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In this paper we present a new approach to lexicographical design for the description of German speech act verbs. This approach is based on an action-theoretical semantic conception. The several conditions for linguistic action provide the basis for the elaboration of the central semantic features. The systematic relationship of these features is reflected in the organization of a lexical database which allows various possibilities of access to different types of lexical information.
In the following paper we shall give an outline of the semantic framework for describing speech act verbs, i. e. verbs of communication, with the practical goal of a semantical database for a (dictionary of) synonymy of German speech act verbs which enables the user not only to find a list of synonymous verbs but also enables him to gain an insight into the semantic relations between the words.
The semantic framework is based on
(i) a set of conditions for performing speech acts as the relevant domain of reference
(ii) the introduction of a notion of situation, or better type of situation
The performative as well as the descriptive use of the verbs can be reduced to their fundamental dependency on the situations in which they are used: on the one hand with regard to the possibility of the action itself, and on the other hand with regard to the possibility of their designation. For both ways of use the relevant aspects of the situation constitute the necessary conditions.
This English language version (translated by Martin Wynne) is a reworked and slightly abridged version of the paper given in Canterbury in February 1999. A German language version has appeared as Hellmann, Manfred W.: ‘Wörter in Texten der Wendezeit’ 1989-1990 - Ein Wörterbuch zur lexikographischen Erschließung des ‘Wendekorpus’ in Jordanova, Ljubima (edj: 10 godini promjana v Iztotschna Evropa (10 Jahre Wende in Osteuropa), (= Socio- linguistika Bd. 4), BULLEKS: Sofia (Bulgaria) 1999, S. 11-39.
ELEXIKO is a relatively new lexicological-lexicographic project based at the Institut fiir Deutsche Sprache (IDS) in Mannheim. The project compiles a reference work that explains and documents contemporary German; it was specifically designed for online publication (www.elexiko.de). The primary and exclusive basis for lexicographic interpretation is an extensive German corpus. If one refers to elexiko as an Internet dictionary, it is purely for practical reasons, elexiko is (far) more than a dictionary in its traditional sense, although, of course, it contains descriptions of the meaning and use of a lexeme just as any traditional dictionary. It is both, a hypertext dictionary and a lexical data information system.
This paper presents ongoing work on a multilingual (English, French, German) lexical resource of soccer language. The first part describes how lexicographic descriptions based on frame-semantic principles are derived from a partially aligned multilingual corpus of soccer match reports. The remainder of the paper then discusses how different types of ontological knowledge are linked to this resource in order to provide an access structure to the resulting dictionary. It is argued that linking lexical resources and ontologies in such a way provides novel ways to a dictionary user of navigating a domain vocabulary
The development of user-adapted views of lexicographic data is frequently in demand by dictionary research on electronic reference works and hypertext information systems. In the printed dictionary it has been indispensable to develop a complete dictionary relative to a user group and using situations. In contrast, for any electronic presentation of lexicographic data there are possibilities to define user-specific views of an initially user-unspecific resource. However, research on the use of dictionaries in general, still has to answer several open questions as far as this subject is concerned. This paper will firstly provide an overview of the present state of research on dictionary use with respect to electronic lexicography. Subsequently, explanations of further prerequisites for a possible user-adapted access to data are followed, as exemplified by OWID, the Online Vocabulary Information System of the Institut für Deutsche Sprache. Finally, it will be outlined what results on the subject have been accomplished so far. Also the prospects of potential user-adapted presentations of lexicographic data will be highlighted.
This paper presents the Kicktionary, a multilingual (English - German - French) electronic lexical resource of the language of football. In the Kicktionary, methods from corpus linguistics and two approaches to lexical semantics - the theory of frame semantics and the concept of semantic relations - are combined to construct a lexical resource in which the user can explore relationships between lexical units in various ways. This paper explains the theoretical background of the Kicktionary, sketches the data and methods which were used in its construction, and describes how the resulting resource is presented to users via a set of hyperlinked webpages.
