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The long road to a historical dictionary of Lower Sorbian. Towards a lexical information system
(2022)
The Sorbian Institute has been taking preparatory steps for a historical-documentary vocabulary information system for Lower Sorbian for about 10 years. To this end, the entire extant written material (16th–21st centuries) of this strongly endangered European minority language is to be systematically evaluated. An attempt made a few years ago to organise and finance the project as a long-term scientific project was not successful in the end. Therefore, it can only be advanced step by step and via some detours. The article informs about the interim status of the project, especially with respect to the creation of a reliable database.
Der Beitrag beschreibt die Grundstruktur des Forschungsprojekts ‚Standardization in Diversity (SDiv). The case of German in Luxembourg 1795–1920‘, das im Zeitraum 2013–2016 vom Fonds National de la Recherche (Luxemburg) und der DFG gefördert wird. Weitere Informationen auf der Internetseite des Projekts unter http://infolux.uni.lu/standardization.
The European language world is characterized by an ideology of monolingualism and national languages. This language-related world view interacts with social debates and definitions about linguistic autonomy, diversity, and variation. For the description of border minorities and their sociolinguistic situation, however, this view reaches its limits. In this article, the conceptual difficulties with a language area that crosses national borders are examined. It deals with the minority in East Lorraine (France) in particular. On the language-historical level, this minority is closely related to the language of its (big) neighbor Germany. At the same time, it looks back on a conflictive history with this country, has never filled a (subordinated) political–administrative unit, and has experienced very little public support. We want to address the questions of how speakers themselves reflect on their linguistic situation and what concepts and argumentative figures they bring up in relation to what (Germanic) variety. To this end, we look at statements from guideline-based interviews. In the paper, we present first observations gained through qualitative content analysis.
This paper describes a method for automatic identification of sentences in the Gigafida corpus containing multi-word expressions (MWEs) from the list of 5,242 phraseological units, which was developed on the basis of several existing open-access lexical resources for Slovene. The method is based on a definition of MWEs, which includes information on two levels of corpus annotation: syntax (dependency parsing) and morphology (POS tagging), together with some additional statistical parameters. The resulting lexicon contains 12,358 sentences containing MWEs extracted from the corpus. The extracted sentences were analysed from the lexicographic point of view with the aim of establishing canonical forms of MWEs and semantic relations between them in terms of variation, synonymy, and antonymy.
This paper provides insights into the ongoing international research project Unserdeutsch (Rabaul Creole German): Documentation of a highly endangered creole language in Papua New Guinea, based at the University of Augsburg, Germany. It elaborates on the different stages of the project, ranging from fieldwork to corpus development, thereby outlining the methods and software background used for the intended purposes. In doing so, we also give some approaches to solving specific problems, which have arisen in the course of practical work until now.
This article looks at Latgalian from a perspective of a classification of languages. It starts by discussing relevant terms relating to sociolinguistic language types. It argues that Latgalian and its speakers show considerable similarities with many languages in Europe which are considered to be regional languages – hence, also Latgalian should be classified as such. In a second part, the article uses sociolinguistic data to indicate that the perceptions of speakers confirm this classification. Therefore, Latgalian should also officially be treated with the respect that other regional languages in Europe enjoy.
2008. godā tyka veikts pietejums, kura golvonais mierkis beja raksturuot niulenejū latgalīšu volūdys lūmu izgleiteibys sistemā. Itys roksts prezeņtej byutiskuokūs pietejuma rezultatus. Pietejuma īrūsme sajimta nu „Mercator Education Centre“ (Merkatora izgleiteibys centra), kas dorbojās Nīderlaņdē Ļuvortā (frīzu volūdā — Ljouwert), Frīzejis proviņcis golvyspiļsātā. Piļneigs pietejuma izvārsums ar Merkatora izgleiteibys centra atbolstu publicāts izdavumu serejā „Regional Dossier Series“ (Regionalūs dosje sereja) angļu volūdā. Itys roksts golvonom kuortom dūmuots taidam adresatam, kas mozuok ir saisteits ar Eiropys volūdu izpietis institucejom i kam roksti angļu volūdā var saguoduot izpratnis voi atrasšonys gryuteibys. Partū pietejuma suokumā teik dūts seikuoks metožu i mierķu raksturuojums, paskaidrojūt pietejuma strukturu i rezultatu apkūpuojuma veidu, kai ari dūts puorskots par latgalīšu volūdys lūmu myusdīnu izgleiteibys sistemā. Sacynuojumūs ir īzeimātys nuokūtnis perspektivis i prīšklykumi dabuotūs rezultatu izmontuojumam.
