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In dem Beitrag präsentieren und diskutieren die Autoren zunächst einige Untersuchungen aus der Benutzungsforschung zu elektronischen Wörterbüchern, die sich mit der nutzerseitigen Beurteilung des Mehrwerts multimedialer und benutzeradaptiver Elemente befassen (Kap. 1. In einem zweiten Teil versuchen sie, ausgehend von den Stärken und Schwächen vorhandener Ansätze in diesem Bereich, Antworten auf die Frage zu finden, welche Anforderungen an Visualisierungstechniken und ‑strategien in elektronischen Wörterbüchern gestellt werden müssen, um einen solchen Mehrwert zu erhalten (Kap. 2). Abschließend stellen sie als praktisches Beispiel für eine mögliche Umsetzung solcher Anforderungen den Prototyp einer Software zur interaktiven Erkundung von Wortbildungsangaben im Wörterbuch vor.
Öko-Lexikographie
(1989)
Ödem - Diuretikum - Natrium
(1984)
Zur Funktion und Gestaltung der Vor- und Nachspanne in Rechtschreibwörterbüchern des Deutschen
(1991)
Wörterverzeichnis
(1995)
Wörterverzeichnis
(2016)
Seit Jahrzehnten fordern zahlreiche Metalexikografen und Lexikografen immer wieder eine umfangreichere Beschäftigung mit Wörterbüchern im muttersprachlichen Deutschunterricht, auch in der gymnasialen Oberstufe. Trotzdem spielen die Wortschatzarbeit und der Umgang mit Wörterbüchern in Lehrplänen, Didaktiken und Lehrwerken in den meisten Fällen allenfalls eine marginale Rolle. Im Anschluss an eine überblicksartige Bestandsaufnahme dazu untersucht der vorliegende Beitrag, inwieweit elexiko, ein Onlinewörterbuch zur deutschen Gegenwartssprache, sinnvoll in den muttersprachlichen Deutschunterricht der Sekundarstufe II integriert werden könnte. Am Beispiel des Angabebereichs der Bedeutungserläuterung wird überprüft, ob Schüler der gymnasialen Oberstufe als Zielgruppe für elexiko infrage kommen und für welche linguistischen Themen sich die Wortschatzarbeit mit den semantischen Paraphrasen für elexiko anbietet.
The focus of this paper will be on lexical information systems and the framework guidelines for the definition of the curricula within the educational system of the Autonomous Province of Bolzano/ Bozen (Italy). In Italy, the competences to be achieved at different school levels are published in the form of general guidelines. On this basis each school has to specify the general competency goals and to spell them out in a concrete curriculum. In this paper I will examine to what extent lexical information systems are represented in the framework guidelines within the German and the Italian educational system of the Autonomous Province, these being separate systems. In a second step, I will check the representations of the resources against the “Villa Vigoni Theses on Lexicography“. Finally, I will discuss the results and give an outlook for further research.
Wörterbuchvorwörter
(1989)
Many European languages have undergone considerable changes in orthography over the last 150 years. This hampers the application of modern computer-based analysers to older text, and hence computer-based annotation and studies of text collections spanning a long period. As a step towards a functional analyser for Norwegian texts (Nynorsk standard) from the 19th century, funding was granted in 2020 for creating a full form generator for all inflected forms of headwords found in Ivar Aasen’s dictionary published in 1873 (Aasen 1873) and his grammar from 1864 (Aasen 1864). Creating this word bank led to new insight in Aasen (1873), its structure, internal organisation, and ambition level as well as its link to Aasen (1864). As a test, the full form list generated from this new word bank was used to analyse the word inventory of texts by Aa. O. Vinje, written in the period 1850–1870. The Vinje texts were also analysed using a full form list of modern standard Norwegian, to study the differences in applicability and see how Vinje’s language relates to the written standard of modern Norwegian.