The evolution of computer technologies and the introduction of the World Wide Web (WWW) have substantially changed the way scientific articles and books are published today. Besides writing for "traditional" print media, more and more authors decide to reach a larger audience and to decrease distribution time by offering their works on the internet. The electronic medium not only facilitates the spread of information, it also adds new value by extending the possibilities of knowledge retrieval. Of course the same is true for structured data collections like scientific glossaries, dictionaries or bibliographies. They particularly profit from the web when being accessible via user-friendly and effective frontends. The following chapters deal with the transformation of the Bibliography of German Grammar (“Bibliografie zur deutschen Grammatik”) from a data pool primarly used for print publishing to a relational database application offering a basis for media-independent distribution. Starting with a short description of the beginnings of the bibliography, the focus of this article lies on the explanation of our current database design as well as on the presentation of the web-based user interface.
The paper reports on a dictionary of German loanwords in the languages of the South Pacific that is compiled at the Institut für Deutsche Sprache in Mannheim. The loanwords described in this dictionary mainly result from language contact between 1884 and 1914, when the German empire was in possession of large areas of the South Pacific where overall more than 700 indigenous languages were spoken. The dictionary is designed as an electronic XML-based resource from which an internet dictionary and a printed dictionary can be derived. Its printed version is intended as an ‘inverted loanword dictionary’, that is, a dictionary that – in contrast to the usual praxis in loanword lexicography – lemmatizes the words of a source language that have been borrowed by other languages. Each of the loanwords will be described with respect to its form and meaning and the contact situation in which it was borrowed. Among the outer texts of the dictionary are (i) a list of all sources with bibliographic and archival information, (ii) a commentary on each source, (iii) a short history of the language contact with German for each target language, and perhaps (iv) facsimiles of source texts.The dictionary is supposed to (i) help to reconstruct the history of language contact of the source language, (ii) provide evidence for the cultural contact between the populations speaking the source and the target languages, (iii) enable linguistic theories about the systematic changes of the semantic, morphosyntactic, or phonological lexical properties of the source language when its words are borrowed into genetically and typologically different languages, and (iv) establish a thoroughly described case for testing typological theories of borrowing.
Consistency of reference structures is an important issue in lexicography and dictionary research, especially with respect to information on sense-related items. In this paper, the systematic challenges of this area (e.g. ‘non-reversed reference’, bidirectional linking being realised as unidirectional structures) will be outlined, and the problems which can be caused by these challenges for both lexicographers and dictionary users will be discussed. The paper also discusses how text-technological Solutions may help to provide Support for the consistency of sense-related pairings during the process of compiling a dictionary.
Most dictionaries containing phraseological information are restricted to a synchronic perspective. Diachronic information on structural, semantic, and pragmatic change over time has to be reconstructed by a time-consuming consultation of various dictionaries providing only punctual insights. In the OLdPhras, project we construct an online dictionary for diachronic phraseology in German from ca. 1650 to the present by combining dic- tionary exploration with corpus-based methods. This paper highlights some challenges we have met: How to select the interesting phrasemes, i.e., those that underwent some change? How to deal with historical cor- pora? How to include different kinds of phraseme variation? We present a semi-automatic corpus-based approach for the investigation of phraseme development. We argue for a combination of dictionary exploration and corpus-based methods to provide reliable and extensive information about the diachronic development of German phrasemes.
Electronic dictionaries should support dictionary users by giving them guidance in text production and text reception, alongside a user-definable offer of lexicographic data for cognitive purposes. In this article, we sketch the principles of an interactive and dynamic electronic dictionary aimed at text production and text reception guiding users in innovative ways, especially with respect to difficult, complicated or confusing issues. The lexicographer has to do a very careful analysis of the nature of the possible problems to suggest an optimal solution for a specific problem. We are of the opinion that there are numerous complex situations where users need more detailed support than currently available in e-dictionaries, enabling them to make valid and correct choices. For highly complex situations, we suggest guidance through a decision tree-like device. We assume that the solutions proposed here are not specific to one language only but can, after careful analysis, be applied to e-dictionaries in different languages across the world.
