytisch auf der Basis authentischer Gesprächsdaten. Insbesondere werden interaktive Momente und Praktiken identifiziert, in denen Veränderung angestoßen, umgesetzt oder konstatiert wird. Der Band legt so eine theoretische, methodologische und empirische Systematisierung der linguistischen Veränderungsforschung in helfenden Berufen vor.
Der vorliegende Beitrag setzt sich mit dem computergestützten Transkriptionsverfahren arabisch-deutscher Gesprächsdaten für interaktionsbezogene Untersuchungen auseinander. Zunächst werden wesentliche methodische Herausforderungen der gesprächsanalytischen Arbeit adressiert: Hinsichtlich der derzeitigen Korpustechnologie ermöglicht die Verwendung von arabischen Schriftzeichen in einem mehrsprachigen, bidirektionalen Transkript keine analysegerechte Rekonstruktion von Reziprozität, Linearität und Simultaneität sprachlichen Handelns. Zudem ist die Verschriftung von arabischen Gesprächsdaten aufgrund der unzureichenden (gesprächsanalytischen) Beschäftigung mit den standardfernen Varietäten und gesprochensprachlichen Phänomenen erschwert. Daher widmet sich der zweite Teil des Beitrags den bisher erarbeiteten und erprobten Lösungsansätzen ̶ einem stringenten, gesprächsanalytisch fundierten Transkriptionssystem für gesprochenes Arabisch.
The paper deals with the process of computer-aided transcription regarding Arabic-German data material for interaction-based studies. First of all, it sheds light upon some major methodological challenges posed by the conversation-analytic approaches: due to current corpus technology, the reciprocity, linearity, and simultaneity of linguistic activities cannot be reconstructed in an analytically proper way when using the Arabic characters in multilingual and bidirectional transcripts. The difficulty of transcribing Arabic encounters is also compounded by the fact that Spoken Arabic as well as its varieties and phenomena have not been standardised enough (for conversation-analytic purposes). Therefore, the second part of this paper is dedicated to preliminary, self-developed solutions, namely a systematic method for transcribing Spoken Arabic.
Special Issue: Mobile Medienpraktiken im Spannungsfeld von Öffentlichkeit, Privatheit und Anonymität
(2019)
Speech planning is a sophisticated process. In dialog, it regularly starts in overlap with an incoming turn by a conversation partner. We show that planning spoken responses in overlap with incoming turns is associated with higher processing load than planning in silence. In a dialogic experiment, participants took turns with a confederate describing lists of objects. The confederate’s utterances (to which participants responded) were pre-recorded and varied in whether they ended in a verb or an object noun and whether this ending was predictable or not. We found that response planning in overlap with sentence-final verbs evokes larger task-evoked pupillary responses, while end predictability had no effect. This finding indicates that planning in overlap leads to higher processing load for next speakers in dialog and that next speakers do not proactively modulate the time course of their response planning based on their predictions of turn endings. The turn-taking system exerts pressure on the language processing system by pushing speakers to plan in overlap despite the ensuing increase in processing load.
This paper investigates self-initiated uses of mobile phones (such as texting or making a call) in everyday video-recorded conversations among Czech speakers. Using ethnomethodological conversation analysis, it illustrates how participants publicly frame their own device use (for example, by announcements), and how co-present interlocutors respond to it. Previous studies have described how participants manage two concurrent communicative involvements, but have not provided detailed sequential descriptions of how device use can be negotiated and accounted for. This study shows that mobile device use in co-presence is not a priori problematic (or vice versa). Instead, participants frame their technology use in different ways according to various features of the social situation they treat as momentarily relevant. These features include the course of the conversation and how the device use relates to it, the overall participation framework and the opacity of the device use for co-present others.
Untersuchungsgegenstand dieser Arbeit sind retrospektive Äußerungen, d.h. Nachfragen und fremdinitiierte Erweiterungen, die an den Sprecher der Ausgangsäußerung gerichtet sind. In der Forschung werden Nachfragen und Erweiterungen meist unabhängig voneinander mit unterschiedlichen Funktionen beschrieben. Die vorliegende Untersuchung setzt sich mit den gemeinsamen Eigenschaften beider Äußerungsformate auseinander, unabhängig von ihren deklarativen und interrogativen Merkmalen. Im Rahmen der Triangulation werden die Methode der Konversationsanalyse und die Annahmen der Relevanztheorie verbunden, um zu beschreiben, wie Sprecher in retrospektiven Äußerungen auf inhaltlicher Ebene mit den Informationen aus vorhergehenden Redebeiträgen umgehen. Primäre Datengrundlage sind die narrativen Interviews des Berliner Wendekorpus, ca. 60 Stunden gesprochenes Deutsch. Die Arbeit analysiert die grammatischen und lexikalischen Mittel, mit denen Sprecher bei der Bedeutungskonstruktion epistemische Unterstützung zum Ausdruck bringen. Weitere Analyseebenen sind die grammatische Kohärenz retrospektiver Äußerungen als evidentiale Strategie und die Ähnlichkeitsrelationen zwischen der interpretativen Annahme und den jeweiligen Bezugskomponenten.
In German oral discourse, previous research has shown that okay can be used both as a response token (e.g., for agreeing with the previous turn or for claiming a certain degree of understanding) and as a discourse marker (e.g., for closing conversational topics or sequences and/or indicating transitions). This contribution focuses on the use of okay as a response token and how it is connected with the speakers’ interactional state of knowledge (their understanding, their assumptions etc.). The analysis is based on video recorded everyday conversations in German and a sequential, micro-analytic approach (multimodal conversation analysis). The main function of conversational okay in the selected data set is related to indicating the acceptance of prior information. By okay, speakers however claim acceptance of a piece of information that they can’t verify or check. The analysis contrasts different sequences containing okay only with sequences in which change-of-state tokens such as ah and achso co-occur with okay. This illustrates that okay itself does not index prior information as new, and that it is not used for agreeing with or for confirming prior information. Instead it enables the speaker to adopt a kind of neutral, “non-agreeing” position towards a given piece of information.