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The aim of this work is to describe criteria used in the process of inclusion and treatment of neologisms in dictionaries of Spanish within the framework of pandemic instability. Our starting point will be data obtained by the Antenas Neológicas Network (https://www.upf.edu/web/antenas), whose representation in three different lexicographic tools will be analyzed with the purpose of identifying problems in the methodology used to dictionarize – that is, how and what words were selected to be included in dictionaries and how they were represented in their entries – neologisms during the COVID-19 pandemic (sources and corpora of analysis, selection criteria, types of definition, among other aspects). Two of them are monolingual and COVID-19 lexical units were included as part of their updates: the Antenario, a dictionary of neologisms of Spanish varieties, and the Diccionario de la Lengua Española [DLE], a dictionary of general Spanish, published by the Real Academia Española [RAE], Spanish Royal Academy). The other is a bilingual unidirectional English-Spanish dictionary first published as a glossary, Diccionario de COVID-19 EN-ES [TREMEDICA], entirely made up of neological and non-neological lexical units related to the virus and the pandemic. Thus, the target lexis was either included in existing works or makes up the whole of a new tool located in a portal together with other lexicographic tools. Unlike other collections of COVID-19 vocabulary that kept cropping up as the pandemic unfolded, all three have been designed and written according to well-established lexicographic practices.
Our working hypothesis is that the need to record and define words which were recently created impacts the criteria for inclusion and treatment of neologisms in dictionaries about Spanish, including a certain degree of overlap of some features which are traditionally thought to be specific to each type of dictionary.
This paper aims at verifying if the most important online Brazilian Portuguese dictionaries include some of the neologisms identified in texts published in the 1990s to 2000s, formed with the elements ciber-, e-, bio-, eco- and narco, which we refer to as fractomorphemes / fracto-morphèmes. Three online dictionaries were analyzed (Aulete, Houaiss and Michaelis), as well as Vocabulário Ortográfico da Língua Portuguesa (VOLP). We were able to conclude that all three dictionaries and VOLP include neologisms with these elements; Michaelis and VOLP do not include separate entries for bound morphemes, whereas Houaiss includes entries for all of them and Aulete includes entries for bio-, eco- and narco-. Aulete also describes the neological meaning of eco- and narco-, whereas Houaiss does not.
While adjusting to the COVID-19 pandemic, people around the world started to talk about the “new normal” way of life, and they conveyed feelings and thoughts on the topic through social networks and traditional communication channels resorting to a set of specific linguistic strategies, such as metaphors and neologisms. The vocabulary in different domains and in everyday speech was expanded to accommodate a complex social, cultural, and professional phenomenon of changes. Therefore, this new life gave birth to a new language – the “coronaspeak”. According to Thorne (2020), the “coronaspeak” has three stages: first, it emerged in the way medical aspects were communicated in everyday language; secondly, it occurred when speakers verbalized the experiences they had undergone and “invented their own terms”; finally, this “new” way of speaking emerged in the government and authorities’ jargon, to ensure that the new rules and policies were understood, and that population adopted socially responsible behaviours.
In this paper, we will focus on the second stage, because we intend to take stock of how speakers communicate and verbalize this new way of living, particularly on social networks, for example. Alongside, we are interested in the context in which the neologism – be it a new word, a new meaning, or a new use – emerged, is used, and understood, through the observation of the occurrence of the new word(s) either on social networks or through dissemination texts (press) to confront it with the ones that Portuguese digital dictionaries have attested so far. Different criteria regarding the insertion of new units, the inclusion date, and the lexicographic description of the entries in the dictionaries will be debated.
The syntagma gel hidroalcohólico ‘hydroalcoholic gel’ or the noun hidroalcohol ‘hydroalcohol’ cannot be found in Diccionario de la lengua española (DLE) of the Real Academia Española (‘Royal Spanish Academy’) or other general reference dictionaries of the Spanish language. This is so despite the fact that, for well over a year and to this very day, we have not been able to do anything without first sanitising our hands with this product. It is one of the many neologisms that the COVID-19 pandemic has brought us, and these have become commonly used words that dictionaries should consider as candidates for future updates.
By looking at the dictionarisability of these neologisms, in this work we try to set their boundaries on the continuum along which they fall. “Dictionarisability” means, in our context, the greater or lesser interest of these unities regarding the updating of general language dictionaries. At both ends of this continuum, there are surprising nonce words, as well as neologisms that have recently lost their status as such because they have now been incorporated into the dictionary. To identify different groups on the continuum of pandemic neologisms, we take into account the criteria proposed in the current literature and, by so doing, we are able to assess the extent to which they are discriminatory. This will allow us to address the neological process and to reflect on the various stages of it, from the time a neologism is born until the moment it ceases to be one because it has been dictionarised. Before that, however, we present the framework of our study and refer to the mechanisms available for detecting neologisms in general and pandemic neologisms in particular.