Online dictionary use
(2012)
Dictionary portals
(2013)
Textual structures in printed dictionaries are well known, adequately researched, and rather exhaustively described (cf. articles 3&10). This article investigates whether or not the models of textual structures in printed dictionaries can be applied to electronic dictionaries (EDs); or, more precisely, which parts of the order and terminology of textual structures in printed dictionaries are applicable to electronic ones and of which differences should one be aware. The focus will be on online dictionaries because they represent the most important kind of digital dictionary, and will become even more important in future. Furthermore, the emphasis will be more on potential future forms of online dictionaries than on current ones which are still sometimes produced as copies of their printed counterparts. To approach this question, basic differences between textual structures in electronic versus printed dictionaries will firstly be discussed. Secondly, further terminological and formal preliminary remarks will be made. The main part of the article will then follow to adapt de Schryver’s idea of “Creating order in dreamland” expressed in his article “Lexicographer’s dreams in the electronic dictionary age”. The aim here is to begin ‘create order in terminology land’ for textual structures in electronic dictionaries. A definitive order cannot be given here because electronic lexicography today involves constant change. In order to discuss the order of textual structures in EDs, not only theoretically, but also in concrete terms, their basic properties will be illustrated by means of a notional online dictionary. Following on from this fictitious scenario, a provisional survey of textual structures in EDs will be presented. Thereby, the focus is less on current online dictionaries than on the possibilities which the new medium provides. Finally, an explanation will be given as to how this view of structures in electronic dictionaries is useful for analyzing current EDs and for planning new ones. The overall aim here is not to introduce new kinds of textual structure in EDs and a corresponding terminology in detail, but to point out some constitutive differences between textual structures in printed dictionaries and those in electronic dictionaries.
So far, there have been few descriptions on creating structures capable of storing lexicographic data, ISO 24613:2008 being one of the latest. Another one is by Spohr (2012), who designs a multifunctional lexical resource which is able to store data of different types of dictionaries in a user-oriented way. Technically, his design is based on the principle of a hierarchical XML/OWL (eXtensible Markup Language/Web Ontology Language) representation model. This article follows another route in describing a model based on entities and relations between them; MySQL (usually referred to as: Structured Query Language) describes a database system of tables containing data and definitions of relations between them. The model was developed in the context of the project "Scientific eLexicography for Africa" and the lexicographic database to be built thereof will be implemented with MySQL. The principles of the ISO model and of Spohr's model are adhered to with one major difference in the implementation strategy: we do not place the lemma in the centre of attention, but the sense description — all other elements, including the lemma, depend on the sense description. This article also describes the contained lexicographic data sets and how they have been collected from different sources. As our aim is to compile several prototypical internet dictionaries (a monolingual Northern Sotho dictionary, a bilingual learners' Xhosa–English dictionary and a bilingual Zulu–English dictionary), we describe the necessary microstructural elements for each of them and which principles we adhere to when designing different ways of accessing them. We plan to make the model and the (empty) database with all graphical user interfaces that have been developed, freely available by mid-2015.
We start by trying to answer a question that has already been asked by de Schryver et al. (2006): Do dictionary users (frequently) look up words that are frequent in a corpus. Contrary to their results, our results that are based on the analysis of log files from two different online dictionaries indicate that users indeed look up frequent words frequently. When combining frequency information from the Mannheim German Reference Corpus and information about the number of visits in the Digital Dictionary of the German Language as well as the German language edition of Wiktionary, a clear connection between corpus and look-up frequencies can be observed. In a follow-up study, we show that another important factor for the look-up frequency of a word is its temporal social relevance. To make this effect visible, we propose a de-trending method where we control both frequency effects and overall look-up trends.