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This thesis is a corpus linguistic investigation of the language used by young German speakers online, examining lexical, morphological, orthographic, and syntactic features and changes in language use over time. The study analyses the language in the Nottinghamer Korpus deutscher YouTube‐Sprache ("Nottingham corpus of German YouTube language", or NottDeuYTSch corpus), one of the first large corpora of German‐language comments taken from the videosharing website YouTube, and built specifically for this project. The metadatarich corpus comprises c.33 million tokens from more than 3 million comments posted underneath videos uploaded by mainstream German‐language youthorientated YouTube channels from 2008‐2018.
The NottDeuYTSch corpus was created to enable corpus linguistic approaches to studying digital German youth language (Jugendsprache), having identified the need for more specialised web corpora (see Barbaresi 2019). The methodology for compiling the corpus is described in detail in the thesis to facilitate future construction of web corpora. The thesis is situated at the intersection of Computer‐Mediated Communication (CMC) and youth language, which have been important areas of sociolinguistic scholarship since the 1980s, and explores what we can learn from a corpus‐driven, longitudinal approach to (online) youth language. To do so, the thesis uses corpus linguistic methods to analyse three main areas:
1. Lexical trends and the morphology of polysemous lexical items. For this purpose, the analysis focuses on geil, one of the most iconic and productive words in youth language, and presents a longitudinal analysis, demonstrating that usage of geil has decreased, and identifies lexical items that have emerged as potential replacements. Additionally, geil is used to analyse innovative morphological productiveness, demonstrating how different senses of geil are used as a base lexeme or affixoid in compounding and derivation.
2. Syntactic developments. The novel grammaticalization of several subordinating conjunctions into both coordinating conjunctions and discourse markers is examined. The investigation is supported by statistical analyses that demonstrate an increase in the use of non‐standard syntax over the timeframe of the corpus and compares the results with other corpora of written language.
3. Orthography and the metacommunicative features of digital writing. This analysis identifies orthographic features and strategies in the corpus, e.g. the repetition of certain emoji, and develops a holistic framework to study metacommunicative functions, such as the communication of illocutionary force, information structure, or the expression of identities. The framework unifies previous research that had focused on individual features, integrating a wide range of metacommunicative strategies within a single, robust system of analysis.
By using qualitative and computational analytical frameworks within corpus linguistic methods, the thesis identifies emergent linguistic features in digital youth language in German and sheds further light on lexical and morphosyntactic changes and trends in the language of young people over the period 2008‐2018. The study has also further developed and augmented existing analytical frameworks to widen the scope of their application to orthographic features associated with digital writing.
Vorwort
(2018)
Zwischenräume – Phänomene, Methoden und Modellierung im Bereich zwischen Lexikon und Grammatik
(2011)
Der Beitrag führt in den Sammelband „Sprachliches Wissen zwischen Lexikon und Grammatik“ ein und diskutiert zunächst den Zusammenhang zwischen den drei Dichotomien Lexikon versus Grammatik, Wort versus Phrase und Idiosynkrasie versus Regel. Im Folgenden werden Varianten des Konstruktionsbegriffs dargestellt und hinsichtlich verschiedener Dimensionen analysiert. Einer Darstellung der im Zusammenhang mit der Lexikon-Grammatik-Abgrenzung diskutierten Phänomene und angewandten empirischen Methoden schließt sich eine Übersicht über die Aufsätze des Sammelbandes an.
In der Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft hat das Lexikon in unterschiedlichem Maße Aufmerksamkeit erfahren. In jüngerer Zeit ist es vor allem durch die Verfügbarkeit sprachlicher Massendaten und die Entwicklung von Methoden zu ihrer Analyse wieder stärker ins Zentrum des Interesses gerückt. Dies hat aber nicht nur unseren Blick für lexikalische Phänomene geschärft, sondern hat gegenwärtig auch einen profunden Einfluss auf die Entstehung neuer Sprachtheorien, beginnend bei Fragen nach der Natur lexikalischen Wissens bis hin zur Auflösung der Lexikon-Grammatik-Dichotomie. Das Institut für Deutsche Sprache hat diese Entwicklungen zum Anlass genommen, sein aktuelles Jahrbuch in Anknüpfung an die Jahrestagung 2017 – „Wortschätze: Dynamik, Muster, Komplexität“ – der Theorie des Lexikons und den Methoden seiner Erforschung zu widmen.
We report on a new project building a Natural Language Processing resource for Zulu by making use of resources already available. Combining tagging results with the results of morphological analysis semi-automatically, we expect to reduce the amount of manual work when generating a finely-grained gold standard corpus usable for training a tagger. From the tagged corpus, we plan to extract verb-argument pairs with the aim of compiling a verb valency lexicon for Zulu.
