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Der Beitrag beschreibt die Motivation und Ziele des Europäischen Referenzkorpus EuReCo, einer offenen Initiative, die darauf abzielt, dynamisch definierbare virtuelle vergleichbare Korpora auf der Grundlage bestehender nationaler, Referenz- oder anderer großer Korpora bereitzustellen und zu verwenden. Angesichts der bekannten Unzulänglichkeiten anderer Arten mehrsprachiger Korpora wie Parallel- bzw. Übersetzungskorpora oder rein webbasierte vergleichbare Korpora, stellt das EuReCo eine einzigartige linguistische Ressource dar, die neue Perspektiven für germanistische und vergleichende wie angewandte Korpuslinguistik, insbesondere im europäischen Kontext, eröffnet.
Validating the Performativity Hypothesis to Neg-Raising using corpus data: Evidence from Polish
(2021)
This paper focuses on aspects of the licensing of adverbial noun phrases (AdvNPs) in the HPSG grammar framework. In the first part, empirical issues will be discussed. A number of AdvNPs will be examined with respect to various linguistic phenomena in order to find out to what extent AdvNPs share syntactic and semantic properties with non-adverbial NPs. Based on empirical generalizations, a lexical constraint for licensing both AdvNPs and non-adverbial NPs will be provided. Further on, problems of structural licensing of phrases containing AdvNPs that arise within the standard HPSG framework of Pollard and Sag (1994) will be pointed out, and a possible solution will be proposed. The objective is to provide a constraint-based treatment of NPs which describes non-redundantly both their adverbial and non-adverbial usages. The analysis proposed in this paper applies lexical and phrasal implicational constraints and does not require any radical modifications or extensions of the standard HPSG geometry of Pollard and Sag (1994).
Since adverbial NPs have particularly high frequency and a wide spectrum of uses in inflectional languages such as Polish, we will take Polish data into consideration.
Many modern languages commonly use expressions that seem unpredictable regarding standard grammar regularities. Among these expressions, sequences consisting of a preposition, a noun, another preposition, and another noun are particularly frequent. The issue of these expressions, usually termed in linguistic literature as "complex prepositions", "phrasal prepositions" or "preposition-like word formations", can certainly be considered to be a cross-linguistic problem (On "complex prepositions" in German and in other languages see (Benes 1974), (Buscha 1984)}, (Lindqvist 1994), (Meibauer 1995), (Quirk and Mulholland 1964), (Wollmann 1996). In this paper, I will focus exclusively on German data, because they provide very explicit and convincing linguistic evidence which motivates and supports my approach. However, I assert that the analysis proposed here for German can also be applied to other languages such as Polish or English.
Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über CoDII, die Collection of Distributionally Idiosyncratic Items. CoDII ist eine elektronische Sammlung verschiedener Untergruppen lexikalischer Elemente, die sich durch idiosynkratische Distribution auszeichnen. Das bedeutet, dass sich die Verteilung dieser Lexeme im Text nicht alleine aufgrund ihrer syntaktischen Kategorie Vorhersagen lässt. Die Methoden, die in der Entwicklung von CoDII angewandt werden, greifen über traditionelle Fachgrenzen hinaus und umfassen Korpuslinguistik, Computerlinguistik, Phraseologie und theoretische Sprachwissenschaft. Ein wichtiger Schwerpunkt unserer Diskussion liegt auf der Darstellung, inwiefern die in CoDII gesammelten, annotierten und unter anderem mit Suchwerkzeugen abfragbaren Daten dazu beitragen können, die linguistische Theoriebildung durch die Bereitstellung sorgfältig aufbereiteter Datensammlungen bei der Überprüfung ihrer Datengrundlage zu unterstützen.
We present two collections of lexical items with idiosyncratic distribution. The collections document the behavior of German and English bound words (BW, such as English “headway”), i.e., words which can only occur in one expression (“make headway”). BWs are a problem for both general and idiomatic dictionaries since it is unclear whether they have an independent lexical status and to what extent the expressions in which they occur are typical idiomatic expressions. We propose a system which allows us to document the information about BWs from dictionaries and linguistic literature, together with corpus data and example queries for major text corpora. We present our data structure and point to other phraseologically oriented collections. We will also show differences between the German and the English collection.