This study examines a list of 3,413 neologisms containing one or more borrowed item, which was compiled using the databases built by the Korean Neologism Investigation Project. Etymological aspects and morphological aspects are taken into consideration to show that, besides the overwhelming prevalence of English-based neologisms, particular loans from particular languages play a significant role in the prolific formation of Korean neologisms. Aspects of the lexicographic inclusion of loan-based neologisms demonstrate the need for Korean neologism and lexicography research to broaden its scopes in terms of methodology and attitudes, while also providing a glimpse of changes.
This article has a double objective. First, it seeks to offer an initial approach, with critical notes, to the group of pandemic-related neologisms incorporated into the DLE in the year 2020. To that end, the trends in the academic dictionary’s incorporation of neologisms will be reviewed, focusing in particular on specialized language neologisms. Second, the article presents the design of a research study that allows for the examination of any new words beginning with CORONA- added to the DLE and the DHLE. An assessment will be made of the particularities of the DLE and the DHLE regarding the incorporation of the new words, as well as the degree of correspondence or complementarity between the two works in this sense. This will show the complementary roles that the DLE and the DHLE are currently acquiring. In this sense, the new additions open up a debate on the treatment of neologisms in academic lexicography, in a particularly unique scenario.
This paper arises within the current communication urgency experienced throughout the pandemic. From its onset, several new lexical units have permeated the overall media discourse, as well as social media and other channels. These units convey information to the public regarding the ‘severe acute respiratory syndrome’ namely COVID-19. In addition to its worldwide impact healthwise, the pandemic generates noteworthy influence in the linguistic landscape, and as a result, a significant number of neologisms have emerged. Within the scope of our ongoing research, we identify the neologisms in European Portuguese that are related to the term COVID-19 via form or meaning. However, not all the new lexical units identified in our corpus containing COVID-19 in its formation can unequivocally be regarded as neoterms (terminological neologisms). Accordingly, this article aims not only to reflect on the distinction between neologism and neoterm but also to explore the determinologisation process that several of these new lexical units experience.
This paper looks at whether, after two decades of corpus building for the Bantu languages, the time is ripe to begin using monitor corpora. As a proof-of-concept, the usefulness of a Lusoga monitor corpus for lexicographic purposes, in casu for the detection of neologisms, both in terms of new words and new meanings, is investigated and found useful.
Die lexikografische Behandlung von Neologismen aus der Perspektive hispanophoner DaF-Lernender
(2019)
Anhand von einigen medialen Kommunikationsverben wie mailen oder twittern wird das lexikografische Informationsangebot zu Neologismen auf seine Adäquatheit für die fremdsprachige Produktion untersucht. Die Untersuchung erfolgt aus der Perspektive eines spanischsprachigen DaF-Lernenden. Zur Analyse werden sowohl Neologismenwörterbücher und -datenbanken für das Deutsche als auch gängige, bilinguale Online-Wörterbücher für das Sprachenpaar Spanisch–Deutsch gezogen. Die Ergebnisse der lexikografischen Untersuchung werden exemplarisch mit korpusbasierten Daten aus einer Doktorarbeit verglichen. Die Befunde zeigen den Bedarf und die Notwendigkeit auf, die lexikografische Behandlung von (verbalen) Neologismen im spanisch–deutschen Kontext zu optimieren. Dabei soll — insbesondere — die fremdsprachige Textproduktion berücksichtigt werden.
Neologismen im allgemeinen Wörterbuch oder Neologismenwörterbuch? Zur Lexikographie von Neologismen
(1997)
Ungeachtet der seit einem Jahrzehnt florierenden wissenschaftlichen Beschäftigung mit Problemen der Lexikographie, für die dieses Symposium ein weiteres Zeugnis ist, sind Auskünfte und Berichte über konkrete Wörterbuchpläne noch immer selten. Dabei sind solcherart Informationen nicht nur von ganz natürlichem Interesse für alle praktisch oder/und theoretisch mit dem Gegenstand Wörterbuch Befassten, sondern es bietet sich auch - besonders, wenn sie auf Diskussionsforen wie diesem vorgestellt werden - die einzigartige Möglichkeit der Rückkopplung noch vor Beginn der eigentlichen Erarbeitung bzw. in deren Anfangsphase. Dadurch, daß die zurückkommenden kritischen Bemerkungen und sonstigen Anregungen in die abschließenden Überlegungen zum betreffenden Wörterbuchplan einbezogen werden, kann sich das frühzeitige Offenlegen des Planes vor einem kompetenten Publikum durchaus auch für das Projekt selbst als nützlich erweisen.
Mit diesem doppelten Ziel - Informationsvermittlung und entsprechendes Feedback - wollen wir im Folgenden skizzenhaft den Plan eines Wörterbuches vorstellen, das in den nächsten Jahren am Zentralinstitut für Sprachwissenschaft der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR erarbeitet werden wird. Dem Thema des Beitrages entsprechend werden drei Schwerpunkte gesetzt:
1. werden der Charakter und die spezifische Funktion des geplanten Wörterbuches Umrissen, 2. sollen die daraus erwachsenden Grundsätze seiner inhaltlichen Gestaltung und 3- schließlich solche der formal-lexikographischen Umsetzung erläutert werden; zur Illustration dienen Musterartikel zur Wortfamilie Disko (4.).