Wo ein Wille ist, ist auch ein Weg - das erste größere Neologismenwörterbuch für das Deutsche
(2011)
Der Beitrag fasst die Schritte einer Projektvorstellung und aktuelle Reflexionen über ein am Institut für Deutsche Sprache in Mannheim neues, korpusgestütztes Paronymwörterbuch zusammen. Zunächst wird der Begriff der Paronymie in einer Arbeitsdefinition eingegrenzt und es wird gezeigt, welche Lücke mit dem neuen Werk in der Wörterbuchlandschaft geschlossen wird. Im Anschluss werden ausgewählte methodische Aspekte sowie Fragen der Wortartikelinhalte und -präsentation skizziert.
This study aims to establish what lexical factors make it more likely for dictionary users to consult specific articles in a dictionary using the English Wiktionary log files, which include records of user visits over the course of 6 years. Recent findings suggest that lexical frequency is a significant factor predicting look-up behavior, with the more frequent words being more likely to be consulted. Three further lexical factors are brought into focus: (1) age of acquisition; (2) lexical prevalence; and (3) degree of polysemy operationalized as the number of dictionary senses. Age of acquisition and lexical prevalence data were obtained from recent published studies and linked to the list of visited Wiktionary lemmas, whereas polysemy status was derived from Wiktionary entries themselves. Regression modeling confirms the significance of corpus frequency in explaining user interest in looking up words in the dictionary. However, the remaining three factors also make a contribution whose nature is discussed and interpreted. Knowing what makes dictionary users look up words is both theoretically interesting and practically useful to lexicographers, telling them which lexical items should be prioritized in lexicographic work.
Ways out of the dictionary: hyperlinks to other sources in German and African online dictionaries
(2023)
This study examines a number of German and African online dictionaries to see how they make use of the possibility of linking to external sources (e.g. other dictionaries, encyclopaedias, or even corpus data). The article investigates which hyperlinks occur at which places in the word articles and how these are presented to the dictionary users. This is done against the background of metalexicographic considerations on the planning of outer features and the mediostructure in online dictionaries as well as different categorizations of hyperlinks in online reference works. The results show that retro-digitized dictionaries make virtually no use of hyperlinks to external sources. Genuine online dictionaries, on the other hand, do, but often in a form that needs improvement, since, for example, explanations of dictionary-external links are not always found in the user guide and their design is different even within a dictionary.
In diesem zweiten Teil einiger Überlegungen zur Erstellung eines kontrastiven Verbvalenzwörterbuches Spanisch-Deutsch soll vor allem das Beschreibungsmodell, welches für beide Sprachen nutzbar sein muss, vorgestellt und hauptsächlich anhand von Beispielen zur Beschreibung des Verbs mandar II (im Sinne von ,befehlen': s. Anlage 3) illustriert werden. Spezifische Probleme der kontrastiven Verbanalyse werden dabei in besonderem Maße berücksichtigt. Ausgangspunkt für dieses Modell ist der Vorschlag zur Verbbeschreibung von U. Engel, welcher seit dem Kleinen Valenzlexikon (KVL: 11976, 21978) ständig erweitert und verbessert wurde (1995; 1996; 2001), daneben einige für uns relevante Aspekte der Verbbeschreibung der BDS (Base de Datos sintácticos).
Der folgende Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit Fragen der strukturellen Konzipierung des ersten deutschrussischen Neologismenwörterbuches, das den neuen Wortschatz im Deutschen für den russischsprachigen Nutzer umfassend beschreiben wird. Den Hintergrund für die konzeptionellen Überlegungen bildet das 2004 veröffentlichte Wörterbuch für die Neologismen der 90er Jahre im Deutschen, das seit 2006 online ist und weitergeführt wird. Mittels einer Umfrage unter russischen Wörterbuchbenutzern zu Bedarf und Nutzungsverhalten wurde versucht, das Benutzerinteresse zu eruieren und zu klassifizieren. Anhand der verschiedenen Funktionen, die ein deutsch-russisches Neologismenwörterbuch erfüllen kann, wird ein Konzept für die Mikrostruktur besonders in Bezug auf die Bedeutungserklärung und Äquivalenz entworfen.
