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This study examines asymmetries between so-called inherent and contextual categories in relation to the morphological complexity of the nominal and verbal inflectional domain of languages. The observations are traced back to the influence of adult L2 learning in scenarios of intense language contact. A method for a simple comparison of the amount of inherent versus contextual categories is proposed and applied to the German-based creole language Unserdeutsch (Rabaul Creole German) in comparison to its lexifier language. The same procedure will be applied to two further language pairs. The grammatical systems of Unserdeutsch and other contact languages display a noticeable asymmetry regarding their structural complexity. Analysing different kinds of evidence, the explanatory key factor seems to be the role of (adult) L2 acquisition in the history of a language, whereby languages with periods of widespread L2 acquisition tend to lose contextual features. This impression is reinforced by general tendencies in pidgin and creole languages. Beyond that, there seems to be a tendency for inherent categories to be more strongly associated with the verb, while contextual categories seem to be more strongly associated with the noun. This leads to an asymmetry in categorical complexity between the noun phrase and the verb phrase in languages that experienced periods of intense L2 learning.
Politische Grenzen haben nachweislich sowohl auf den Sprachgebrauch als auch auf die Sprachwahrnehmung einen großen Einfluss. Die vorliegende Arbeit analysiert für den die Länder Deutschland, Österreich und Italien übergreifenden bairischen Sprachraum, wie Sprecher/Hörer diesen räumlich (horizontal-areal) sowie hinsichtlich seines Verhaltensspektrums (vertikal-sozial) gliedern. Dabei werden die Wahrnehmungen sprachlicher und außersprachlicher Merkmale und die Einstellungen dazu genauer betrachtet.
Mithilfe eines pluridimensionalen Erhebungssettings, bestehend aus Tiefeninterview, Online-Fragebogen, Mental-Map-Erhebung und Hörerurteilstest, kann gezeigt werden, dass extralinguistische Barrieren, wie etwa politische Grenzen, stark mit attitudinal-perzeptiven Grenzen korrelieren. Damit stellt im Bewusstsein der Befragten auch die Staatsgrenze zwischen Deutschland und Österreich eine Sprachgrenze dar.
Das "Verzeichnis grundlegender grammatischer Fachbegriffe" 2019. Anliegen, Konzeption, Perspektiven
(2020)
Der Einfluss extremistischer Gewaltereignisse auf das Framing von Extremismus in Online-Medien
(2020)
In diesem Beitrag untersuchen wir die Darstellung von Rechtsextremismus, Linksextremismus und Islamismus im medialen Diskurs am Beispiel von SPIEGEL Online, einem der deutschen Leitmedien. Wir leiten vier zentrale Dimensionen für die Konzeptualisierung von Extremismen ab: Ideologie und Organisation, Herkunft der Akteure, Stellung zur Gesellschaft und Typische Handlungen. Wir beobachten die Entwicklung der Darstellung der drei Extremismen an möglichen Bruchpunkten: Wir untersuchen das assoziative Framing der drei Extremismen vor und nach prominenten extremismusbezogenen Gewaltereignissen, namentlich die Anschläge des 11. September, die Veröffentlichung des NSU-Skandals und linksextremistische Aktivitäten während des G20-Gipfels in Hamburg. Mittels einer Kollokationsanalyse identifizieren wir mit den Extremismen assoziierte Aspekte und ordnen diese den Konzeptualisierungsdimensionen zu. Wir beobachten Veränderungen im Framing, die durch die ausgewählten Ereignisse bedingt sind, und vergleichen das resultierende Framing mit den Kerndefinitionen des Verfassungsschutzes aus dem Bericht des Jahres 2017, um mögliche Unterschiede in der Konzeptualisierung von Extremismen mit möglicherweise unterschiedlichen Handlungslogiken als Resultat divergierender Konzeptualisierungen herauszuarbeiten.