Das hier vorgestellte Dissertationsvorhaben am Institut für Englische Philologie der Freien Universität Berlin möchte der Frage auf den Grund gehen, welche Veränderungen in der Sprachpolitik gegenüber bedrohten Sprachen durch die Einrichtung dezentraler Parlamente erreicht werden können. Untersucht wird die Sprachpolitik gegenüber der gälischen Sprache in Schottland sowie der samischen Sprache in Norwegen. Kern der Untersuchungen wird dabei die Frage sein, welche politischen Initiativen zur Sprachunterstützung es in den letzten Jahren gegeben hat. Insbesondere soll darauf eingegangen werden, dass es mit dem Schottischen Parlament sowie dem Sameting in Norwegen jetzt parlamentarische Vertretungen gibt, in denen die jeweilige Sprachgruppe wesentlich größeren Einfluss geltend machen kann als dies vormals der Fall war.
Ob es um die Rechtschreibreform geht, um Anglizismen im Deutschen oder um den Umgang mit Migranten- oder Minderheitensprachen - Debatten und Meinungen zu Sprache(n) und Sprachformen sind Teil unseres Alltages. Dass Sprache auch Gegenstand der Politik ist, also Sprache und das Verhältnis von Sprachen in der Gesellschaft bewusst oder unbewusst gesteuert werden, wird dagegen in deutschsprachigen Kontexten eher selten thematisiert. Diese Einführung gibt einen Überblick über Ansätze, Praktiken, Theorien und Perspektiven auf wichtige Bereiche der Sprach(en)politik. Der erste Teil erläutert den theoretischen Hintergrund, der zweite Teil stellt eine Reihe von Ländern vor, die beispielhaft für wichtige Ansätze der sprachpolitischen Praxis stehen, aber auch nach ihrer Bedeutung für die größten philologischen Fächer (Germanistik, Anglistik, Romanistik) ausgewählt wurden. Damit liegt die erste systematische deutschsprachige Einführung in ein Thema vor, das international seit langem ein großes Maß an Aufmerksamkeit erhält. Sie richtet sich an Studierende und Lehrende sprachwissenschaftlicher Fächer und Nachbardisziplinen ebenso wie an Akteure der sprachpolitischen Praxis.
Der Beitrag stellt zunächst einige allgemeine Überlegungen zu Kategorisierungen von Sprachen an. Dann werden die Sprachenvielfalt im Baltikum und Statistiken von Deutschsprechern vorgestellt, bevor verschiedene Studien zum Deutschen im Baltikum erläutert werden. Auf dieser Grundlage erfolgt eine Einordnung des Baltikums in Modelle der internationalen Stellung des Deutschen, mit deren Hilfe das Konzept Ergänzungssprache begründet wird. Schließlich werden einige Überlegungen dazu angestellt, welcher Nutzwert durch diese Konzeptualisierung entsteht.
This article discusses the situation of the Latgalian language in Latvia today. It first provides an overview of languages in Latvia, followed by a historical and contemporary sketch of the societal position of Latgalian and by an account of current Latgalian language activism. On this basis, the article then applies schemes of language functions and of evaluations of the societal position of minority languages to Latgalian. Given the range of functions that Latgalian fulfils today and the wishes and attempts by activists to expand these functions, the article argues that it is surprising that so little attention is given to Latgalian in mainstream Latvian and international sociolinguistic publications. In this light, the fate of the language is difficult to prognose, but a lot depends on whether the Latvian state will clarify its own unclear perception of policies towards Latgalian and on how much attention it will receive in the future.