In diesem Papier wird kurz der Stand der lexikografischen Theorie und Praxis bezüglich des Themas „Illustrationen in der Lexikografie“ zusammengefasst, um daraus Vorschläge für den Umgang mit Illustrationen in elexiko abzuleiten. Dazu wird zunächst Grundsätzliches zum Thema referiert, um dann Arten von Illustrationen vorzustellen, wie sie in der lexikografischen Theorie unterschie-den werden. Anhand von Beispielen wird dabei die lexikografische Praxis aus dem Bereich der Printlexikografie illustriert. Die letzten beiden Abschnitte beschäftigen sich mit den Möglichkeiten der Illustrierung für elexiko, wobei unterschieden wird in die Illustrierung des Demonstrationswortschatzes und in weitere Perspektiven für elexiko.
The German e-dictionary documenting confusables Paronyme – Dynamisch im Kontrast contains lexemes which are similar in sound, spelling and/or meaning, e.g. autoritär/autoritativ, innovativ/innovatorisch. These can cause uncertainty as to their appropriate use. The monolingual guide could be easily expanded to become a multilingual platform for commonly confused items by incorporating language modules. The value of this visionary resource is manifold. Firstly, e-dictionaries of confusables have not yet been compiled for most European languages; consequently, the German resource could serve as a model of practice. Secondly, it would be able to explain the usage of false friends. Thirdly, cognates and loan word equivalents would be offered for simultaneous consultation. Fourthly, users could find out whether, for example, a German pair is semantically equivalent to a pair in another language. Finally, it would inform users about cases where a pair of semantically similar words in one language has only one lexical counterpart in another language. This paper is an appeal for visionary projects and collaborative enterprises. I will outline the dictionary’s layout and contents as shown by its contrastive entries. I will demonstrate potential additions, which would make it possible to build up a large platform for easily misused words in different languages.
Lexicographic meaning descriptions of German lexical items which are formally and semantically similar and therefore easily confused (so-called paronyms) often do not reflect their current usage of lexical items. They can even contradict one’s personal intuition or disagree with lexical usage as observed in public discourse. The reasons are manifold. Language data used for compiling dictionaries is either outdated, or lexicographic practice is rather conventional and does not take advantage of corpus-assisted approaches to semantic analysis. Despite of various modern electronic or online reference works speakers face uncertainties when dealing with easily confusable words. These are for example sensibel/sensitiv (sensitive) or kindisch/kindlich (childish/childlike). Existing dictionaries often do not provide satisfactory answers as to how to use these sets correctly. Numerous questions addressed in online forums show where uncertainties with paronyms are and why users demand further assistance concerning proper contextual usage (cf. Storjohann 2015). There are different reasons why users misuse certain items or mix up words which are similar in form and meaning. As data from written and more spontaneous language resources suggest, some confusions arise due to ongoing semantic change in the current use of some paronyms. This paper identifies shortcomings of contemporary German Dictionaries and discusses innovative ways of empirical lexicographic work that might pave the way for a new data-driven, descriptive reference work of confusable German terms. Currently, such a guide is being developed at the Institute for German Language in Mannheim implementing corpora and diverse corpus-analytical methods. Its objective is to compile a dictionary with contrastive entries which is a useful reference tool in situation of language doubt. At the same time, it aims at sensitizing users of context dependency and language change.