Der Beitrag diskutiert linguistiche Fragestellungen und Probleme, die sich aus dem Projekt „Gesamtdeutsche Korpusinitiative" ergeben. Ausgangspunkt der Überlegungen ist die Frage, welchen Nutzen das Wendekorpus als Kern und eine weiterzuführende Dokumentation der deutschen Gegenwartssprache für sprachwissenschaftliche Analysen bringen könnte.
Im Zentrum der Untersuchungen steht das Spannungsverhältnis zwischen Kontinuität, Variation und wirklichem Wandel der Sprachverwendung. Dabei schließt sich an übergreifende, sich von Einzelphänomenen lösende Aussagen zur Sprache der Wende (Abschnitt I.) die exemplarische Vorführung von Kontinuität und Dynamik sprachlicher Strukturen an Textausschnitten aus dem Wendekorpus an (Abschnitt II.).
Introducing Interactive Grammar: How to Develop Language Competence with Research-based Learning
(2023)
We present the implementation of an interactive e-learning platform for both classroom study and self-study, that helps developing German language competence – vocabulary, spelling, and grammar – on various levels and for everyday life applications. The LernGrammis portal addresses school and highschool students, (prospective) teachers, and L2 learners of German equally, each with appropriate educational content and interactive components. It thus offers the digital networking infrastructure for education a unique, freely available and scientifically based learning resource. Applying the innovative concept of „Research-based Learning (RBL)“, LernGrammis provides teachers with ideas for lesson planning, and learners with dedicated modules to develop new skills through exploring authentic language resources and by this means answering customised low-threshold research questions. Using proven practical examples, we demonstrate the approach, its strengths and possibilities, as well as initial user feedback evaluation results.
In diesem Beitrag möchte ich versuchen darzustellen, wie sich die gegensätzlichen gesellschaftlichen Positionen in Bezug auf zentrale Umweltthemen in populären Nachschlagewerken niederschlagen. Dabei konzentriere ich mich auf die Bezeichnungsvarianten in den Feldern Giftmüll/Problemabfall und Atomkraft,-energie/Kernkraft, -energie und darauf, wie sie von den Lexikonautoren behandelt werden. Den impliziten und expliziten Bewertungen von Wörtern in den Lexika wird die (tatsächliche) Wortverwendung in den öffentlichen (Massen-)Medien gegenübergestellt.
This is a revised and translated version of my article "Die doppelte Wende - Zur Verbindung von Sprache, Sprachwissenschaft und zeitgebundener politischer Bewertung am Beispiel deutsch-deutscher Sprachdifferenzierung" which appeared in Politische Semantik - Bedeutungsanalytische und sprachkritische Beiträge zur politischen Sprachverwendung, ed. Josef Klein (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1989), pp. 297-326. I am indepted to Colin Good, Norwich, England, for having translated the text into English.
Vorwort
(1993)
Dieser Beitrag nimmt Bezug auf ein lexikologisches Arbeitsprojekt des Instituts für deutsche Sprache (Mannheim) und will einen Einblick in die Voraussetzungen und Ziele dieses Vorhabens sowie in die Arbeitsweise der Projektmitarbeiter geben. Dabei soll Aspekten der Korpus- und Computernutzung in den einzelnen Arbeitsetappen besondere Aufmerksamkeit gelten.
Die germanistische Linguistik wendet in jüngster Zeit Fragen des Wortschatzes - seiner Herausbildung, seiner Entwicklung, seiner Verwendung, seiner Kodifikation - verstärkt ihre Aufmerksamkeit zu. In diesem Zusammenhang gewinnt auch die wissenschaftliche Beschäftigung mit der Neologie und mit der Neologismenlexikographie innerhalb der Germanistik an Bedeutung. Das ist vor allem deshalb zu begrüßen, weil die germanistische Sprachwissenschaft der Erforschung und Erfassung lexikalischer Innovationen in der Vergangenheit nicht in dem Maße gerecht geworden ist, das der gesellschaftlichen Bedeutung dieses Wortschatzbereiches und dem Widerhall, den das Thema in der interessierten Öffentlichkeit seit langem findet, entsprechen würde.
Einem bisher nicht in angemessener Weise gelösten Teilproblem - der lexikographischen Darstellung DDR-spezifischer Neologismen - wollen wir diesen Beitrag widmen.