Dieser Beitrag möchte einen Überblick über die Rolle geben, die die Regionalsprache Lettgallisch im Bildungssektor im Baltikum spielt. Zum einen soll in groben Zügen die historische gesellschaftliche Entwicklung des Lettgallischen mit einem Schwerpunkt auf dem Bildungsbereich dargestellt werden, zum anderen werden Entwicklungen der letzten Jahre diskutiert, in denen Diskurse und Einstellungen zum Lettgallischen eine Wandlung durchlaufen. Der theoretische Rahmen dafür sind internationale Diskussionen zu Regional- und Minderheitensprachen sowie Debatten in der Bildungspolitik. Damit soll nicht zuletzt Aufmerksamkeit für das Lettgallische in der deutschsprachigen Wahrnehmung des Baltikums generiert werden, das in einem Kompendium zu Bildungsgeschichte(n) im Baltikum nicht fehlen darf. Nach einer kurzen Einführung in die Region Lettgallen (Latgale) und das Lettgallische folgen aktuelle Beispiele für den sich ändernden Gebrauch des Lettgallischen und seine Einordung in Diskurse zu Minderheitensprachen. Schließlich wird auf jüngste politische Entwicklungen eingegangen, etwa im Kontext der Ausarbeitung neuer Lehrstandards für die staatlichen Schulen in Lettland.
Preface
(2015)
Russia, its languages and its ethnic groups are for many readers of English surprisingly unknown territory. Even among academics and researchers familiar with many ethnolinguistic situations around the globe, there prevails rather unsystematic and fragmented knowledge about Russia. This relates to both the micro level such as the individual situations of specific ethnic or linguistic groups, and to the macro level with regard to the entire interplay of linguistic practices, ideologies, laws, and other policies in Russia. In total, this lack of information about Russia stands in sharp contrast to the abundance of literature on ethnolinguistic situations, minority languages, language revitalization, and ideologies toward languages and multilingualism which has been published throughout the past decades.
This paper analyzes the LL in the city of Bautzen / Budyšin in Germany, a town which is frequently considered the “capital” of the Slavonic minority of the Sorbs. It focuses on the societal role of Sorbian in relation to practices and ideologies of mainstream German society. The vast majority of signs in Bautzen / Budyšin are in German only. Sorbian is essentially restricted to explicitly Sorbian institutions and to local and regional administration. Interviews conducted in shops and on the streets reveal that paternalistic attitudes common to perceptions of language policies and minority languages in Germany dominate; practices maintain the common monolingual habitus in German society. Members of the majority population show little awareness of Sorbian issues, and Sorbian signage is seen as a generous gesture but considered essentially unnecessary. Only in most recent times, a reaction by the Sorbian community has challenged these practices and attitudes.
Lexicographers working with minority languages face many challenges. When the language in question is also a sign language, circumstances specific to the visual-spatial modality have to be taken into consideration as well. In this paper, we aim to show and discuss which challenges we encounter while compiling the Digitales Wörterbuch der Deutschen Gebärdensprache (DW-DGS), the first corpus-based dictionary of German Sign Language (DGS). Some parallel the challenges minority language lexicographers of spoken languages encounter, e. g. few resources, no written tradition, and having to create one dictionary for all potential user groups, while others are specific to sign languages, e. g. representation of visual-spatial language and creating access structures for the dictionary.
Dieser Beitrag beschreibt Varietäten des Deutschen, die in exterritorialen deutschen Gemeinschaften gesprochen werden. Viele dieser Gruppen gehen auf Wanderbewegungen im Mittelalter oder in der frühen Neuzeit zurück und haben spezifische Varietäten entwickelt, die durch Dialektmischung und Sprachkontakt mit den Umgebungssprachen gekennzeichnet sind. Eine weitere Gruppe sind sogenannte „Grenzminderheiten“, exterritoriale Gemeinschaften, die nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg entstanden sind und an deutschsprachige Länder angrenzen. Der Artikel gibt zunächst einen historischen Überblick über die verschiedenen deutschsprachigen Minderheiten. Anschließend werden die unterschiedlichen soziolinguistischen Rahmenbedingungen der jeweiligen Sprachgemeinschaften angesprochen und anhand von Beispielen von Gemeinschaften mit unterschiedlichem soziolinguistischem und sprachlichem Hintergrund illustriert.
Over the past decades, problems related to linguistic minorities and their well-being, as well as to minority languages and their maintenance, have developed as an independent branch of minority studies. Studies of language in society and sociolinguistics, strategies of minority language survival and the empowerment of their speakers have produced a considerable output of case studies and theoretical writings.In this multifaceted field of investigation, language use, language practices, language policies and language politics represent interrelated aspects of social and linguistic relations that cannot be meaningfully addressed from a point of view of one scientific discipline only. This is specially the case when one wants to understand processes of language loss and maintenance, or the revitalization and empowerment of a language community. Such processes are linguistic expressions of complex social settings, and reflect group and individual identities that in turn express changing systems of collective values, human networks, fashions and social practices.