Die Beiträge des vorliegenden Bandes sind das Ergebnis eines interdisziplinären Workshops, der zum Abschluss des Projekts unter dem Titel „Varianz und Vielfalt interdisziplinär: Wörter und Strukturen“ im Dezember 2012 in Darmstadt stattfand. Dabei wurden Erkenntnisse und Erfahrungen aus der Untersuchung von „Wechselwirkungen zwischen linguistischen und bioinformatischen Verfahren, Methoden und Algorithmen für die Modellierung und Abbildung von Varianz in Sprache und Genomen“ zusammengefasst. Ein Schwerpunkt lag hierbei auf elektronischen Wörterbüchern, ihrer Heterogenität, der in ihnen dokumentierten Varianz sowie auf den Werkzeugen und Methoden, die zu ihrer Erschließung und Analyse dienen. Weitere sprachwissenschaftlich motivierte Themenbereiche umfassten z.B. die synchrone und diachrone Varianz, die quantitative Linguistik, Morphologie und Sprachwandelprozesse, Varianz in Wortfamilien wie auch die Erschließung von Varianz. Anschließend konnte das Phänomen der Varianz aus verschiedensten Perspektiven beleuchtet werden und ein Beitrag zur Konstituierung einer disziplinübergreifenden Abstraktionsebene geleistet werden. Der vorliegende Band enthält einige der Vorträge und führt heterogene Forschungsgegenstände zusammen, die zwischen Lexikografie, Computerlinguistik, (historischer) Sprachwissenschaft und den digitalen Geisteswissenschaften transzendieren.
In the present contribution, I investigate if and how the English and French editions of the Wiktionary collaborative dictionary can be used as a corpus for real time neology watch. This option is envisaged as a stopgap, when no satisfactory corpus is available. Wiktionary can also prove useful in addition to standard corpus analysis, to minimize the risk of overlooking new coinages and new senses. Since the collaborative dictionary’s quest for exhaustiveness makes the manual inspection of the new additions unreasonable (more than 31,000 English lemmas and 11,000 French lemmas entered the nomenclature in 2020), identifying the possibly relevant headwords is an issue. The solution proposed here is to use Wiktionary revision history to detect the (new or existing) entries that received the greatest number of modifications. The underlying hypothesis is that the most heavily edited pages can help identify the vocabulary related to “hot topics”, assuming that, in 2020, the pandemic-related vocabulary ranks high. I used two measures introduced by Lih (2004), whose aim was to estimate the quality of Wikipedia articles: the so-called rigour (number of edits per page) and diversity (number of unique contributors per page). In the present study, I propose to adapt the rigour and diversity metrics to Wiktionary in order to identify the pages that generated a particular stir, rather than to estimate the quality of the articles. I do not subscribe to the idea that – in Wiktionary – more revisions necessarily produce quality articles (more revisions often produce complete articles). I therefore adopt Lih’s notion of diversity to refer to the number of distinct contributors, but leave out the name rigour when it comes to the number of revisions. Wolfer and Müller-Spitzer (2016) used the two metrics to describe the dynamics of the German and English editions of Wiktionary. One of their findings was that the number of edits per page is correlated with corpus word frequencies. The variation in number of page edits should therefore reflect to some extent the variation of corpus word frequencies. Renouf (2013) established a relationship between the fluctuation of word frequencies in a diachronic corpus and various neological processes. In particular, she illustrated how specific events generate sudden frequency spikes for words previously unseen in the corpus. For instance, Eyjafjallajökull, the – existing – name of an Icelandic glacier, appeared in the corpus when the underlying volcano erupted in 2010 and disrupted air traffic in Europe. In order to check if the same phenomenon occurs when using Wiktionary edits instead of corpus frequencies, I manually annotated the most frequently revised entries (according to various ranking scores) with the binary tag: “related to Covid-19” (yes/no). The annotations were then used to test the ability of various configurations to detect relevant headwords from the English and French Wiktionary, namely Covid-19 neologisms and related existing words that deserve updates.