As the nature of negative polarity items (NPIs) and their licensing contexts is still under much debate, a broad empirical basis is an important cornerstone to support further insights in this area of research. The work discussed in this paper is intended as a contribution to realizing this objective. The authors briefly introduce the phenomenon of NPIs and outline major theories about their licensing and also various licensing contexts before discussing our major topics: Firstly, a corpus-based retrieval method for NPI candidates is described that ranks the candidates according to their distributional dependence on the licensing contexts. Our method extracts single-word candidates and is extended to also capture multi-word candidates. The basic idea for automatically collecting NPI candidates from a large corpus is that an NPI behaves like a kind of collocate to its licensing contexts. Manual inspection and interpretation of the candidate lists identify the actual NPIs. Secondly, an online repository for NPIs and other items that show distributional idiosyncrasies is presented, which offers an empirical database for further (theoretical) research on these items in a sustainable way.
Dieser Aufsatz befasst sich mit pragmatischen Aspekten von Negationsanhebung (NA), die vor allem in Horn (1978) erörtert wurden, und mit performativischen Eigenschaften von NA-Konstruktionen, die ursprünglich in Prince (1976), vor allem mit Bezug auf französische Daten diskutiert wurden. Das Ziel ist, die Kernaussagen von Horn (1978) und Prince (1976) mit Korpusdaten im übereinzelsprachlichen Kontext zu validieren. Als Gegenstand der Untersuchung werden deutsche und polnische NA-Konstruktionen herangezogen und entsprechend zwei verschiedene monolinguale Korpora als Datenquelle benutzt.
This paper reports on recent developments within the European Reference Corpus EuReCo, an open initiative that aims at providing and using virtual and dynamically definable comparable corpora based on existing national, reference or other large corpora. Given the well-known shortcomings of other types of multilingual corpora such as parallel/translation corpora (shining-through effects, over-normalization, simplification, etc.) or web-based comparable corpora (covering only web material), EuReCo provides a unique linguistic resource offering new perspectives for fine-grained contrastive research on authentic cross-linguistic data, applications in translation studies and foreign language teaching and learning.
In many European languages, propositional arguments (PAs) can be realized as different types of structures. Cross-linguistically, complex structures with PAs show a systematic correlation between the strength of the semantic bond and the syntactic union (cf. Givón 2001; Wurmbrand/Lohninger 2023). Also, different languages show similarities with respect to the (lexical) licensing of different PAs (cf. Noonan 1985; Givón 2001; Cristofaro 2003 on different predicate types). However, on a more fine-grained level, a variation across languages can be observed both with respect to the syntactic-semantic properties of PAs as well as to their licensing and usage. This presentation takes a multi-contrastive view of different types of PAs as syntactic subjects and objects by looking at five European languages: EN, DE, IT, PL and HU. Our goal is to identify the parameters of variation in the clausal domain with PAs and by this to contribute to a better understanding of the individual language systems on the one hand and the nature of the linguistic variation in the clausal domain on the other hand. Phenomena and Methodology: We investigate the following types of PAs: direct object (DO) clauses (1), prepositional object (PO) clauses (2), subject clauses (3), and nominalizations (4, 5). Additionally, we discuss clause union phenomena (6, 7). The analyzed parameters include among others finiteness, linear position of the PA, (non) presence of a correlative element, (non) presence of a complementizer, lexical-semantic class of the embedding verb. The phenomena are analyzed based on corpus data (using mono- and multilingual corpora), experimental data (acceptability judgement surveys) or introspective data.