Oscailt/Opening
(2011)
When we first started the project of looking at minority languages through a linguistic landscape lens, we felt that the visibility of minority languages in public space had been insufficiently dealt with in traditional minority language research. A linguistic landscape approach, as it had developed over the last years, would constitute a valuable path to explore, by looking at the ‘same old issues’ of language contact and language conflict from a specific angle. We were convinced that fresh linguistic landscape data would be able to provide innovative and useful insights into ‘patterns of language […] use, official language policies, prevalent language attitudes, [and] power relations between different linguistic groups’ (Backhaus 2007, p. 11). The linguistic landscape approach, as presented by the different authors in this volume, has clearly proven to be a heuristic appropriate and relevant for a wide range of minority language situations. More specifically, the ideas and analyses in the different chapters do contribute to a further understanding of minority languages and their speakers. They deepen our comprehension of language policies, power relations and ideologies in minority language settings.
This edited collection provides an overview of linguistic diversity, societal discourses and interaction between majorities and minorities in the Baltic States. It presents a wide range of methods and research paradigms including folk linguistics, discourse analysis, narrative analyses, code alternation, ethnographic observations, language learning motivation, languages in education and language acquisition. Grouped thematically, its chapters examine regional varieties and minority languages (Latgalian, Võro, urban dialects in Lithuania, Polish in Lithuania); the integration of the Russian language and its speakers; and the role of international languages like English in Baltic societies. The editors’ introductory and concluding chapters provide a comparative perspective that situates these issues within the particular history of the region and broader debates on language and nationalism at a time of both increased globalization and ethno-regionalism. This book will appeal in particular to students and scholars of multilingualism, sociolinguistics, language discourses and language policy, and provide a valuable resource for researchers focusing on Baltic States, Northern Europe and the post-Soviet world in the related fields of history, political science, sociology and anthropology.
This is the first comprehensive volume to compare the sociolinguistic situations of minorities in Russia and in Western Europe. As such, it provides insight into language policies, the ethnolinguistic vitality and the struggle for reversal of language shift, language revitalization and empowerment of minorities in Russia and the European Union. The volume shows that, even though largely unknown to a broader English-reading audience, the linguistic composition of Russia is by no means less diverse than multilingualism in the EU. It is therefore a valuable introduction into the historical backgrounds and current linguistic, social and legal affairs with regard to Russia’s manifold ethnic and linguistic minorities, mirrored on the discussion of recent issues in a number of well-known Western European minority situations.
Providing an innovative approach to the written displays of minority languages in public space this volume explores minority language situations through the lens of linguistic landscape research. Based on very tangible data it explores the 'same old issues' of language contact and language conflict in new ways.
Die Erforschung von Sprache im öffentlichen Raum (Linguistic Landscapes, LL) hat sich in den vergangen 20 Jahren als Teilgebiet der Soziolinguistik, der Semiotik und anderer Disziplinen fest etabliert. Der vorliegende Band gibt einen Überblick zu zentralen Ansätzen der LL-Forschung mit einem Bezug zur deutschen Sprache. Die Beiträge stellen aktuelle Studien aus dem deutschsprachigen Raum, zu Deutsch als Minderheitensprache sowie aus Ländern mit einer ausgeprägten DaF-Tradition vor. Sie thematisieren sprachstrukturelle und soziolinguistische ebenso wie didaktische, methodische und technologische Aspekte. Damit trägt der Band zu einer Systematisierung der deutschsprachigen LL-Forschung bei, gibt Impulse für internationale Diskussionen und benennt wichtige Desiderata.
This special issue of the Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe (JEMIE) brings together some of the participants of the symposium Political and Economic Resources and Obstacles of Minority Language Maintenance organized by the Language Survival Network ‘POGA’ at Tallinn University, Estonia, in December 2010. More than 20 scholars representing linguistics, anthropology, social sciences and law participated in the symposium, to present papers and discuss questions related to minority language loss, maintenance and revitalization. The six case studies contained in this special issue look at different minorities and regions in the European Union, Russia and the US. The linguistic communities discussed are the Russian-, Võru/Seto- and Latgalian-speaking minorities of Estonia and Latvia; the Welsh- and Breton-speaking communities of the Celtic language; the Russian Finno-Ugrian people with regional autonomies; and the native American groups of the Delaware/Cherokee and the Oneida. The reader will find articles relating to interdisciplinary research approaches in and on minority languages and minority language communities.