Esipuhe/Preface
(2020)
The present article shows an experimental subject investigation on elements of video telephony in relation to experiencing and feeling connectedness and intimacy within private interpersonal communication. Particular interests are questions about possible relationships between image detail, angle of view or perspective as well as image format or the foreign and personal perception of the communicators. Central to this is the question of whether the practices and interactions of users in dealing with communication technology can be used to derive possible conclusions on negotiation measures or even adaptation services. The obtained results are presented on the basis of an introductory theoretical discussion. It is followed by a summary and analysis as well as an outlook on the further use and significance of the results.
Designed as a contribution to contrastive linguistics, the present volume brings up-to-date the comparison of German with its closest neighbour, Dutch, and other Germanic relatives like English, Afrikaans, and the Scandinavian languages. It takes its inspiration from the idea of a "Germanic Sandwich", i.e. the hypothesis that sets of genetically related languages diverge in systematic ways in diverse domains of the linguistic system. Its contributions set out to test this approach against new phenomena or data from synchronic, diachronic and, for the first time in a Sandwich-related volume, psycholinguistic perspectives. With topics ranging from nickname formation to the IPP (aka 'Ersatzinfinitiv'), from the grammaticalisation of the definite article to /s/-retraction, and from the role of verb-second order in the acquisition of L2 English to the psycholinguistics of gender, the volume appeals to students and specialists in modern and historical linguistics, psycholinguistics, translation studies, language pedagogy and cognitive science, providing a wealth of fresh insights into the relationships of German with its closest relatives while highlighting the potential inherent in the integration of different methodological traditions.
In diesem Beitrag stellen wir die Ergebnisse einer Studie über die Intonation von Frageaktivitäten in deutschen Alltagsgesprächen vor. Unsere Untersuchung erforscht, inwieweit die Intonation zur Kontextualisierung von konversationellen Fragen beiträgt. In der Analyse stützen wir uns auf das autosegmental-metrische Modell von Peters und das taxonomische Modell der interaktionalen Prosodieforschung von Selting. Diese Modelle beschreiben jeweils phonologische oder pragmatische Aspekte der Frageintonation, zwei Dimensionen, die für sich genommen, keine vollständige Beschreibung liefern können. Auf der Grundlage authentischer Gesprächsdaten aus dem Korpus FOLK argumentieren wir für die Kompatibilität des autosegmental-metrischen Modells von Peters und des taxonomischen Modells der Frageintonation von Selting. Die Merkmale aus beiden Modellen lassen sich zu Bündeln kombinieren, die es erlauben, die Intonation von Fragen zu erfassen.
Heute wird mehr geschrieben als je zuvor und die digitale Kommunikation trägt wesentlich dazu bei; ein großer Teil des heutigen Schreibens ist dialogisches Schreiben im Alltag. Konsequenterweise wird die Online-Kommunikation zunehmend Thema in Bildungskontexten und in der Deutschdidaktik. Offen ist aber weiterhin, wie Texte des interaktionsorientierten Schreibens bewertet werden sollen, die sich von solchen des textorientierten Schreibens in vielerlei Hinsicht unterscheiden können. Während es für textorientiertes Schreiben Normen gibt, die in Sprachkodizes erfasst sind, ist es nicht klar, was der Bezugspunkt für interaktionsorientierte Texte sein könnte. In diesem Beitrag analysieren wir die Verwendung von Konnektoren in der Online-Kommunikation und die Repräsentation von online-spezifischen Besonderheiten in Sprachressourcen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass spezifische Online-Verwendungsweisen von Konnektoren in Sprachkodizes kaum berücksichtigt und beschrieben werden.
EFNIL, the European Federation of National Institutions for Language, promotes the standard languages and the linguistic diversity of the European countries as an essential characteristic of their cultural diversity and wealth. The 17th annual conference of EFNIL in Tallinn dealt with the relation between language and economy.
• Language politics often have economic intentions, the language use of the individual is embedded in economic conditions, languages seem to differ in their economic value. In recent years, economists and sociolinguists have developed models of describing these interdependencies.
• The interaction in multilingual settings needs professional handling. There are traditional instances such as language teaching or translation and new professional fields of the digital age such as multilingual databases. Lots of economic needs and opportunities appear in this field.
• Digitization and societal diversity are two elements leading to more successful interaction, assisted by the use of automatic everyday translation, the development of plain language etc.