Neologismen im GWDS
(2005)
Der Beitrag will mit einem lexikologisch-lexikografischen Projekt des IDS bekannt machen, in dem seit 1997 Neulexeme und Neubedeutungen der Neunzigerjahre erforscht werden, soweit sie sich im allgemeinsprachlichen Teil des Wortschatzes der deutschen Standardsprache etabliert haben. Das Ziel des Projektes ist die lexikografische Beschreibung und Dokumentation von rund 1000 ausgewählten Neologismen. Dieses Unternehmen ist zugleich Pilotprojekt für die Präsentation lexikografischer Informationen als elektronische Datenbank im Rahmen des im Aufbau befindlichen lexikalisch-lexikologischen, korpusbasierten Informationssystems LEKSIS des IDS. Erste Arbeitserfahrungen mit diesem System werden anhand des Beispiels Shareholdervalue mitgeteilt.
Neologismen als Forschungsgegenstand - Aktuelle Aufgaben und Ziele der Neologismenlexikographie
(1991)
Die germanistische Linguistik wendet in jüngster Zeit Fragen des Wortschatzes - seiner Herausbildung, seiner Entwicklung, seiner Verwendung, seiner Kodifikation - verstärkt ihre Aufmerksamkeit zu. In diesem Zusammenhang gewinnt auch die wissenschaftliche Beschäftigung mit der Neologie und mit der Neologismenlexikographie innerhalb der Germanistik an Bedeutung. Das ist vor allem deshalb zu begrüßen, weil die germanistische Sprachwissenschaft der Erforschung und Erfassung lexikalischer Innovationen in der Vergangenheit nicht in dem Maße gerecht geworden ist, das der gesellschaftlichen Bedeutung dieses Wortschatzbereiches und dem Widerhall, den das Thema in der interessierten Öffentlichkeit seit langem findet, entsprechen würde.
Einem bisher nicht in angemessener Weise gelösten Teilproblem - der lexikographischen Darstellung DDR-spezifischer Neologismen - wollen wir diesen Beitrag widmen.
In this paper, we discuss an efficient method of (semi-automatic) neologism detection for German and its application for the production of a dictionary of neologisms, focusing on the lexicographic process. By monitoring the language via editorial (print and online) media evaluation and interpreting the findings on the basis of lexicographic competence, many, but not all neologisms can be identified which qualify for inclusion in the Neologismenworterbuch (2006-today) at the Institute for the German Language in Mannheim (IDS). In addition, an automated corpus linguistic method offers neologism candidates based on a systematic analysis of large amounts of text to lexicographers. We explain the principles of the corpus linguistic compilation of a list of candidates and show how lexicographers work with the results, combining them with their own findings in order to continuously enlarge this specialized online dictionary of new words in German.
Deutscher Wortschatz im Internet: Das Informationssystem elexiko und sein Modulprojekt Neologismen
(2007)
Shutdown, Lockdown und Exit
(2020)
Von Nichtstun und Erholung (an Weihnachten und zu anderen Zeiten) (aus der Rubrik Neuer Wortschatz)
(2020)
Von Gummistiefelmomenten
(2020)
Corona- und andere Partys
(2020)
Between January 2020 and July 2021, many new words and phrases contributed to the expansion of the German vocabulary to enable communication under the new conditions that evolved during the Covid-19 pandemic. Medical and epidemiological vocabulary was integrated into the general language to a large extent. Suddenly, some lexemes from general language were used with very high frequency, while other words were used less often than before. These processes of language change can be studied in various ways, for example, in corpus linguistics with respect to the frequency or emergence of certain words in certain types of texts (e.g. press releases vs. posts in social media), in critical discourse analysis with respect to certain participants of the discourse (e.g. vocabulary of Covid-19 pandemic deniers), or in conversation analysis (e.g. with respect to new verbal interactions in greetings and farewells). The rapid expansion of vocabulary has notably affected also lexicography as a discipline of applied linguistics.
This article will focus on the ways in which a German neologism dictionary project has chosen to capture and document lexicographic information in a timely manner. Both challenges and advantages arise from lexicographic practice “at the pulse of time”. The Neologismenwörterbuch is presented as an example that lends itself well to such a discussion because its subject (neologisms) is characterized as new, innovative, and constantly changing.
Mit Entwicklungen in der Welt entsteht auch ein neuer Wortschatz, insbesondere in Zeiten großer gesellschaftlicher Umbrüche oder bedingt durch Krisen, denn neue Dinge, neue Umstände, »neue Normalitäten« müssen bezeichnet werden, damit darüber kommuniziert werden kann. Zugleich steigt die Gebrauchshäufigkeit älterer Wörter, weil sie aktuell für die Verständigung besonders relevant werden. Die in diesem Glossar präsentierten Begriffe thematisieren solche sprachlichen Auswirkungen der Coronakrise.