Der Beitrag versucht zunächst, den linguistischen Beschreibungsgegenstand ‚Umgangssprache‘ auf der Grundlage der neueren Forschungen hierzu näher zu spezifizieren. Es geht dabei um die Frage, welche sprachlichen Erscheinungen als ‚umgangssprachlich‘ bewertet werden und wie ‚Umgangssprache‘ allgemein definiert wird. Daraus resultiert die Feststellung, daß hierüber in der Forschung kein Konsens besteht und der Terminus ‚Umgangssprache‘ durchaus mehrdeutig verwendet wird. Dieser Tatbestand wirkt sich unmittelbar auf die lexikographische Praxis aus. Hier fehlt es an einem klaren Konzept der zu differenzierenden Stilschichten, hier mangelt es auch an einheitlichen Markierungskriterien und an einer einheitlichen Markierungspraxis. Divergenzen werden erklärt als Folge zwangsläufig empirischer, auf dem Sprachgefühl des einzelnen Lexikographen beruhender Zuordnungen. Am Beispiel des Deutschen Universalwörterbuches und anderer allgemeiner Wörterbücher des Gegenwartsdeutschs wird gezeigt, welche umgangssprachlichen Elemente im Wörterbuch überhaupt behandelt werden und welche Schwierigkeiten es insbesondere im Hinblick auf die regionale Gebundenheit umgangssprachlicher lexikalischer Einheiten gibt.
The wdlpOst dictionary writing system to be presented in this paper has been developed for the specific purposes of a lexicographical project on German loanwords in the East Slavic languages Russian, Belarusian, and Ukrainian. The project’s main objectives are (i) to document those loanwords for which a cognate lexical borrowing from German is known in Polish and (ii) to establish possible borrowing pathways for these lexical items. In the first phase of the project, the collaborative client/server architecture of the wdlpOst system has been used for excerpting detailed lexicographical information from a large range of historical and contemporary East Slavic dictionaries, taking the entries in a large dictionary of German loanwords in Polish as a common frame of reference. For the project’s second phase, the wdlpOst system provides innovative tooling for compiling entries of the East Slavic loanwords. Most importantly, the numerous word sense definitions for a set of cognate loanwords, as excerpted from different lexicographical sources, are mapped onto a system of newly defined cross-language word senses; in a similar vein, the phonemic and graphemic variation in the loanwords and their derivatives is captured through a tool that abstracts from dictionary-specific idiosyncrasies.
This paper focuses on the treatment of culture bound lexical items in a novel type of online learner’s dictionary model, the Phrase Based Active Dictionary (PAD). A PAD has a strong phraseological orientation: each meaning of a word is exclusively defined in a typical phraseological context. After introducing the relevant theory of realia in translation studies, we develop a broader notion of culture specific lexical items which is more apt to serve the purposes of learner’s lexicography and thus to satisfy the needs of a larger and often undefined target group. We discuss the treatment of such words and expressions in common English learner’s dictionaries and then present various excerpts from PAD entries in English, German, and Italian which display different strategies for coping with cultural contents in the lexicon. Our aim is to demonstrate that the phraseological approach at the core of the PAD model turns out to be extremely important to convey cultural knowledge in a suitable way for users to fully grasp cultural implications in language.
The public as linguistic authority: Why users turn to internet forums to differentiate between words
(2022)
This paper addresses the question of why we face unsatisfactory German dictionary entries when looking up and comparing two similar lexical terms that are loan words, new words, (near)-synonyms, or confusables. It explains how users are aware of existing reference works but still search or post on language forums, often after consulting a dictionary and experiencing a range of dictionary-based problems. Firstly, these dictionary-based difficulties will be scrutinised in more detail with respect to content, function, presentation, and the language of definitions. Entries documenting loan words and commonly confused pairs from different lexical reference resources serve as examples to show the shortcomings. Secondly, I will explain why learning about your target group involves studying discussion forums. Forums are a valuable source for detailed user studies, enabling the examination of different communicative needs, concrete linguistic questions, speakers’ intuitions, and people’s reactions to posts and comments. Thirdly, with the help of two examples I will describe how the study of chats and forums had a major impact on the development of a recently compiled German dictionary of confusables. Finally, that same problem-solving approach is applied to the idea of a future dictionary of neologisms and their synonyms.