This volume presents an extensive overview of the interplay of language and economy.
In this paper we investigate the problem of grammar inference from a different perspective. The common approach is to try to infer a grammar directly from example sentences, which either requires a large training set or suffers from bad accuracy. We instead view it as a problem of grammar restriction or sub-grammar extraction. We start from a large-scale resource grammar and a small number of examples, and find a sub-grammar that still covers all the examples. To do this we formulate the problem as a constraint satisfaction problem, and use an existing constraint solver to find the optimal grammar. We have made experiments with English, Finnish, German, Swedish and Spanish, which show that 10–20 examples are often sufficient to learn an interesting domain grammar. Possible applications include computer-assisted language learning, domain-specific dialogue systems, computer games, Q/A-systems, and others.
This thesis describes work in three areas: grammar engineering, computer-assisted language learning and grammar learning. These three parts are connected by the concept of a grammar-based language learning application. Two types of grammars are of concern. The first we call resource grammars, extensive descriptions a natural languages. Part I focuses on this kind of grammars. The other are domain-specific or application-specific grammars. These grammars only describe a fragment of natural language that is determined by the domain of a certain application. Domain-specific grammars are relevant for Part II and Part III. Another important distinction is between humans learning a new natural language using computational grammars (Part II) and computers learning grammars from example sentences (Part III). Part I of this thesis focuses on grammar engineering and grammar testing. It describes the development and evaluation of a computational resource grammar for Latin. Latin is known for its rich morphology and free word order, both have to be handled in a computationally efficient way. A special focus is on methods how computational grammars can be evaluated using corpus data. Such an evaluation is presented for the Latin resource grammar. Part II, the central part, describes a computer-assisted language learning application based on domain-specific grammars. The language learning application demonstrates how computational grammars can be used to guide the user input and how language learning exercises can be modeled as grammars. This allows us to put computational grammars in the center of the design of language learning exercises used to help humans learn new languages. Part III, the final part, is dedicated to a method to learn domain- or application-specific grammars based on a wide-coverage grammar and small sets of example sentences. Here a computer is learning a grammar for a fragment of a natural language from example sentences, potentially without any additional human intervention. These learned grammars can be based e.g. on the Latin resource grammar described in Part II and used as domain-specific lesson grammars in the language learning application described Part II.
In the present article we argue that all communication is medial in the sense that every human sign-based interaction is shaped by medial aspects from the outset. We propose a dynamic, semiotic concept of media that focuses on the process-related aspect of mediality, and we test the applicability of this concept using as an example the second presidential debate between Clinton and Trump in 2016. The analysis shows in detail how the sign processing during the debate is continuously shaped by structural aspects of television and specific traits of political communication in television. This includes how the camerawork creates meaning and how the protagonists both use the affordances of this special mediality. Therefore, it is not adequate in our view to separate the technical aspects of the medium, the ‘hardware’, from the processual aspects and the structural conditions of communication. While some aspects of the interaction are directly constituted by the medium, others are more indirectly shaped and influenced by it, especially by its institutional dimension – we understand them as second-order media effects. The whole medial procedure with its specific mediality is a necessary, but not a sufficient condition of meaning-making. We distinguish the medial procedure from the semiotic modes employed, the language games played and the competence of the players involved.
The theme of the AFinLA 2020 Yearbook Methodological turns in applied language studies is discussed in this introductory article from three interrelated perspectives, variously addressed in the three plenary presentations at the AFinLA Autumn Symposium 2019 as well as in the thirteen contributions to the yearbook. In the first set of articles presented, the authors examine the role and impact of technological development on the study of multimodal digital and non-digital contexts and discourses and ensuing new methods. The second set of studies in the yearbook revisits issues of language proficiency, critically discussing relevant concepts and approaches. The third set of articles explores participation and participatory research approaches, reflecting on the roles of the researcher and the researched community.