This paper provides a lexicalist formal description of preposition-pronoun contraction (PPC) in Polish, using the theoretical framework of HPSG. Considering the behaviour of PPC with respect to the prosodic, categorial, syntactic and semantic properties, the assumption can be made that each PPC is a morphological unit with prepositional status. The crucial difference between a PPC and a typical preposition consists, besides the phonological form, in the valence properties. While a typical preposition realizes its complement externally via general constraints on phrase structure, the realization of a PPC argument is effected internally by virtue of its lexical entry. Here, we will provide the appropriate implicational lexical constraints that license both typical Ps and PPCs.
Polish żeby under negation
(2021)
The paper addresses two patterns in the distribution of complement clauses headed by the complementizer żeby in Polish related to the presence of sentential negation. It is argued that żeby-clauses with an obligatory negation in the matrix clause, licensed by epistemic verbs, can be treated in terms of negative polarity, with żeby defined as an n-word. Structures with żeby-clauses and an obligatory negation in the embedded clause, licensed by verbs of fear, are argued to be an instance of negative complementation, with żeby specified as a negative complementizer. A uniform lexicalist analysis within the framework of HPSG is provided, employing tools developed to account for Negative Concord in Polish.
This thesis deals with expressions consisting of two noun phrases connected by a comitative preposition, referred to as comitative constructions (CCs). It focuses on CCs in Polish, with some comparisons to other languages, and provides an analysis at the morphosyntax-semantics-pragmatics interface in the paradigm of Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar with the integrated model-theoretic semantic framework of Lexicalized Flexible Ty2. After postulating three different readings of Polish CCs: accompanitive, conjunctive and (open and closed) inclusive, a number of semantic phenomena are discussed which provide evidence for this classification. Further examination of the data shows that all CC types behave uniformly with regard to their syntactic properties but exhibit differences regarding agreement and person, number and gender resolution. These differences have previously been explained by syntactic stipulations. This thesis argues that a syntactic approach to CCs lacks real empirical motivation and it demonstrates that some of the existing analyses are problematic for a number of empirical and / or theoretical reasons. It further offers an alternative analysis based on the assumption that all CC types have a uniform, adjunctionbased syntactic structure, and that the crucial differences between them are semantic in nature, being triggered by the meaning of the comitative preposition. The core of the proposed semantic analysis are three different logical representations of the comitative preposition, whose truth conditions allow us to make the right predictions about the different behavior of the three CC types. All other lexical components of CCs, including plural pronouns, bear in each type of CC their customary forms and meanings. Implementing this idea in a constraint-based framework whose description language incorporates a formal semantic representation language, and modeling the morphosyntactic, semantic, pragmatic and referential properties of CCs within a single grammatical paradigm, we arrive at an analysis that accounts for these expressions in a very natural way.
This paper provides a treatment of Polish Plural Comitative Constructions in the paradigm of HPSG in the tradition of Pollard and Sag (1994). Plural Comitative Constructions (PCCs) have previously been treated in terms of coordination, complementation and adjunction. The objective of this paper is to show that PCCs are neither instances of typical coordinate structures nor of typical complement or adjunct structures. It thus appears difficult to properly describe them by means of the standard principles of syntax and semantics. The analysis proposed in this paper accounts for the syntactic and semantic properties of PCCs in Polish by assuming an adjunction-based syntactic structure for PCCs, and by treating the indexical information provided by PCCs not as subject to any inheritance or composition, but as a result of applying a set of principles on number, gender and person resolution that also hold for ordinary coordinate structures.
Dieser Beitrag beschreibt die Motivation und Ziele hinter der Initiative Europäisches Referenzkorpus EuReCo. Ausgehend von den Desiderata, die sich aufgrund der Defizite verfügbarer Forschungsdaten wie monolinguale Korpora, Parallelkorpora und Vergleichskorpora für den Sprachvergleich ergeben, werden die bisherigen und die laufenden Arbeiten im Rahmen von EuReCo präsentiert und anhand vergleichender deutsch-rumänischer Kookkurrenzanalysen neue Perspektiven für kontrastive Korpuslinguistik, die die EuReCo-Initiative öffnet, skizziert.