While adjusting to the COVID-19 pandemic, people around the world started to talk about the “new normal” way of life, and they conveyed feelings and thoughts on the topic through social networks and traditional communication channels resorting to a set of specific linguistic strategies, such as metaphors and neologisms. The vocabulary in different domains and in everyday speech was expanded to accommodate a complex social, cultural, and professional phenomenon of changes. Therefore, this new life gave birth to a new language – the “coronaspeak”. According to Thorne (2020), the “coronaspeak” has three stages: first, it emerged in the way medical aspects were communicated in everyday language; secondly, it occurred when speakers verbalized the experiences they had undergone and “invented their own terms”; finally, this “new” way of speaking emerged in the government and authorities’ jargon, to ensure that the new rules and policies were understood, and that population adopted socially responsible behaviours.
In this paper, we will focus on the second stage, because we intend to take stock of how speakers communicate and verbalize this new way of living, particularly on social networks, for example. Alongside, we are interested in the context in which the neologism – be it a new word, a new meaning, or a new use – emerged, is used, and understood, through the observation of the occurrence of the new word(s) either on social networks or through dissemination texts (press) to confront it with the ones that Portuguese digital dictionaries have attested so far. Different criteria regarding the insertion of new units, the inclusion date, and the lexicographic description of the entries in the dictionaries will be debated.
This English language version (translated by Martin Wynne) is a reworked and slightly abridged version of the paper given in Canterbury in February 1999. A German language version has appeared as Hellmann, Manfred W.: ‘Wörter in Texten der Wendezeit’ 1989-1990 - Ein Wörterbuch zur lexikographischen Erschließung des ‘Wendekorpus’ in Jordanova, Ljubima (edj: 10 godini promjana v Iztotschna Evropa (10 Jahre Wende in Osteuropa), (= Socio- linguistika Bd. 4), BULLEKS: Sofia (Bulgaria) 1999, S. 11-39.
Dictionaries are often a reflection of their time; their respective (socio-)historical context influences how the meaning of certain lexical units is described. This also applies to descriptions of personal terms such as man or woman. Lexicographers have a special responsibility to comprehensively investigate current language use before describing it in the dictionary. Accordingly, contemporary academic dictionaries are usually corpus-based. However, it is important to acknowledge that language is always embedded in cultural contexts. Our case study investigates differences in the linguistic contexts of the use of man and woman, drawing from a range of language collections (in our case fiction books, popular magazines and newspapers). We explain how potential differences in corpus construction would therefore influence the “reality”1 depicted in the dictionary. In doing so, we address the far-reaching consequences that the choice of corpus-linguistic basis for an empirical dictionary has on semantic descriptions in dictionary entries.
Furthermore, we situate the case study within the context of gender-linguistic issues and discuss how lexicographic teams can engage with how dictionaries might perpetuate traditional role concepts when describing language use.
Dictionaries are often a reflection of their time; their respective (socio-)historical context influences how the meaning of certain lexical units is described. This also applies to descriptions of personal terms such as man or woman. Lexicographers have a special responsibility to comprehensively investigate current language use before describing it in the dictionary. Accordingly, contemporary academic dictionaries are usually corpus-based. However, it is important to acknowledge that language is always embedded in cultural contexts. Our case study investigates differences in the linguistic contexts of the use of man and woman, drawing from a range of language collections (in our case fiction books, popular magazines and newspapers). We explain how potential differences in corpus construction would therefore influence the “reality” depicted in the dictionary. In doing so, we address the far-reaching consequences that the choice of corpus-linguistic basis for an empirical dictionary has on semantic descriptions in dictionary entries.Furthermore, we situate the case study within the context of gender-linguistic issues and discuss how lexicographic teams can engage with how dictionaries might perpetuate traditional role concepts when describing language use.