To ensure short gaps between turns in conversation, next speakers regularly start planning their utterance in overlap with the incoming turn. Three experiments investigate which stages of utterance planning are executed in overlap. E1 establishes effects of associative and phonological relatedness of pictures and words in a switch-task from picture naming to lexical decision. E2 focuses on effects of phonological relatedness and investigates potential shifts in the time-course of production planning during background speech. E3 required participants to verbally answer questions as a base task. In critical trials, however, participants switched to visual lexical decision just after they began planning their answer. The task-switch was time-locked to participants' gaze for response planning. Results show that word form encoding is done as early as possible and not postponed until the end of the incoming turn. Hence, planning a response during the incoming turn is executed at least until word form activation.
Politiker und Parteien sehen sich heutzutage oft mit dem Vorwurf konfrontiert, sie heben sich kaum mehr voneinander ab, seien gar „austauschbar“. Umso größer scheint das Bedürfnis nach Abgrenzung. Diese wird kommunikativ hergestellt und ist am besten von den diskursiven Zusammenhängen und Akteurskonstellationen her, in denen sie sich aktualisiert, nachzuvollziehen.
Das Vorgehen in dieser Arbeit gliedert sich im Wesentlichen in drei Schritte: Zunächst wird eine Theorieskizze der Abgrenzung als Sprechhandlung entworfen. Hierbei geht es vor allem darum, verschiedene Lesarten zu erschließen und die Abgrenzung in einem Panorama verwandter Konzepte wie etwa Ausgrenzung, Distinktion und Distanzierung zu verorten (Teil 1). Daraufhin wird die Plenardebatte als Textsorte erschlossen und in ihren kommunikativen Spezifika erfasst, wobei besonders die Stichworte Inszeniertheit, Mehrfachadressierung und die Frage nach dem Verhältnis zwischen Mündlichkeit und Schriftlichkeit in den Blickpunkt rücken (Teil 2). Sodann wird mithilfe der pragma-semiotischen Textarbeit als Methode ganz konkret sprachliches Datenmaterial aus Plenardebatten analysiert und interpretativ ausgewertet (Teile 3 und 4). Dabei kommen auch korpuslinguistische Verfahren zum Einsatz, die jedoch letztlich im Dienste einer qualitativ orientierten Analyse stehen.
Die Analyse berücksichtigt sowohl explizite als auch implizite Formen sprachlicher Abgrenzung. Sie zeigt unter anderem, dass politische Abgrenzungshandlungen keineswegs parteispezifisch sind, sondern von allen Parteien und Akteuren mehr oder weniger konstant praktiziert werden. Dabei wird Abgrenzung hauptsächlich als Selbstpositionierung realisiert; bisweilen finden sich aber durchaus auch Fremdpositionierungen – etwa als Aufforderungen an andere Akteure, sich gegenüber Dritten abzugrenzen. Auf der Ebene der sprachlichen Formen lässt sich schließlich durch eine Art experimentelle Annäherung mit korpuslinguistischen Verfahren eine Reihe von Mehrworteinheiten ausmachen, die als Indikatoren für implizite Abgrenzung gelten können.
Preface
(2020)
Content
1 Substituto - A Synchronous Educational Language Game for Simultaneous Teaching and Crowdsourcing
Marianne Grace Araneta, Gülsen Eryigit, Alexander König, Ji-Ung Lee, Ana Luís, Verena Lyding, Lionel Nicolas, Christos Rodosthenous and Federico Sangati
2 The Teacher-Student Chatroom Corpus
Andrew Caines, Helen Yannakoudakis, Helena Edmondson, Helen Allen, Pascual Pérez-Paredes, Bill Byrne and Paula Buttery
3 Polygloss - A conversational agent for language practice
Etiene da Cruz Dalcol and Massimo Poesio
4 Show, Don’t Tell: Visualising Finnish Word Formation in a Browser-Based Reading Assistant
Frankie Robertson
pyMMAX2 is an API for processing MMAX2 stand-off annotation data in Python. It provides a lightweight basis for the development of code which opens up the Java- and XML-based ecosystem of MMAX2 for more recent, Python-based NLP and data science methods. While pyMMAX2 is pure Python, and most functionality is implemented from scratch, the API re-uses the complex implementation of the essential business logic for MMAX2 annotation schemes by interfacing with the original MMAX2 Java libraries. pyMMAX2 is available for download at http://github.com/nlpAThits/pyMMAX2.