"Wilde Pflanzen ohne nährende Frucht". Der politisch-soziale Wortschatz bei den Brüdern Grimm
(1990)
Between January 2020 and July 2021, many new words and phrases contributed to the expansion of the German vocabulary to enable communication under the new conditions that evolved during the Covid-19 pandemic. Medical and epidemiological vocabulary was integrated into the general language to a large extent. Suddenly, some lexemes from general language were used with very high frequency, while other words were used less often than before. These processes of language change can be studied in various ways, for example, in corpus linguistics with respect to the frequency or emergence of certain words in certain types of texts (e.g. press releases vs. posts in social media), in critical discourse analysis with respect to certain participants of the discourse (e.g. vocabulary of Covid-19 pandemic deniers), or in conversation analysis (e.g. with respect to new verbal interactions in greetings and farewells). The rapid expansion of vocabulary has notably affected also lexicography as a discipline of applied linguistics.
This article will focus on the ways in which a German neologism dictionary project has chosen to capture and document lexicographic information in a timely manner. Both challenges and advantages arise from lexicographic practice “at the pulse of time”. The Neologismenwörterbuch is presented as an example that lends itself well to such a discussion because its subject (neologisms) is characterized as new, innovative, and constantly changing.
Mit Entwicklungen in der Welt entsteht auch ein neuer Wortschatz, insbesondere in Zeiten großer gesellschaftlicher Umbrüche oder bedingt durch Krisen, denn neue Dinge, neue Umstände, »neue Normalitäten« müssen bezeichnet werden, damit darüber kommuniziert werden kann. Zugleich steigt die Gebrauchshäufigkeit älterer Wörter, weil sie aktuell für die Verständigung besonders relevant werden. Die in diesem Glossar präsentierten Begriffe thematisieren solche sprachlichen Auswirkungen der Coronakrise.
This thesis consists of the following three papers that all have been published in international peer-reviewed journals:
Chapter 3: Koplenig, Alexander (2015c). The Impact of Lacking Metadata for the Measurement of Cultural and Linguistic Change Using the Google Ngram Data Sets—Reconstructing the Composition of the German Corpus in Times of WWII. Published in: Digital Scholarship in the Humanities. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [doi:10.1093/llc/fqv037]
Chapter 4: Koplenig, Alexander (2015b). Why the quantitative analysis of dia-chronic corpora that does not consider the temporal aspect of time-series can lead to wrong conclusions. Published in: Digital Scholarship in the Humanities. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [doi:10.1093/llc/fqv030]
Chapter 5: Koplenig, Alexander (2015a). Using the parameters of the Zipf–Mandelbrot law to measure diachronic lexical, syntactical and stylistic changes – a large-scale corpus analysis. Published in: Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory. Berlin/Boston: de Gruyter. [doi:10.1515/cllt-2014-0049]
Chapter 1 introduces the topic by describing and discussing several basic concepts relevant to the statistical analysis of corpus linguistic data. Chapter 2 presents a method to analyze diachronic corpus data and a summary of the three publications. Chapters 3 to 5 each represent one of the three publications. All papers are printed in this thesis with the permission of the publishers.
While there is a large amount of research in the field of Lexical Semantic Change Detection, only few approaches go beyond a standard benchmark evaluation of existing models. In this paper, we propose a shift of focus from change detection to change discovery, i.e., discovering novel word senses over time from the full corpus vocabulary. By heavily fine-tuning a type-based and a token-based approach on recently published German data, we demonstrate that both models can successfully be applied to discover new words undergoing meaning change. Furthermore, we provide an almost fully automated framework for both evaluation and discovery.
This contribution explores the relationship between the English CEFR (Common European Framework of Reference for Languages) vocabulary levels and user interest in English Wiktionary entries. User interest was operationalized through the number of views of these entries in Wikimedia server logs covering a period of four years (2019–2022). Our findings reveal a significant relationship between CEFR levels and user interest: entries classified at lower CEFR levels tend to attract more views, which suggests a greater user interest in more basic vocabulary. A multiple regression model controlling for other known or potential factors affecting interest: corpus frequency, polysemy, word prevalence, and age of acquisition confirmed that lower CEFR levels attract significantly more views even after taking into account the other predictors. These findings highlight the importance of CEFR levels in predicting which words users are likely to look up, with implications for lexicography and the development of language learning materials.
Sprache und Totalitarismus
(1964)
The CLARIN Concept Registry (CCR) is the common semantic ground for most CMDI-based profiles to describe language-related resources in the CLARIN universe. While the CCR supports semantic interoperability within this universe, it does not extend beyond it. The flexibility of CMDI, however, allows users to use other term or concept registries when defining their metadata components. In this paper, we describe our use of schema.org, a light ontology used by many parties across disciplines.