We introduce a novel scientific document processing task for making previously inaccessible information in printed paper documents available to automatic processing. We describe our data set of scanned documents and data records from the biological database SABIO-RK, provide a definition of the task, and report findings from preliminary experiments. Rigorous evaluation proved challenging due to lack of gold-standard data and a difficult notion of correctness. Qualitative inspection of results, however, showed the feasibility and usefulness of the task.
When humans have a conversation with one-another, they generally take turns speaking one after the other without overlapping each others talk or leaving silence between turns for long stretches of time. Previous research has shown that conversation is a structured practice following rules that help interlocutors to manage the flow of conversation interactively. While at the beginning of a conversation it remains open who will speak when about what and for how long, interlocutors regulate the flow of conversation as it unfolds. One basic set of rules that interlocutors operate with governs the allocation of speaking turns, with the central rule stating that whoever starts speaking first at a point in time when speaker change becomes relevant has the rights and obligations to produce the next turn. The organization of turn allocation, therefore, is one reason for conversational turn taking to be so remarkably fast, with the beginnings of turns most often being quite accurately aligned with the ends of the previous turns. Observations of this outstanding speed of turn taking gave rise to a number of questions concerning language processing in conversational situations. The studies presented in this thesis investigate some of these questions from the perspective of the current listener preparing to be the next speaker who will respond to the current turn.
The study presented in Chapter 2 investigates when next speakers begin to plan their own turn with respect to two points in time, (i) the moment when the incoming turn’s message becomes clear enough to make response planning possible and (ii) the moment when the incoming turn terminates. Results of previous studies were inconclusive about the timing of language planning in conversation, with evidence in favour of both late and early response planning. Furthermore, previous studies presented both evidence as well as counter evidence indicating that response planning depends or does not depend on an accurate prediction of the timing of the incoming turn’s end. The study presented here makes use of a novel experimental paradigm which includes a dialogic task that participants need to fulfil in response to critical utterances by a confederate. These critical utterances were structured, on the one hand, so that their message became clear either only at the end of the turn or before the end of the turn, and, on the other hand, so that it was either predictable or not predictable when exactly the turn would end. Participant’s eye-movements as well as their response latencies indicated that they always planned their next turn as early as possible, irrespective of the predictability of the incoming turn’s end. The presented results provide evidence in favour of models of turn taking that predict speech planning to happen in overlap with the incoming turn.
Having established that next speakers begin to plan their turn in overlap, the study presented in Chapter 3 goes more into detail investigating to which depth language planning progresses while the incoming turn is still unfolding. To this end, a number of psycholinguistic paradigms were combined. In the study’s main experiment, participants had to fulfil a switch-task in which they switched from picture naming in response to an auditorily presented question to making a lexical decision. By manipulating the relatedness of the word for lexical decision with the picture that was prepared to be named before the task-switch it was possible to draw inferences on which processing stages were entered during the speech production process in overlap with the incoming turn. Participants’ behavioural responses in the lexical decision task revealed that they entered the stage of phonological encoding while the incoming turn was still unfolding, showing that planning in overlap is not limited to conceptual preparation but includes all sub-processes of formulation.
Given that speech production regularly enters the stages of formulation in overlap with the incoming turn, as shown in Chapters 2 and 3, the question arises whether planning the next turn in overlap is cognitively more demanding than during the gap between turns. This question is approached in the study presented in Chapter 4 by measuring pupillometric responses of participants in a dialogic task. An increase in pupil diameter during a cognitive task is indicative of increased processing load, and pupillometric responses to planning in overlap with the incoming turn were found to be greater than responses to planning in the gap between turns. These results show that planning in overlap is more demanding than planning during the gap, even though it is highly practiced by speakers.
After Chapters 2 to 4 investigated the timing and mechanisms of speech planning in conversation, Chapter 5 turns towards the timing of articulation of a planned turn, asking the question what sources of information next speakers use to time the articulation of a planned utterance to start closely after the incoming turn comes to an end. In this Chapter’s study, participants taking turns with a confederate responded to utterances containing or not containing different cues to the location of the incoming turn’s end. Participants made use of lexical and turn-final intonational cues, but not of turn-initial intonational cues, responding faster when the relevant cues were present than when they were not present. These results show that the timing of turn initiation in next speakers depends on the recognition of the incoming turn’s point of completion and not merely on the progress in planning the next turn.
All evidence presented in Chapters 2 to 5 is summed up and bundled together in a cognitive model of turn taking, which is being presented in Chapter 6. This model assumes, centrally, that the planning of a turn and the timing of its articulation are separate cognitive processes that run in parallel in any next speaker during conversation. Planning generally starts as early as possible, often in overlap with the incoming turn, while the timing of articulation depends on the next speaker’s level of certainty that speaker change has become relevant at a particular moment, with a number of cues to the end of the incoming turn leading to an increase of certainty. Next turns are assumed to often be planned down to fully formulated utterance plans including their phonological form as early as possible on the basis of anticipations of the incoming turn’s message, which are created with the help of the general and situational knowledge about the world, the current speaker and her intentions, as well as the input that has been received so far. The level of certainty that speaker change becomes relevant rises or decreases as lexico-syntactic, prosodic, and pragmatic projections about the development of the current turn are fulfilled or not fulfilled. As the incoming turn progresses towards its end as was projected by the current listener, he becomes certain that speaker change becomes relevant and will initiate articulation of the prepared next turn. Viewing these two processes, planning a next turn and timing of its articulation, as separate makes it possible to explain the observable fast timing of turn taking while still modelling the allocation of turns as interactionally managed by interlocutors — a considerable advantage of the presented model compared to more traditional perspectives on turn taking and conversation.
Die Textqualität von Social-Media-Texten unterscheidet sich deutlich von der Textqualität traditioneller monologischer Texte, weshalb neue Textqualitätskategorien für Social-Media-Texte benötigt werden. Der Beitrag beschreibt zunächst, wie in einer Studie zwölf Schreibratgeber für Social-Media-Texte auf Belegstellen des Zürcher Textanalyserasters durchsucht wurden und wie darüber hinaus mittels qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse neue Textqualitätskategorien von Social-Media-Texten in den Ratgebern bestimmt und geordnet wurden. In einem zweiten Schritt werden die Ergebnisse dieser Studie aufgeführt, die Belegstellen des Zürcher Rasters und die aus der Studie gewonnenen und geordneten Kategorien einzeln erläutert. Mit den acht neuen Textqualitätskategorien für Social-Media-Texte wurde das Mannheimer Analyseraster angefertigt, das zur Analyse von Social-Media-Texten angewendet werden kann und den letzten Abschnitt des Beitrags bildet.
Der Beitrag beschreibt einen Ansatz zur Qualitätsbewertung multimodaler Hypertexte und internetbasierter Interaktion. Das Modell fußt auf Ansätzen zur Bewertung von Textqualität in linear organisierten Schrifttexten, insbesondere dem Zürcher Textqualitätenraster, das bereits im prädigitalen Zeitalter für eine große empirische Untersuchung zum Schreibgebrauch in Aufsatztexten genutzt wurde. Der Beitrag beschreibt und begründet, welche Erweiterungen für multimodale Hypertexte und internetbasierte Interaktion erforderlich sind. Vertiefend wird dabei das Konzept der Kohärenz behandelt, das für lineare Texte und für Hypertexte gleichermaßen relevant ist. An Beispielen wird gezeigt, wie Hyperlinks als digitale Kohärenzbildungshilfen bei der Hypertextproduktion und beim interaktionsorientierten Schreiben eingesetzt werden. Die Kohärenzanalyse wird erweitert um zwei neue Aspekte: 1) die interaktionale Kohärenz zwischen Beiträgen verschiedener Personen in der digitalen Interaktion (z. B. beim Chatten oder in Online-Diskussionen) und 2) die multimodale Kohärenz zwischen Text-, Bild-, Audio- und Videoelementen.
In this article, we examine the current situation of data dissemination and provision for CMC corpora. By that we aim to give a guiding grid for future projects that will improve the transparency and replicability of research results as well as the reusability of the created resources. Based on the FAIR guiding principles for research data management, we evaluate the 20 European CMC corpora listed in the CLARIN CMC Resource family, individuate successful strategies among the existing corpora and establish best practices for future projects. We give an overview of existing approaches to data referencing, dissemination and provision in European CMC corpora, and discuss the methods, formats and strategies used. Furthermore, we discuss the need for community standards and offer recommendations for best practices when creating a new CMC corpus.
Having the necessary skills for staying in contact with friends and relatives through digital devices is crucial in today’s world. As the current COVID-19 pandemic shows, this holds especially true for the elderly. Being quarantined and restricted from physically meeting people, various communication technologies are more important than ever for staying social and informed on current events. In nursing homes, staff members are now finding new ways for staying in touch with family members by assisting residents in making video calls with mobile devices.
But what if elderly people cannot rely on personal assistance for accessing these alternative means of communication? This raises the general question of how older people can and do learn to use such technologies. Although the internet is full of guides and instructional videos on how to use smartphones or tablets, they are a cold comfort to someone who may not even know what an internet browser is.
Especially for digital newcomers, the tried and true method of face-to-face instruction is invaluable. While many older people turn to their children or grandchildren for help in all things digital, courses specifically tailored for elderly users are also increasingly popular.
More and more governmental initiatives and associations indeed acknowledge the already existing interest of elderly citizens in digital tools and their growing need to receive customized training (e.g. “SeniorSurf” and “Kansalaisen digitaidot” in Finland or “Silver Tipps” in Germany). For a researcher of social interaction, these courses can also provide a valuable window for discovering what it looks and sounds like to learn to use essential but sometimes alien technologies.
Vitaminhaltig ist gut, vitaminreich noch besser. Eine arbeitsfreie Zeit mag entspannen, eine arbeitslose kaum. Wirken solche Aussagen sinnvoll oder doch eher sinnarm?
Die Wortbildungsproduktivität von komplexen possessiven und privativen Adjektiven erscheint praktisch grenzenlos – in der Theorie werden ihr dagegen sehr wohl Grenzen gesetzt, jedoch ohne Berücksichtigung gebrauchsbasierter, empirischer Analysen. Diesem Desiderat widmet sich dieser Band, in welchem anhand konkreter Sprachdaten Forschungslücken und Widersprüche aufgedeckt und offene Fragestellungen beantwortet werden. Zudem zeigen sich neue Bedeutungsaspekte, die den Wortbildungsprodukten bislang nicht zugeschrieben wurden. In Gänze erbringen die Analysen den nötigen Beweis, dass die korpuslinguistischen Untersuchungen bisherige morphologische Beschreibungen sowohl erweitern als auch korrigieren können und sich darüber hinaus zum Entwickeln neuer Modelle mit neuen Kategorien eignen. Die eigens für diese Zwecke korpusgestützt generierte Stichwortliste findet sich samt Anzahl an Belegtreffern im Anhang wieder.
Despite the importance of the agent role for language grammar and processing, its definition and features are still controversially discussed in the literature on semantic roles. Moreover, diagnostic tests to dissociate agentive from non-agentive roles are typically applied with qualitative introspection data. We investigated whether quantitative acceptability ratings obtained with a well-established agentivity test, the DO-cleft, provide evidence for the feature-based prototype account of (Dowty, David R. 1991. Thematic protoroles and argument selction. Language 67(3). 547-619) postulating that agentivity increases with the number of agentive features that a role subsumes. We used four different intransitive verb classes in German and collected acceptability judgements from non-expert native speakers of German. Our results show that sentence acceptability increases linearly with the number of agentive features and, hence, agentivity. Moreover, our findings confirm that sentience belongs to the group of proto-agent features. In summary, this suggests that a multidimensional account including a specific mechanism for role prototypicality (feature accumulation) successfully captures gradient acceptability clines. Quantitative acceptability estimates are a meaningful addition to linguistic theorizing.